Lesson 14 Lesson 14 Argentina Argentina BayBay

By By Herman WoukHerman Wouk

Objectives of TeachingObjectives of Teaching1.1. To comprehend the whole textTo comprehend the whole text

2.2. To lean and master the vocabulary and To lean and master the vocabulary and expressionsexpressions

3.3. To learn to paraphrase the difficult sentencesTo learn to paraphrase the difficult sentences

4.4. To understand the structure of the textTo understand the structure of the text

5.5. To appreciate the style and rhetoric of the To appreciate the style and rhetoric of the passage.passage.

Background about the Background about the authorauthor

Herman Wouk (1915- ) is an American novelist. Herman Wouk (1915- ) is an American novelist. He is better known for his epic war novels.He is better known for his epic war novels.

After graduation from Columbia University, he After graduation from Columbia University, he became a radio scriptwriter. Though he became a radio scriptwriter. Though he achieved considerable social and financial achieved considerable social and financial success in the radio show business world, he success in the radio show business world, he found both the work and environment found both the work and environment unsatisfying. He enlisted in the navy after the unsatisfying. He enlisted in the navy after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and spent Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and spent three years as an officer on a destroyer-three years as an officer on a destroyer-minesweeper in the pacific. minesweeper in the pacific.

Background about the Background about the authorauthor

Much of Much of Aurora DawnAurora Dawn (1947 (1947 极光极光 ), the first novel ), the first novel of the New York advertising world, was written wof the New York advertising world, was written while Wouk was in service.hile Wouk was in service.

With the publication of his first novel in 1947, HeWith the publication of his first novel in 1947, Herman Wouk began a career in letters which has brman Wouk began a career in letters which has brought him renown, the Pulitzer Prize and a long rought him renown, the Pulitzer Prize and a long international audience for his books and plays. international audience for his books and plays.

His latest book is His latest book is War and RemembranceWar and Remembrance (1978) (1978) which is the sequel to which is the sequel to The Winds of WarThe Winds of War (1971), a (1971), a work of equal size and scope, picturing the globawork of equal size and scope, picturing the global conflict from Pearl Harbor to the fall of Nazi Gel conflict from Pearl Harbor to the fall of Nazi Germany and the Japanese surrender. rmany and the Japanese surrender.

Background about the Background about the authorauthor

He has published nine additional workHe has published nine additional works of fiction, nonfiction and drama, incls of fiction, nonfiction and drama, including uding The City Bay The City Bay (1948),(1948), The Caine The Caine Mutiny Mutiny (1951, Pulitzer Prize),(1951, Pulitzer Prize), Marjorie Marjorie Morningstar Morningstar (1955),(1955), This is My God This is My God (19(1959),59), Youngblood Hawke Youngblood Hawke (1962),(1962), andand Do Don’t Stop the Carnival n’t Stop the Carnival (1965). (1965).

Pulitzer Prize:Pulitzer Prize:

Joseph Pulitzer was an American newspaper Joseph Pulitzer was an American newspaper publisher and the founder of the Pulitzer Prize. publisher and the founder of the Pulitzer Prize. Today there are Pulitzer Prizes for distinguished Today there are Pulitzer Prizes for distinguished works in American fiction, drama, history, works in American fiction, drama, history, biography and autobiography, nonfiction, poetry biography and autobiography, nonfiction, poetry and music. Joseph Pulitzer founded the Pulitzer and music. Joseph Pulitzer founded the Pulitzer Prize in 1903 because he believed in encouraging Prize in 1903 because he believed in encouraging excellence in the arts and journalism. He gave excellence in the arts and journalism. He gave Columbia University $2, 000,000. Part of it was Columbia University $2, 000,000. Part of it was for the Prizes and part for the creation of the for the Prizes and part for the creation of the Columbia School of Journalism. Joseph Pulitzer Columbia School of Journalism. Joseph Pulitzer died on Oct. 29, 1911.died on Oct. 29, 1911.

About the book:About the book:

The Winds of WarThe Winds of War is fiction, and all the is fiction, and all the characters and adventures involving the characters and adventures involving the Henry family are imaginary. But the Henry family are imaginary. But the history of the war in this romance is history of the war in this romance is offered as accurate; the statistics, as offered as accurate; the statistics, as reliable; the words and acts of the great reliable; the words and acts of the great personages, as either historical or personages, as either historical or derived from accounts of their words and derived from accounts of their words and deeds in similar situations. (from Herman deeds in similar situations. (from Herman Wouk’s Foreword to Wouk’s Foreword to The Winds of WarThe Winds of War).).

A note on the story:A note on the story:

The story describes the Roosevelt-The story describes the Roosevelt-Churchill conference in August 1941. Churchill conference in August 1941.

Understandably, it was held in the Understandably, it was held in the utmost secrecy, and it was not given to utmost secrecy, and it was not given to anybody but the top few what was going anybody but the top few what was going on inside the conference room—nor to on inside the conference room—nor to Victor Pug Henry, a navy captain and Victor Pug Henry, a navy captain and presidential aide, but not ranking high presidential aide, but not ranking high enough to be a participant.enough to be a participant.

A note on the story:A note on the story: However, Victor Henry is in a way the However, Victor Henry is in a way the narrator of this story, which develops only as narrator of this story, which develops only as he, a mid-ranking officer, sees it develop.he, a mid-ranking officer, sees it develop.

If the story had been told through the eyes of If the story had been told through the eyes of Roosevelt or Churchill or Harry Hopkins for Roosevelt or Churchill or Harry Hopkins for that matter, it could have achieved a lot more that matter, it could have achieved a lot more grasp and made a more factual narrative; but grasp and made a more factual narrative; but it would not have been imaginative literature, it would not have been imaginative literature, but a workaday journalism.but a workaday journalism.

