FEA // 4th year of study // 7th term

Lesson 4 METHODS OF COOLING (Part 1)1. Business course: Product Presentation (practice in speaking). Listening: Service Contract.2. Text Methods of cooling (part 1). Reading comprehension, filling the gaps.3. Writing. Describing the construction of the oil immersed transformer.4. Grammar. Participles I and II, Absolute Participle Construction (revision).5. Practice in grammar: sentence transformations, translation from Ukrainian into English.6. Language focus: Ways of linking ideas. Sentence transformations.

References1. . ., . . . 5- ., . .: , 2001. 352 .2. (

V ) // : . . , . . ,. . . .: , 2001. 64 .

3. Oxford English for Electrical and Mechanical Engineering //E. H. Glendinning, N. Glendenning. Oxford University Press, 1995. 190 p.

4. Murphy Raymond. Essential Grammar in Use: A self-reference and practice book for intermediate students of English. Cambridge University Press, 1994. 350 p.

5. Grammar way 4 // V. Evans. Express Publishing, 1999

1. Business English

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2. Read the extract and answer the questions:

For most people, COMDEX (the big technology show held in Las Vegas) has

become so huge that it is the most unmanageable show you can imagine. CeBIT is three

times larger than that. It's almost unfathomable.

In CeBIT you can get an instant snapshot of the industry both from a business and a

technological perspective. This is why top executives and IT managers at nearly every

major corporation doing business in Europe can be found in Hanover this week.

a) What two fairs is this article about?

b) Have you ever heard of these fairs?

c) Has your company ever participated in these fairs?

d) Have you got any idea what the abbreviation "IT" means?

e) What cities are these fairs held in?

f) Which fair is larger?

3. Listening. Service Contract

a) Listen to the following dialogues and write down their headings.1.2.3.4.

b) Listen again, complete the dialogues with suitable words and dramatize them.

1.

A: Do you have a copy of our service contract with Telecoms? I'm not happy with theirresponse time and I'd like to check ________of the contract.B: Sure. I've got a copy here. It's due for renewal at the end of______. We've still gottime to look for another supplier if_________.

2.

A. How long have we had the A3 printer in the sales department?B: Just over a year I think. Why,______?A: I'm not sure but there seems to be something wrong with it. Is it still_______?B: I think the guarantee's just run out. Let me check. Oh, it's OK. We took out anextended warranty. It runs until______.

3.

A: Can you tell me what's included in your warranty?B: Certainly. The product has_______. If it breaks down during that period we offer areplacement unit completely______. Our products are very ______but we recommendyou take out an extended warranty. This covers you for a further______.A: I see. What does that include?B: It covers all parts and labour.A: What sort of response time do you guarantee?B: Our engineers are on call 24 hours a day. We guarantee someone will be with youwithin____, but in practice it's often much sooner.

A: Are there any______?B: Not really. It's a very comprehensive warranty. I'll put a copy in the post to you andyou can read through the small print.

4. A: Bad news, I'm afraid. Our _______ has gone bust. The parts you ordered havearrived at the docks but the handling agent won't release them until someonepays_______. We also need to arrange transport to the factory.B: Don't worry about the cost. Our insurance policy covers us against situations like this.We need those parts urgently. Could you please try to get them here ________.

2. Reading

Methods of Cooling

IVarious methods of cooling transformers are adopted in practice, depending

upon the size and the local conditions. Very small transformers are cooled naturallyby the atmosphere, no special cooling arrangements being necessary. Slightly largertransformers are oil-immersed, being enclosed in a tank for this purpose. The objectof the oil is twofold. As an insulator, it is better than air, and it also keeps down themaximum temperature rise by setting up convection currents which tend to equalizethe temperature. These convection currents carry the heat away to the walls and lid ofthe tank, whence it is dissipated into the atmosphere. Small tanks are made with aplain exterior, sufficient cooling surface being obtained in this manner. Rather largertanks are made with a corrugated exterior, or are provided with fins, to increase thecooling surface. A more popular arrangement, however, is to obtain the desiredincrease in cooling surface by means of a number of tubes running from top tobottom on the outside of the tank. The oil immediately in contact with the transformerin the tank is heated by the transformer, and consequently rises. Convection currentscause the oil to flow outwards at the top of the tank and so it enters the tubes at thetop. It is now cooled in the tubes, sinks, and re-enters the tank at the bottom. It is nowheated again by the transformer, and the cycle of operations is repeated.

