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    PERFORM

    MENSURATION ANDCALCULATION

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    DEFINITION OF TERMS BIT- a fundamental unit of information having just two

    possible values, as either of the binary digits 0 or 1.

    BYTE - a unit of digital information in computing andtelecommunications that most commonly consists of eight

    bits. BOOTING starting (a computer) by loading an operating

    system from a disk.

    ELECTRONIC STORAGE- a device for recording (storing)information (data).

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    FIREWIRE - Apple Computer's version of a standard,IEEE 1394, High Performance Serial Bus, for connectingdevices to your personal computer.

    HOT-SWAPPABLE - the connection and disconnection ofperipherals or other components without interruptingsystem operation.

    INTERFACE - the point of interaction or communication

    between a computer and any other entity, such as a printeror human operator.

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    LASER - a device that emits light (electromagneticradiation) through a process of optical amplification basedon the stimulated emission of photons.

    MAGNETIC PLATTER - a thin, high precision disk that iscoated on both sides with a high precision magneticmaterial and which is used in a hard disk drive (HDD) to

    store data. MEMORY MODULE- a narrow printed circuit board that

    holds memory chips.

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    MAGNETIC STORAGE MEDIA - any storage medium inwhich different patterns of magnetization are used torepresent stored bits or bytes of information

    OPERATING SYSTEM - a set of programs that managecomputer hardware resources and provide common servicesfor application software.

    OPTICAL STORAGE MEDIA - any storage in which data iswritten and read with a laser for archival or backuppurposes.

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    ACRONYMS

    HDD - hard disk drive

    IDE- Integrated Drive Electronics

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    4-conductor (left)and 6-conductor(right) FireWire

    400 alphaconnectors

    A 9-pin

    FireWire 800connector

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    PRE-TEST 2.1

    http://var/Desktop/K%20TO%2012%20LM%20TG%20-%20IA%20-%20PC%20HARDWARE%20SERVICING/K%20TO%2012%20PC%20HARDWARE%20SERVICING%20LEARNING%20MODULE.pdfhttp://var/Desktop/K%20TO%2012%20LM%20TG%20-%20IA%20-%20PC%20HARDWARE%20SERVICING/K%20TO%2012%20PC%20HARDWARE%20SERVICING%20LEARNING%20MODULE.pdf
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    MEMORY Is technically any form of electronic storage,

    Used most often to identify fast, temporary forms ofstorage.

    Most forms of memory are intended to store data

    temporarily because when information is kept in memory,the CPU can access it much more quickly.

    The CPU accesses memory according to a distincthierarchy.

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    PERMANENT STORAGE / INPUT DEVICESexample : keyboard, hard drive

    RAM (Random Access Memory)

    CPU then stores pieces of data it will need to access, often in acache, and maintains

    certain special instructions in the register.

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    are located in the motherboard.

    ROM chips contain instructions that can be directlyaccessed by the CPU.

    Basic instructions for booting the computer and loading theoperating system are stored in ROM.

    ROM chips retain their contents even when the computer ispowered down. The contents cannot be erased or changedby normal means.

    READ ONLY MEMORY

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    is the temporary storage for data and programs that arebeing accessed by the CPU.

    RAM is volatile memory, which means that the contents areerased when the computer is powered off.

    The more RAM in a computer, the more capacity thecomputer has to hold and process large programs and files,as well as enhance system performance.

    RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY

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    Early computers had RAM installed in the motherboard as

    individual chips. The individual memory chips, called dual inline package

    (DIP) chips, was difficult to install and often became looseon the motherboard.

    To solve this problem, designers soldered the memory chipson a special circuit board called a memory module.

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    DUAL INLINE PACKAGE (DIP)

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    SINGLE INLINE MEMORY MODULE

    (SIMM)

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    DUAL INLINE MEMORY MODULE

    (DIMM)

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    RAMBus Inline Memory Module

    (RIMM)

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    Small Outline Dual Inline Memory

    Module(SODIMM).