The Winds of War,The Winds of War, this story has been shown this story has been shown on the television. It follows an American naval on the television. It follows an American naval family that is caught up in the events family that is caught up in the events preceding the attack on Pearl Harbor which preceding the attack on Pearl Harbor which got the U.S. involved in the Second World got the U.S. involved in the Second World War. It is a great miniseries because it blends War. It is a great miniseries because it blends fact and fiction so well. fact and fiction so well.

Questions:Questions:

What was the book about?What was the book about? Where and when did the story take Where and when did the story take

place?place? Who were the main characters?Who were the main characters? What was the author showing What was the author showing

through the story?through the story? Who told the story?Who told the story? What do you think of the book?What do you think of the book?

Detailed studyDetailed study

1. Argentina Bay1. Argentina Bay What do you get to know from the sectiWhat do you get to know from the secti

on?on? Background / introduction.Background / introduction. The story took place at Argentia Bay in The story took place at Argentia Bay in

Newfoundland, Canada. The time was aNewfoundland, Canada. The time was at nine o’clock. The story involved Winst nine o’clock. The story involved Winston Churchill and American President Rton Churchill and American President Roosevelt.oosevelt.

2. Gray peace…Argentina Bay2. Gray peace…Argentina Bay Gray peace, Haze and mist, and in primeval hGray peace, Haze and mist, and in primeval h

ush: The three expressions in this para. gives ush: The three expressions in this para. gives us an idea a quite, significant place.us an idea a quite, significant place. pervade: to spread through, saturate or permeate epervade: to spread through, saturate or permeate e

very part of it; spread all over the place; fill in airvery part of it; spread all over the place; fill in airA heavy, musty odor pervades the railroad waiting roA heavy, musty odor pervades the railroad waiting ro

om.om.It is pleasant to live in the environment where this poIt is pleasant to live in the environment where this po

sitive spirit pervades.sitive spirit pervades.The odor of jasmine pervades the room.The odor of jasmine pervades the room.An unpleasant smell pervades the house.An unpleasant smell pervades the house.He worked so hard that weariness pervaded his wholHe worked so hard that weariness pervaded his whol

e body.e body.A strong sense of patriotism pervades his writings. A strong sense of patriotism pervades his writings.

-wildness: desolate expanse, waste, un-wildness: desolate expanse, waste, uninhabited landinhabited land

-ring: Here it means to make a ring rou-ring: Here it means to make a ring round or surround nd or surround

Ring the spelling mistakes with red ink.Ring the spelling mistakes with red ink. Police ringed the building.Police ringed the building. An old house ringed with treesAn old house ringed with trees Argentia Bay was surrounded by a vast Argentia Bay was surrounded by a vast

expanse of wild uninhabited land wheexpanse of wild uninhabited land where there was no human activity. The wre there was no human activity. The whole place looked gray and it was very hole place looked gray and it was very quiet there. quiet there.

3. to await the arrival of Winston 3. to await the arrival of Winston ChurchillChurchill

““Wait,” the commoner word, can be Wait,” the commoner word, can be followed by an infinitive but not a followed by an infinitive but not a gerund while “await” can be followed gerund while “await” can be followed by a gerund but not an infinitive.by a gerund but not an infinitive.

I shall await hearing from you.I shall await hearing from you. I shall wait to hear from you.I shall wait to hear from you. 4. Haze… a tint of green.4. Haze… a tint of green. -haze: light thin mist or smoke-haze: light thin mist or smoke Haze… mist… fog: Haze… mist… fog: Fog is the thickest in degreeFog is the thickest in degree

-blend: go well together; cause to -blend: go well together; cause to mix togethermix together

How well their voices blend!How well their voices blend! Those two colors blend well.Those two colors blend well. A blends with B.A blends with B. These houses seem to bend well These houses seem to bend well

with the trees and the countryside. with the trees and the countryside. Their voices blend well with each Their voices blend well with each

other. other. How well the new curtains blend How well the new curtains blend

with the rug!with the rug!

Thin smoke and mist mixed making Thin smoke and mist mixed making everything look gray.everything look gray.

-tint of green: shade or slight degree of -tint of green: shade or slight degree of green color (esp. pale or delicate).green color (esp. pale or delicate).

Sailors and officers… loudspeaker squawksSailors and officers… loudspeaker squawks.. -go about their chores: be in the habit of -go about their chores: be in the habit of

doing their routine work.doing their routine work. go about: move from place to place; to do; to go about: move from place to place; to do; to

performperform He often goes about in public.He often goes about in public. Working for an international company he Working for an international company he

goes about quite a lot.goes about quite a lot. Be careful not to catch the flu! There is a lot Be careful not to catch the flu! There is a lot

of it going about this winter.of it going about this winter.

-piping: the sound of a boatswain’s -piping: the sound of a boatswain’s whistlewhistle

a chief seaman’sa chief seaman’s -squawk: (esp. of some birds) to make a -squawk: (esp. of some birds) to make a

loud rough sounding cry; loud harsh loud rough sounding cry; loud harsh soundsound

Sailors and officers were carrying on Sailors and officers were carrying on their routine duties with whistling and their routine duties with whistling and loudspeaker noises in the background. (It loudspeaker noises in the background. (It gives a vivid description of the orderly gives a vivid description of the orderly peaceful life of the American sailors, peaceful life of the American sailors, which stands sharply in contrast to the which stands sharply in contrast to the life on the war-battered British warships).life on the war-battered British warships).