The larger the tank, the greater is the number of tubes required. These are nowarranged in rows, one behind the other, but very little advantage is gained by addingmore tubes when they are already three deep. A fourth row of tubes is so shut in bythe tubes on the outside that very little additional cooling surface is obtained. Whenthis stage is reached, the simple tubular design is abandoned, and external radiatorsare substituted for the tubes.

With this type of cooling the tank surface itself now becomes plain again.The external radiators consist of a long horizontal chamber at the top, and another atthe bottom, these being joined by numbers of radiator tubes.

Other transformers designed for use with an external oil cooler have noradiators fitted to the transformer tank itself, practically the whole of the heatdissipation taking place in the oil cooler.

EXERCISES

Task 1. Reading Comprehension:Look through the text given, and then close your book. Define whether thefollowing statements are true or false and correct them if necessary.

1. Very small transformers do not require special cooling arrangements.2. Convection currents equalize the temperature in oil-immersed transformers.3. Convection currents carry the heat away to the walls and lid of the tank, whence

it is dissipated into the water.4. Very little advantage is gained by adding the second row of tubes outside the

tank.5. The external radiator consists of a short horizontal chamber at the top and

another at the bottom of the tank.

Task 2. Match the terms with their definitions.

lid, twofold, surface, property, tank, leak, tubular, to abandon, outwards, exterior

1. a large container or reservoir for the storage of liquids or gases2. a cover, usually removable3. having the form of a tube or tubes4. leave behind5. distinctive feature of anything, especially a characteristic attribute such as the

density or strength of a material6. a part, surface, or region that is on the outside7. a hole, that allows the accidental escape or entrance of fluid, light, etc.8. the exterior face of an object9. equal to twice as many or twice as much; double10. towards the outside; out

Task 3. Complete the sentences using the appropriate verb in the correct form(active or passive voice in a certain tense) from the box and translate thesentences:

to cool, to substitute, to adopt, to enclose, to prevent, to immerse, to occur, tocause, to dissipate, to confine

1. In a real transformer some power _____________in the form of heat.2. Small transformers do not generate significant heat and _________by air

circulation and radiation of heat.3. Some power transformers ________in transformer oil that both cools and insulates

the windings.4. Some "dry" transformers (containing no liquid) ________in sealed, pressurized

tanks and cooled by nitrogen or sulfur hexafluoride gas.5. The discussion here _______ to the harmonics generated by transformers only.6. This construction _______any outside atmosphere from contact with the oil.

7. If high eddy currents, local overheating, or partial discharges ________within thetank, bubbles of resultant gas rise to the top of the tank.

8. Problems with cooling systems can _____overheating.9. Our company decided _______technology for the manufacture of large power

transformers with rating up to 800 MVA and voltages up to 420kV.10.At the same time, they _________ for Delta-Delta transformers, providing the same

harmonic.

1. Grammar. Participle

Forms Active Voice Passive VoicePresent Participle I V-ing (asking) being V3/Ved

(being asked)Perfect Participle I having V3/Ved

(having asked)having been V3/Ved(having been asked)

Past Participle (P.II) ------------- V3/Ved (asked)

Participle Constructions

The NominativeParticiple IConstruction

He was seen smiling. , .

The Objective ParticipleConstruction

She heard the footstepsdying away.

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The Absolute ParticipleConstruction

The wind beingfavourable, our yacht willreach the island in time.

, .

You did not come todinner, John not comingto dinner either.

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HAVE SOMETHING DONE

4. Practice in Grammar. Participle

1. Complete the sentences by using the past or present participle of the verbs inbold.

Example: The goalies injury disappointed his many fans. His injury wasdisappointing. His fans were disappointed.1. The apple satisfied my hunger. The apple was _______.