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    SIMMs have 30-pin and 72-pin configurations.DIMM is a circuit board that holds SDRAM,

    DDR SDRAM and DDR2 SDRAM.The speed of memory has a direct impact onhow much data a processor can processbecause faster memory improves the

    performance of the processor. As processorspeed increases, memory speed must alsoincrease.For example, single-channel memory is capable

    of transferring data at 64 bits. Dual-channelmemory increases speed by using a secondchannel of memory, creating a data transfer rateof 128 bits.

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    Double Data Rate (DDR) technology doublesthe maximum bandwidth of SDRAM.DDR2 offers faster performance while usingless energy.DDR3 operates at even higher speeds thanDDR2; however, none of these DDRtechnologies are backward- or forwardcompatible.Even with a wide and fast bus, it still takes

    longer for data to get from the memory card tothe CPU than it takes for the CPU to actuallyprocess the data.

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    Caches are designed to alleviate thisbottleneck by making the data used most oftenby the CPU instantly available.

    Registers are memory cells built right into theCPU that contain specific data needed by theCPU, particularly the Arithmetic and Logic Unit(ALU). An integral part of the CPU itself, they are

    controlled directly by the compiler that sendsinformation for the CPU to process.

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    Storage drives read or write information on magnetic oroptical storage media.

    The drive can be used to store data permanently or toretrieve information from a media disk.

    Storage drives can be installed inside the computer case,such as a hard drive. For portability, some storage drivescan connect to the computer using a USB port, a FireWireport, or an SCSI port.

    STORAGE DRIVES

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    These portable storage drives are sometimes referred to asremovable drives and can be used on multiple computers.

    Here are some common types of storage drives:

    Floppy drive Optical drive

    Hard drive Flash drive.

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    A floppy drive, or floppy disk drive, is a storage device thatuses removable 3.5-inch floppy disks. These magnetic floppydisks can store 720 KB or 1.44 MB of data. In a computer,the floppy drive is usually configured as the A: drive.Thefloppy drive can be used to boot the computer if it contains

    a bootable floppy disk. A 5.25-inch floppy drive is oldertechnology and is seldom used.

    FLOPPY DRIVES

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    A hard drive, or hard disk drive, is a magneticstorage device that is installed inside the computer.The hard drive is used as permanent storage fordata.

    In a Windows computer, the hard drive is usuallyconfigured as the C: drive and contains theoperating system and applications.

    The hard drive is often configured as the first drivein the boot sequence. The storage capacity of a

    hard drive is measured in billions of bytes, orgigabytes (GB).

    The speed of a hard drive is measured inrevolutions per minute (RPM).

    HARD DRIVES

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    Multiple hard drives can be added to increasestorage capacity.

    Traditional hard drives are magnetic. Magnetic harddrives have drive motors designed to spin magneticplatters and the drive heads.

    In contrast, the newer solid state drives (SSDs) do nothave moving parts. Because there are no drive

    motors and moving parts, the SSD uses far lessenergy than the magnetic hard drive.

    Non-volatile flash memory chips manage all storageon an SSD, which results in faster access to data,higher reliability, and reduced power usage.

    SSDs have the same form factor as magnetic harddrives and use ATA or SATA interfaces. SSDs can beinstalled as a replacement for magnetic drives.

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    An optical drive is a storage device that uses lasersto read data on the optical media.

    There are three types of optical drives:Compact Disc (CD)

    Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) andBlu-ray Disc (BD) CD, DVD, and BD media can be pre-recorded

    (read-only), recordable (write once), or re-writable(read and write multiple times).

    OPTICAL DRIVES

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    An external flash drive, also known as a thumbdrive, is a removable storage device that connectsto a USB port.

    An external flash drive uses the same type of non-

    volatile memory chips as solid state drives and doesnot require power to maintain the data. These drives can be accessed by the operating

    system in the same way that other types of drivesare accessed.

    EXTERNAL FLASH DRIVES

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    Hard drives and optical drives are manufacturedwith different interfaces that are used to connectthe drive to the computer.