6. But a primeval hush… normal ships 6. But a primeval hush… normal ships noises:noises:

-primeval: ancient; primitive-primeval: ancient; primitive -a primeval hush: like the silence in -a primeval hush: like the silence in

very ancient times when the world was very ancient times when the world was first createdfirst created

--lie heavylie heavy: : Money Money lying idlelying idle in the bank in the bank The snow The snow lay thicklay thick on the ground. on the ground. The escaped prisoners had The escaped prisoners had to lie lowto lie low

for months.for months. The book The book lay openlay open on the table. on the table.

With the routine chores going on, some With the routine chores going on, some noise could be heard on the ships in the noise could be heard on the ships in the Bay, but beyond that (but outside the raBay, but beyond that (but outside the range of the noise) it was all tranquility.nge of the noise) it was all tranquility.

Note the author’s description of ArgenNote the author’s description of Argentia Bay: Peace pervaded/ tinged by wildtia Bay: Peace pervaded/ tinged by wilderness/ a primeval hush outside the ranerness/ a primeval hush outside the range of the ships’ noises.ge of the ships’ noises.

The author took great pains to describe The author took great pains to describe the peace and hush of the Bay to preparthe peace and hush of the Bay to prepare the readers for the coming of a big eve the readers for the coming of a big event, just like the momentary silence befent, just like the momentary silence before a thunderstorm.ore a thunderstorm.

7. At nine o’clock…like snakeskin:7. At nine o’clock…like snakeskin: -battleship: the largest kind of warship, with t-battleship: the largest kind of warship, with t

he biggest guns and heaviest armourhe biggest guns and heaviest armour -camouflage: disguised, concealed-camouflage: disguised, concealed The military vehicles were camouflaged.The military vehicles were camouflaged. The hunters were camouflaged with branches.The hunters were camouflaged with branches. -swirls: twists and curls-swirls: twists and curls At nine o’clock, three destroyers came rapidAt nine o’clock, three destroyers came rapid

ly in sight, immediately followed by a camoufly in sight, immediately followed by a camouflaged battleship painted in snakeskin-colored laged battleship painted in snakeskin-colored twists and curls.twists and curls.

8. This was HMS Prince of Wales, bigger…8. This was HMS Prince of Wales, bigger… Bismarck.Bismarck.

-HMS: His (Her) Majesty’s Service, Ship, or -HMS: His (Her) Majesty’s Service, Ship, or SteamerSteamer

Prince of WalesPrince of Wales: The ship was sunk by the : The ship was sunk by the Japanese in the South China Sea in December Japanese in the South China Sea in December 1941.1941.

BismarckBismarck: German battleship of 45,000 tons, : German battleship of 45,000 tons, completed early in 1940, for operations against completed early in 1940, for operations against British convoys in the North Atlantic. In an British convoys in the North Atlantic. In an encounter with British fleet on 24 May, 1940, it encounter with British fleet on 24 May, 1940, it sank the sank the BritishBritish cruiser cruiser HoodHood and damaged the and damaged the Prince of WalesPrince of Wales; the ; the BismarckBismarck was also hit by the was also hit by the guns of the guns of the Prince of Wales.Prince of Wales. The The BismarckBismarck was was finally sunk on 27 May, 1940.finally sunk on 27 May, 1940.

By mentioning “hit the By mentioning “hit the BismarckBismarck” the author ” the author indicates the battleship was not only majestic-indicates the battleship was not only majestic-looking, but also battle-proven.looking, but also battle-proven.

9. As it steamed past… “God Save the 9. As it steamed past… “God Save the King.”:King.”:

- the Augusta: the American cruiser- the Augusta: the American cruiser -a brass band: a body of musicians, -a brass band: a body of musicians,

performs on wind and striking instruments performs on wind and striking instruments -symphony orchestra: a body of musicians -symphony orchestra: a body of musicians

chiefly on string instrumentschiefly on string instruments - The Star-Spangled Banner: This is the - The Star-Spangled Banner: This is the

official national anthem of the United official national anthem of the United States, by a Bill which passed the Senate States, by a Bill which passed the Senate on 3 March, 1931.on 3 March, 1931.

-quarter-deck: part of the highest level of a -quarter-deck: part of the highest level of a ship, used only by officersship, used only by officers

-strike up: to begin to play; to start to make a -strike up: to begin to play; to start to make a friendship withfriendship with

We struck up an acquaintance with each other We struck up an acquaintance with each other on the ship.on the ship.

Note: Salutes at sea originally took two forms, Note: Salutes at sea originally took two forms, the firing of guns and the striking of topsails, the firing of guns and the striking of topsails, the latter when within the territorial waters of the latter when within the territorial waters of the warship being saluted. Navies have a the warship being saluted. Navies have a variety of salutes for officers of rank and ships variety of salutes for officers of rank and ships of foreign nations, varying between gun of foreign nations, varying between gun salutes, guards and bands, guards without salutes, guards and bands, guards without bands, bugle calls, and piping the side, bands, bugle calls, and piping the side, according to rank and circumstances. Here according to rank and circumstances. Here the playing of the national anthem was not a the playing of the national anthem was not a welcoming ceremony. It was a mutual salute welcoming ceremony. It was a mutual salute since the two heads of states were on board since the two heads of states were on board the ships. the ships.

-God Save the King: the British national anthe-God Save the King: the British national anthem. It is usual in Britain to play the tune whenem. It is usual in Britain to play the tune whenever the monarch appears in public.ver the monarch appears in public.