2. Bobs decision to quit his job shocked everyone. I was _____ when I heard.

3. A thunderstorm threatened to ruin our picnic. The storm was _____.

4. The view from the top of the mountain inspired him to write a song. It was an______ view.

5. Mom comforted me with a cup of hot chocolate. The hot chocolate was _______.

6. The new movie bored everyone in the audience. The audience was ______.

7. The latest loss devastated the basketball players. It was a ______ loss.

8. Her lecture interested me. I was so _____ that I later began to read more about it.

9. The low score on her test depressed her. The score was _______.

10. His offer of a higher salary tempted me to accept the job. I felt ____.

2. Rewrite the sentences using participles.1. Because she was tired. Katie went to bed.

Being tired, Katie went to bed.2. He was sitting in the garden and he was drinking his tea.

3. After Janet had made dinner, she called her friends..4. The boy who is standing by the door is my brother...5. Simon cut his hand while he was chopping some wood.

.6. John had a shower before he went to bed.

.7. Because we were late, we took a taxi.

.8. Gary opened the window and breathed the fresh air.

3. Translate the following sentences using Present or Past Participle.

1. .2. , .3. , .4. , .5. , .6. , , . ( )7. , , .8. , , .9. , . ( unless)10. , , .

4. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian and define the type ofthe adverbial:

1. The weather permitting, we shall go to the country.2. It being very cold, we could not go for a walk.3. The sun having risen, we continued our way.4. The article having been translated, the student showed it to the teacher.5. His work finished, he went home.6. Most industries make use of a variety of machines, each machine carrying out a

different operation.7. The principle of action being rather simple, the new device was widely used for

different purposes.

5. Translate into English using the Absolute Participle Construction:

1. .2. , , .3. , .4. , .5.

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6. Rewrite the sentences using have something done.1. Their windows need to be cleaned. They need to have their windows

cleaned.2. The hairdresser was styling Mrs. Browns hair. -

.3. She told her son to carry the shopping to the house.-

4. Dad is going to arrange for someone to cut the grass. -

.5. They used to employ a cleaner who cleaned the house. -

..6. Did the mechanic repair Pauls motorbike? -

.7. The boss asked his assistant to type the letter. -

8. A plumber fixed the dripping tap for Joe. -

5. Ways of linking ideas

Connectives introducing cause:Due to/ owing toAsSinceBecauseBecause of (+Noun)In response toAs the/a result of

Connectives introducing result:SoSo thatThusThereforeConsequentlyHenceTherebyFor this reasonWith the result thatAs a result,

Giving addition:AndAlsoIn additionFurthermoreWhats moreMoreover

Contrasting in a single sentence:ButAlthoughThoughEven thoughIn spite of (the fact that)Despite of (the fact that)

Contrasting ideas in twosentences:HoweverOn the other hand

Giving examples:For example (e.g.)For instanceAn example (of this)As an exampleSuch asLikeIncluding

Task 1. Show the links between these sets of ideas using appropriate linking words.1. Many accidents happen. Workers' carelessness.2. Education can reduce accidents. It is important that all workers receive training in basic safety.3. Eye injuries can be serious. Goggles must be worn for grinding and cutting.4. Safety gloves provide protection for the hands. They prevent burns. They reduce the danger of cuts.5. Safety shoes protect the feet against falling objects. They prevent the feet getting caught in machinery.6. Respirators should be worn in dusty conditions. Dust can damage the lungs.7. Safety gear exists for every danger. Each year people are injured. They refuse or forget to wear the right gear.

Task 2.Join the following groups of statement to make longer sentences. Use the wordsprinted in italics above each group. You may omit words and make whatever changesyou think are necessary in the word order and punctuation of the sentences. Join thesentences to make a paragraph.

1 whichThe temperature sensor measures the water temperature.The temperature sensor is a type of thermometer.2 andThe temperature sensor lights inside the washer drum.The temperature sensor signals the water temperature to the control unit.3 whichThe control unit compares the water temperature with the temperature.The temperature is needed for the programme being used.4 IfThe water temperature is too low.The control unit will switch on the heater.5 andThe temperature sensor continues to check the temperature.The temperature sensor keeps the control unit informed.6 WhenandThe correct temperature is reached.The control unit switches off the heater.The control unit moves on to the next stage of the programme.