    To install a storage drive in a computer, theconnection interface on the drive must be the sameas the controller on the motherboard. Here aresome common drive interfaces:

    IDE Integrated Drive Electronics, also calledAdvanced Technology Attachment (ATA) is an

    early drive controller interface that connectscomputers and hard disk drives. An IDE interfaceuses a 40-pin connector.

    TYPES OF DRIVE INTERFACES

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    SATA Serial ATA refers to the serial version of the ATAdrive controller interface. A SATA interface uses a 7-pindata connector.

    SCSI Small Computer System Interface is a drivecontroller interface that can connect up to 15 drives. SCSI

    can connect both internal and external drives. An SCSIinterface uses a 50-pin, 68-pin, or 80-pin connector.

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    LEARNING OUTCOME 2

    CARRY OUT MENSURATIONAND CALCULATION

    Within a computer, information is representedd t d i di it l bi f t

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    and stored in a digital binary format. The term bit is an abbreviation of binary digit and

    represents the smallest piece of data.

    A bit can have only two possible values a one digit (1) or

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    A bit can have only two possible values, a one digit (1) ora zero digit (0). A bit can be used to represent the state ofsomething that has two states.

    Computers use binary codes to represent and interpretletters, numbers and special characters with bits.

    A commonly used code is the American Standard Codefor Information Interchange (ASCII). With ASCII, eachcharacter is represented by a string of bits. For example:

    Capital letter: A = 01000001Number: 9 = 00001001Special character: # = 00100011

    Each group of eight bits, such as the representations of

    letters and numbers, is known as a byte. Codes can beused to represent almost any type of information digitally:computer data, graphics, photos, voice, video , andmusic.

    CONVERT DECIMAL NUMBERS TO

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    CONVERT DECIMAL NUMBERS TOBINARY

    To convert a decimal number to binary, allyou have to do is divide the number by 2.

    Get the quotient and the remainder. Bring

    down the quotient, divide it by 2, and getthe quotient and remainder again.

    Do it repeatedly until the quotient results to

    0. Copy the remainder from bottom to top,and that is the binary equivalent.

    COMPUTATION

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    VIDEO CLIP

    CALCULATING DATA STORAGE

    http://var/Downloads/How%20Does%20the%20Internet%20Work%20%3F.flvhttp://var/Downloads/How%20Does%20the%20Internet%20Work%20%3F.flv
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    Autor: 8/26/13

    CALCULATING DATA STORAGE

    Bit is the smallest representation of data. The most basic unit of digital storage is the byte. A byte is 8 bits and is the smallest unit of measure

    (UOM) used to represent data storage capacity. When referring to storage space, we use the

    following terms: bytes (B) kilobytes (KB)

    megabytes(MB) gigabytes (GB) terabytes (TB)

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    Autor: 8/26/13

    One kilobyte is a little more than one thousandbytes, specifically 1,024. A megabyte represents more than a million

    bytes or 1,048,576. A gigabyte is 1,073,741,824 bytes. A terabyte is 1,099,511,627,776.

    The exact number is gained by taking 2^npower.

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    Autor: 8/26/13

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    Autor: 8/26/13

    When something is represented digitally, the

    greater the detail, the greater the number of bitsneeded to represent it.

    Kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, and terabytes

    are typically used to measure the size or storagecapacity of a device.

    Examples of components and devices that usebyte storage include: random access memory(RAM), hard disk drive space, CDs, DVDs, andMP3 players.

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    Autor: 8/26/13

    CDs have a data storage capacity of approximately700 MB.

    DVDs have a data storage capacity of approximately4.3 GB on a single-layer disc, and approximately 8.5GB on a dual-layer disc.

    BDs have a storage capacity of 25 GB on a single-

    layer disc, and 50 GB on a dual-layer disc. Once we know the size of a file or folder, it is possible

    to determine the number of bytes being used. Forexample:

    A file is 20 KB in size

    1 KB = 1,024 Bytes

    20 * 1,024 = 20,480 bytes in a 20 KB file

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    Autor: 8/26/13

    If a 20 KB file is stored in a 1 MB folder (1 MB =1,048,576 bytes of space); then approximately a total

    of 51 files can be stored in that folder (1,048,576 /20,480 = 51.2).