10. Pug Henry…Summer Wells: 10. Pug Henry…Summer Wells: -Pug Henry: Victor Pug Henry, a navy captain -Pug Henry: Victor Pug Henry, a navy captain

and presidential aideand presidential aide He is in a way the narrator of this story, and thHe is in a way the narrator of this story, and th

e hero of the book e hero of the book The Winds of WarThe Winds of War.. -awning: movable covering, esp. one made of -awning: movable covering, esp. one made of

canvas used to protect shop windows, shipdeccanvas used to protect shop windows, shipdecks, etc. from sun or rainks, etc. from sun or rain

-rig(ged): to supply (esp. a person or ship) wit-rig(ged): to supply (esp. a person or ship) with necessary things (ropes, sails, etc.). Here, th necessary things (ropes, sails, etc.). Here, to set up hastily or as a makeshifto set up hastily or as a makeshift

-turret: a low heavy-armored steel dome, that -turret: a low heavy-armored steel dome, that spins round to allow its guns to aim in any dispins round to allow its guns to aim in any directionrection

-august: causing feelings of great respect; no-august: causing feelings of great respect; noble and grand; venerable for reasons of age oble and grand; venerable for reasons of age or high rankr high rank

-admiral: a man who commands a large num-admiral: a man who commands a large number of warships and who holds a very high raber of warships and who holds a very high rank or the highest rank in the navynk or the highest rank in the navy

-general: an officer of very high rank in the a-general: an officer of very high rank in the army or American air forcermy or American air force

11. Churchill was plain to see…11. Churchill was plain to see…gesturing with a big cigar.gesturing with a big cigar.

Churchill could be seen clearly since Churchill could be seen clearly since he was only five hundred yards away….he was only five hundred yards away….

-odd blue costume: Actually Churchill -odd blue costume: Actually Churchill was wearing a Navy uniform but here was wearing a Navy uniform but here the author used “odd/ strange or the author used “odd/ strange or rather, to mean fanny” and “costume” rather, to mean fanny” and “costume” to achieve a kind of comical effect. to achieve a kind of comical effect.

-gesturing with a big cigar: movement -gesturing with a big cigar: movement of the hand holding a cigar to convey of the hand holding a cigar to convey friendly feelingfriendly feeling

12. The president towered over everybody,… 12. The president towered over everybody,… resembled him.resembled him.

-stiff on braced legs: Roosevelt was stiff on br-stiff on braced legs: Roosevelt was stiff on braced legs. That is, he had to wear steel braces aced legs. That is, he had to wear steel braces on his legs, because an attack of polio in 1921 on his legs, because an attack of polio in 1921 had paralysed him from the waist.had paralysed him from the waist.

-brace: to make stronger (something used fro -brace: to make stronger (something used fro supporting, stiffening or fastening)supporting, stiffening or fastening)

His weak back was heavily braced.His weak back was heavily braced. A brace is a metal device that is sometimes faA brace is a metal device that is sometimes fa

stened to a child’s teeth in order to help thestened to a child’s teeth in order to help them grow straight.m grow straight.

A brace is a device attached to a part of a persA brace is a device attached to a part of a person’s body, for example to a weak leg, in ordon’s body, for example to a weak leg, in order to strengthen or support it. er to strengthen or support it.

13. Roosevelt’s large pink face was self-cons13. Roosevelt’s large pink face was self-consciously grave:ciously grave:

Roosevelt put on a grave expression because tRoosevelt put on a grave expression because the band was playing the national anthem and he band was playing the national anthem and he knew he was wearing a grave expression.he knew he was wearing a grave expression.

14. “Well! I’ve never heard… and Roosevelt 14. “Well! I’ve never heard… and Roosevelt laughed toolaughed too..

““My country ‘Tis of thee’” is the first line My country ‘Tis of thee’” is the first line of “America” which is sung to the music of of “America” which is sung to the music of the British national anthem, “God Save the Kthe British national anthem, “God Save the King (Queen). (The tune of “America” is the sing (Queen). (The tune of “America” is the same with the tune of “God Save the King.” ame with the tune of “God Save the King.” When the band played the British anthem, RoWhen the band played the British anthem, Roosevelt humorously took it for “America.”osevelt humorously took it for “America.”

This is where the joke lies. Actually, some AmThis is where the joke lies. Actually, some American patriots claim the tune was American ierican patriots claim the tune was American in origin, and was appropriated by the British.n origin, and was appropriated by the British.

15. The squeal of boatswain’s pipes…deck15. The squeal of boatswain’s pipes…deck.. -squeal: to make a long very high sound or -squeal: to make a long very high sound or

crycry The children squealed with delight.The children squealed with delight. -compare: -compare: squeal: long and sharp soundsqueal: long and sharp sound squawk: loud and rough soundsquawk: loud and rough sound scream: thin and sharp soundscream: thin and sharp sound shriek: sudden loud soundshriek: sudden loud sound screech: unpleasant high-pitched soundscreech: unpleasant high-pitched sound -boatswains’ pipes: boatswains’ whistle; -boatswains’ pipes: boatswains’ whistle;

silver whistle used in giving orders to the silver whistle used in giving orders to the crew of a shipcrew of a ship

-dress parade: requiring or -dress parade: requiring or permitting formal dress, a dress permitting formal dress, a dress affair, a dress dinneraffair, a dress dinner

-broke up the dress parade: ended -broke up the dress parade: ended the formal inspectionthe formal inspection

2. Harry Hopkins2. Harry Hopkins

Why was Pug sent over to Why was Pug sent over to the Prince of Walesthe Prince of Wales?? 16. Harry Hopkins: (1890-1946)16. Harry Hopkins: (1890-1946) American social worker and public administrator, American social worker and public administrator,

intimate associate and adviser of President intimate associate and adviser of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and U.S. Secretary of Franklin D. Roosevelt, and U.S. Secretary of Commerce (1938-40). As the personal Commerce (1938-40). As the personal representative of President Roosevelt, he went representative of President Roosevelt, he went on missions to London and Moscow, conferring on missions to London and Moscow, conferring with Churchill and Stalin. He also attended the with Churchill and Stalin. He also attended the major war conferences at Washington, major war conferences at Washington, Casablanca, Quebec, Cairo, Tehran, and Yalta Casablanca, Quebec, Cairo, Tehran, and Yalta ( in Russia).( in Russia).

17. Admiral King beckoned to Pug.17. Admiral King beckoned to Pug. -Admiral King: Ernest Joseph King -Admiral King: Ernest Joseph King

(1878-1956), American naval officer. (1878-1956), American naval officer. He was appointed commander in He was appointed commander in chief of the U.S. Atlantic fleet (1949) chief of the U.S. Atlantic fleet (1949) and of the entire U.S. fleet (Dec. and of the entire U.S. fleet (Dec. 1941). He served (March, 1942- 1941). He served (March, 1942- Dec., 1945) as chief of naval Dec., 1945) as chief of naval operations during World War II. He operations during World War II. He was appointed (Dec. 1944) admiral was appointed (Dec. 1944) admiral of the fleet (five-star rank).of the fleet (five-star rank).

18. Take my barge… put yourself at Mr. 18. Take my barge… put yourself at Mr. Harry Hopkins’s service.Harry Hopkins’s service.

- A barge is a boat with a flat bottom. Barge- A barge is a boat with a flat bottom. Barges are used for carrying heavy loads, esp. on s are used for carrying heavy loads, esp. on canals. canals.

- a motorboat carried by naval ships for the - a motorboat carried by naval ships for the use of officersuse of officers

- put sb. at sb’s service: to get ready to obe- put sb. at sb’s service: to get ready to obey orders or be used by sb. ; to get ready to sy orders or be used by sb. ; to get ready to serve or cooperate with one; to put sb./sth. erve or cooperate with one; to put sb./sth. at sb’s disposalat sb’s disposal

Do whatever Mr. Harry Hopkins might ask Do whatever Mr. Harry Hopkins might ask you to do.you to do.

-at one’s service:-at one’s service: I’ll be entirely at your service in threI’ll be entirely at your service in thre

e minutes.e minutes. ““Now I am at your service,” the dentNow I am at your service,” the dent

ist told the next patient.ist told the next patient. My car is at your service.My car is at your service. He put a car and driver at the visitor’He put a car and driver at the visitor’

s service.s service.19. expedite:19. expedite: fml. to make (a plan or arr fml. to make (a plan or arr

angement) go faster; to do or perform angement) go faster; to do or perform sth. quickly and efficientlysth. quickly and efficiently

Notice Admiral King’s words: “beckoned,”Notice Admiral King’s words: “beckoned,”““Put you at Mr Harry Hopkins service. The prPut you at Mr Harry Hopkins service. The pr

esident desires to…so expedite.” His words esident desires to…so expedite.” His words are serious, formal and show his position.are serious, formal and show his position.

Here we have the first of the personalities whoHere we have the first of the personalities whom the author took great pains to describe. m the author took great pains to describe.

These indicate the gesture, the language, of a These indicate the gesture, the language, of a superior officer, very mindful of his rank ansuperior officer, very mindful of his rank and very aloof/reserved/not friendly.d very aloof/reserved/not friendly.

20. Aye aye, sir.20. Aye aye, sir.Aye is a nautical term, meaning yes.Aye is a nautical term, meaning yes.

21. Why did Henry think he went from 21. Why did Henry think he went from peace to war when peace to war when he passed from the Augusta to the he passed from the Augusta to the Prince of Wales?Prince of Wales?

The author has employed a few metaphors here to bring out the complete change of atmosphere. The Augusta is an American cruiser and at that time the United States nominally was not at war with Hitler while the Prince of Wales was a British battleship and Britain had been fighting against Hitler’s Germany for over a year. Hence the statement “from America to England and from peace to war.”

22. It was a shocking jump: pun22. It was a shocking jump: pun

This refers to the crossing from the This refers to the crossing from the AugustaAugusta to the to the Prince of WalesPrince of Wales, from Peace to War. , from Peace to War.

23. King’s spick-and-span flagship belonged 23. King’s spick-and-span flagship belonged to a different world than the storm-whipped to a different world than the storm-whipped British vessel.British vessel.

- spick-and-span: (only in the phrase) bright, - spick-and-span: (only in the phrase) bright, clean, and tidy; neat and clean; very neat or clean, and tidy; neat and clean; very neat or smart and newsmart and new

He moved in a spick-and-span flat.He moved in a spick-and-span flat. The house should always be kept spick-and-The house should always be kept spick-and-

span.span.

Why did King’s spick-and-span flagship Why did King’s spick-and-span flagship belong to a different world?belong to a different world?

- flagship: the ship that carries the - flagship: the ship that carries the commander of a fleet and displays his commander of a fleet and displays his flag. flag.

Paraphrase: Compared with the British Paraphrase: Compared with the British vessel which had gone through many a vessel which had gone through many a battle and weathered the storm, the battle and weathered the storm, the AugustaAugusta which was new and clean and which was new and clean and which carried King seemed to be from which carried King seemed to be from another world. another world.

Henry wanted to show that the contrast Henry wanted to show that the contrast between the two ships was such that between the two ships was such that they seemed to be from entirely they seemed to be from entirely different worlds. different worlds.

24. the accommodation ladder was sal24. the accommodation ladder was salt-crustedt-crusted: a ladder or stairway hung ov: a ladder or stairway hung over a ships’ side, usu. at the gangway er a ships’ side, usu. at the gangway (opening in a ship’s side movable bri(opening in a ship’s side movable bridge from this to the landdge from this to the land 跳板通道跳板通道 ))

salt-crusted /coveredsalt-crusted /covered There was a hard layer of salt on the sThere was a hard layer of salt on the s

urface of the accommodation ladder, surface of the accommodation ladder, showing that is had been through a lonhowing that is had been through a long sea-voyage.g sea-voyage.

25. Even the main battery guns 25. Even the main battery guns looked pitted and rusty:looked pitted and rusty:

-battery guns: a number of big guns fixed in -battery guns: a number of big guns fixed in a warship or fort.a warship or fort.

-pit: mark with small scars-pit: mark with small scars The deeply pitted surface of the metal.The deeply pitted surface of the metal. Why is the word “even” used here? The Why is the word “even” used here? The

main battery guns are the main weapons main battery guns are the main weapons on a battleship so it was most surprising on a battleship so it was most surprising that there was rust on these guns. This that there was rust on these guns. This probably shows that they have no time to probably shows that they have no time to clean the battery. They were busy.clean the battery. They were busy.

26. Pug was aghast to see cigarette 26. Pug was aghast to see cigarette butts… scuppers.butts… scuppers.

-aghast: adj. suddenly filled with -aghast: adj. suddenly filled with great surprise, fear, and shockgreat surprise, fear, and shock

She was aghast when she was told of She was aghast when she was told of her husband’s huge gambling debts.her husband’s huge gambling debts.

-scupper: n. opening in a ship’s side -scupper: n. opening in a ship’s side to allow water to run off the deck.to allow water to run off the deck.

27. droves of bluejackets were doing an animated s27. droves of bluejackets were doing an animated scrub-downcrub-down::

-drove: 1) a moving crowd of people cf. throng-drove: 1) a moving crowd of people cf. throng Droves of people are very large numbers of them.Droves of people are very large numbers of them. They came in droves to see Australian’s natural wThey came in droves to see Australian’s natural w

onder. Droves of sightseersonder. Droves of sightseers The tourists came in droves.The tourists came in droves. 2) a group of esp. farm animals driven in a body: a 2) a group of esp. farm animals driven in a body: a

drove of cattledrove of cattle -bluejacket: an enlisted man in the U.S. or British a-bluejacket: an enlisted man in the U.S. or British a

rmy; metonymyrmy; metonymy A group of British navy men were cleaning the decA group of British navy men were cleaning the dec

k in a spirited way.k in a spirited way. animated scrub-down: transferred epthetanimated scrub-down: transferred epthet

28. On the superstructure… 28. On the superstructure… BismarkBismark’s salvos ’s salvos

- superstructure: that part of a ship, esp. of a - superstructure: that part of a ship, esp. of a warship, above the main deckwarship, above the main deck

-raw: imperfectly prepared; lacking normal or -raw: imperfectly prepared; lacking normal or usual finishusual finish

-welded: jointed-welded: jointed -sticking plaster: adhesive material for covering -sticking plaster: adhesive material for covering

a slight wound, usu. a thin cloth gummed on a slight wound, usu. a thin cloth gummed on one sideone side

Cf. Band-aid; bandageCf. Band-aid; bandage -salvos: simultaneous discharge of artillery or -salvos: simultaneous discharge of artillery or

other firearms, esp. as salute, or in sea-fight.other firearms, esp. as salute, or in sea-fight.

At places on the part above the main deck At places on the part above the main deck there were new welds. These were there were new welds. These were damages caused by the gunfire of the damages caused by the gunfire of the German battleship German battleship BismarckBismarck. The welds . The welds looked like sticking plaster put to new looked like sticking plaster put to new wounds.wounds.

The author is comparing the steel patches The author is comparing the steel patches to sticking plasters and the damages on to sticking plasters and the damages on the ship to wounds of the human body. the ship to wounds of the human body. Metaphor.Metaphor.

29. “Ah, yes Captain Henry”: 29. “Ah, yes Captain Henry”: Ah, Ah, so you are Captain Henry.so you are Captain Henry.

30. quartermaster:30. quartermaster: a nautical /sailing term, a nautical /sailing term, meaning a petty officer or mate who attends to meaning a petty officer or mate who attends to the ship’s compass, navigation, signals etc. the ship’s compass, navigation, signals etc.

31. fittings31. fittings: the fixtures, furnishings or : the fixtures, furnishings or decorations of a house, office, automobile, etc.;decorations of a house, office, automobile, etc.;

pl. sth. necessary that is fixed into a building but pl. sth. necessary that is fixed into a building but able to be movedable to be moved

32: “Hello there, Pug.”32: “Hello there, Pug.” there, an interjection, there, an interjection, calling the attention of someone calling the attention of someone

33. …in a blaze of worldwide 33. …in a blaze of worldwide newspaper attentionnewspaper attention

Hopkins flew to London in late July and Hopkins flew to London in late July and arranged with Churchill the date and arranged with Churchill the date and rendezvous of the conference between rendezvous of the conference between Roosevelt and Churchill. Then he took a Roosevelt and Churchill. Then he took a British flying boat to Moscow to hold British flying boat to Moscow to hold talks with Stalin. His visits to London talks with Stalin. His visits to London and Moscow were widely covered by and Moscow were widely covered by newspapers all over the world.newspapers all over the world.

-in a / the blaze of: metaphor; in the -in a / the blaze of: metaphor; in the blaze of publicity/fury /anger/effortblaze of publicity/fury /anger/effort

34. Am I riding over with you?34. Am I riding over with you? Am I to Am I to take the barge and go over to the take the barge and go over to the Augusta Augusta with you?with you? 35. on his bunk in a small cabin off the 35. on his bunk in a small cabin off the

wardroomwardroom -bunk: a narrow bed that is usu. fixed to -bunk: a narrow bed that is usu. fixed to

the wall (as on a ship or train)the wall (as on a ship or train) -wardroom: room on a warship for an -wardroom: room on a warship for an

officer to live in officer to live in -off the wardroom: next to the wardroom; -off the wardroom: next to the wardroom;

not attached to the wardroomnot attached to the wardroom off the main street, not on the main streetoff the main street, not on the main street

35. in one he carefully placed…; in 35. in one he carefully placed…; in the other he threw… as they came the other he threw… as they came to hand:to hand:

Note the contrast between “he Note the contrast between “he carefully placed papers..” and “he carefully placed papers..” and “he threw clothes…as they came to hand”: threw clothes…as they came to hand”: He was very careful, very meticulous He was very careful, very meticulous about official papers but very careless about official papers but very careless about his own things. This throws light about his own things. This throws light on the character of Hopkins.on the character of Hopkins.

-come to hand: to be found without -come to hand: to be found without one’s having to make a special search.one’s having to make a special search.

36. A bent figure with a gray double-36. A bent figure with a gray double-breasted suit flapping loosely on him:breasted suit flapping loosely on him:

-double-breasted suit: a suit with a double -double-breasted suit: a suit with a double row of buttonsrow of buttons

-flapping: moving slowly up and down or -flapping: moving slowly up and down or backwards and forwardsbackwards and forwards

This shows that Hopkins was very thin This shows that Hopkins was very thin and the suit was loose on him.and the suit was loose on him.

37. He’s having the time of his life.37. He’s having the time of his life. He’s having a rare experience of pleasure He’s having a rare experience of pleasure

in his life; he’s having the best time of his in his life; he’s having the best time of his life.life.

The time of one’s life: (colloq.) an The time of one’s life: (colloq.) an experience of great pleasure for oneexperience of great pleasure for one

38. Churchill’s like a boy going on 38. Churchill’s like a boy going on his 1st date:his 1st date:

Churchill was very anxious to meet Churchill was very anxious to meet Roosevelt. The anxiety was similar to Roosevelt. The anxiety was similar to that one had when one was going to that one had when one was going to meet a girl friend for the 1st time. meet a girl friend for the 1st time. Churchill’s mood (state of mind) was Churchill’s mood (state of mind) was that of a boy going on his first date that of a boy going on his first date with a girl.with a girl.

39. Well, it’s quite a historic moment at that.39. Well, it’s quite a historic moment at that. -at that (give the reason)-at that (give the reason) (colloq.) all things considered(colloq.) all things considered This is adverbial phrase having different meaniThis is adverbial phrase having different meani

ngs:ngs: Our footballers were off form, but we won the gOur footballers were off form, but we won the g

ame at that (anyway).ame at that (anyway). I like the style but I don’t care much for the coI like the style but I don’t care much for the co

lor. Well, let it go at that (as it is).lor. Well, let it go at that (as it is). This color TV is poor in quality, and very expenThis color TV is poor in quality, and very expen

sive at that (in addition). sive at that (in addition).

40. scrounge more in London40. scrounge more in London: had : had to get more shirts from friends in to get more shirts from friends in LondonLondon

to get (sth.) without work or to get (sth.) without work or payment or by persuading otherspayment or by persuading others

he is always scrounging off his he is always scrounging off his friends.friends.

Can I scrounge a cigarette off you?Can I scrounge a cigarette off you? 41. Will they hold? 41. Will they hold? Will they be able to fight on? Will Will they be able to fight on? Will

they be able to fight against they be able to fight against German?German?

42. a stack of papers in his hand, and 42. a stack of papers in his hand, and pursed his mouthpursed his mouth

-a stack of papers/ dishes/ coins: a -a stack of papers/ dishes/ coins: a pile of pile of

-purse: to bring (esp. the lips) -purse: to bring (esp. the lips) together in little folds together in little folds

She pursed (up) her lips with disgust.She pursed (up) her lips with disgust. Then Hopkins gives his opinion.Then Hopkins gives his opinion.

43. The Russians will hold. But it’ll be a near thing. 43. The Russians will hold. But it’ll be a near thing. -a near thing: a narrow escape; sth. achieved only by -a near thing: a narrow escape; sth. achieved only by

a narrow margina narrow margin The Russians will be able to fight on but there’s a veThe Russians will be able to fight on but there’s a ve

ry small margin between success and failure. They wiry small margin between success and failure. They will barely mange to carry on the fight.ll barely mange to carry on the fight.

Suppose you’ve a friend who has travelled here to viSuppose you’ve a friend who has travelled here to visit you. When you meet him and ask about his journesit you. When you meet him and ask about his journey, whether he got his train on time. Your friend say y, whether he got his train on time. Your friend say “It’s a near thing.” It means he almost missed the “It’s a near thing.” It means he almost missed the train..train..

If a man was almost run over by a car, he said “TerriIf a man was almost run over by a car, he said “Terrible, it’s a near thing.”ble, it’s a near thing.”

We can use “It’s a near thing” to describe a race, We can use “It’s a near thing” to describe a race, match, etc.match, etc.

We have at least four phrases We have at least four phrases expressing the same meaning: a expressing the same meaning: a narrow escape, a narrow squeak, a narrow escape, a narrow squeak, a close shave, a narrow margin.close shave, a narrow margin.

He had a narrow escape from being He had a narrow escape from being run over by a bus this morning.run over by a bus this morning.

We won the game, but it was a We won the game, but it was a narrow squeak.narrow squeak.

What a near thing that was! The What a near thing that was! The enemies nearly got me.enemies nearly got me.

The machine missed me, but it was a The machine missed me, but it was a close shave.close shave.

44. Archangel44. Archangel: city in USSR: city in USSR Here “you” refers to any one.Here “you” refers to any one. 45. swamp45. swamp: (an area of ) land which always : (an area of ) land which always

full of or covered with water, marshfull of or covered with water, marsh 46. from horizon to horizon: 46. from horizon to horizon: -horizon: the limit of one’s view across the -horizon: the limit of one’s view across the

surface of the earth, where the sky seems to surface of the earth, where the sky seems to meet the earth or seameet the earth or sea

47. Hitler’s bitten off a big bite this time47. Hitler’s bitten off a big bite this time:: This time Hitler has attacked a country too This time Hitler has attacked a country too

big for him to conquer or to put it big for him to conquer or to put it idiomatically, he has bitten off more than he idiomatically, he has bitten off more than he can chew. He has taken more than he can can chew. He has taken more than he can manage. (a comparison). Russian is difficult manage. (a comparison). Russian is difficult for Germans to control in comparison with for Germans to control in comparison with other countries such as Poland. other countries such as Poland.

48. He was struggling with the clasps 48. He was struggling with the clasps on his suitcase and Pug gave him a on his suitcase and Pug gave him a handhand..

He was trying hard to lock his suitcase He was trying hard to lock his suitcase and Pug helped him.and Pug helped him.

49. the stern rose high on a swell, then 49. the stern rose high on a swell, then dropped away from under himdropped away from under him::

-stern: the back end of a ship /c.f. brow-stern: the back end of a ship /c.f. brow -swell: slow rise and fall of the sea’s -swell: slow rise and fall of the sea’s

surface with large but unbroken wavessurface with large but unbroken waves A wave raised the tail of the barge high A wave raised the tail of the barge high

and when the wave subsided, the tail of and when the wave subsided, the tail of the barge dropped down suddenly. the barge dropped down suddenly.

Was Hopkins a good sailor? Was Hopkins a good sailor? How do you know?How do you know? 50. coxswain50. coxswain: a petty officer or other : a petty officer or other

person in charge of a ship’s boat and person in charge of a ship’s boat and acting as a steersmanacting as a steersman

51. Oops-a-daisy51. Oops-a-daisy: It’s a consolatory : It’s a consolatory phrase used by an adult when he pick phrase used by an adult when he pick up a child who has fallen over. Here it up a child who has fallen over. Here it means “Oh, my dear sir, stand up, means “Oh, my dear sir, stand up, please.”please.”

52. Hopkins staggered inside, settling 52. Hopkins staggered inside, settling with a sigh on the cushionswith a sigh on the cushions: Hopkins : Hopkins walked unsteadily inside and was walked unsteadily inside and was greatly relieved when he sat down on greatly relieved when he sat down on the seat.the seat.

53. flop53. flop: to move or fall heavily or awkwardly: to move or fall heavily or awkwardly cf. flapcf. flap 54. that nearly ended my mission right there54. that nearly ended my mission right there: : When he boarded the plane, he fell. If he When he boarded the plane, he fell. If he

were seriously hurt, he could not have gone were seriously hurt, he could not have gone on to Moscow and that would have been the on to Moscow and that would have been the end of his mission.end of his mission.

55. at the flawlessly appointed barge55. at the flawlessly appointed barge -appointed; furnished and arranged barge-appointed; furnished and arranged barge The perfectly arranged bargeThe perfectly arranged barge 56. Well, well, America! Peace-time!56. Well, well, America! Peace-time! Make a comparison. Hopkins had been with Make a comparison. Hopkins had been with

Churchill in the war, he almost forgot peace.Churchill in the war, he almost forgot peace.

57. in War Plans:57. in War Plans: work in that area work in that area 58. you might bear in mind what our 58. you might bear in mind what our

friends will be after: friends will be after: You’d better make a mental note of You’d better make a mental note of

what the British will be trying to get.what the British will be trying to get. 59. Hopkins held out one wasted 59. Hopkins held out one wasted

hand and ticked off points on hand and ticked off points on skeletal fingers.skeletal fingers.

Hopkins held out one of his weak Hopkins held out one of his weak and feeble hands and used his thin and feeble hands and used his thin bony (stretched out) fingers to count bony (stretched out) fingers to count the things the British want to have .the things the British want to have .

60. press for60. press for: to urge or request earnestly or : to urge or request earnestly or persistentlypersistently

They’ll persistently urge us to declare war on They’ll persistently urge us to declare war on Germany.Germany.

61. it softens the ground for the second 61. it softens the ground for the second demand.demand.

It will make it difficult for the Americans to It will make it difficult for the Americans to reject their second demand.reject their second demand.

-soften: to weaken, to become soft, less severe-soften: to weaken, to become soft, less severe We have found a way to soften the water here.We have found a way to soften the water here. They bombarded the town for hours to soften They bombarded the town for hours to soften

the enemy’s position.the enemy’s position. Only you can soften his attitude.Only you can soften his attitude. Adverse developments have softened the price Adverse developments have softened the price

of products.of products. The market softened because of oversupply.The market softened because of oversupply.

62. the real reason Winston Churchill has 62. the real reason Winston Churchill has crossed the ocean (the Atlantic ocean)crossed the ocean (the Atlantic ocean)

The real reason Churchill has come to meet The real reason Churchill has come to meet Roosevelt here.Roosevelt here.

What’s the purpose for the meeting?What’s the purpose for the meeting? Churchill wants America to give a warning Churchill wants America to give a warning

to Japan that any move against the British to Japan that any move against the British in Asia means war with America.in Asia means war with America.

63. Their empire is mighty rickety at this 63. Their empire is mighty rickety at this point.point.

Their empire is very weak in that area (in Their empire is very weak in that area (in Asia). The British do not have the naval Asia). The British do not have the naval strength or the necessary manpower to strength or the necessary manpower to defend its colonies in Asia.defend its colonies in Asia.

64. to shore up64. to shore up: to add support to (sth.) : to add support to (sth.) where weakness is shown; make (sth.) where weakness is shown; make (sth.) stronger where support is needed.stronger where support is needed.

Go and find sth. To shore up the wall.Go and find sth. To shore up the wall. They shored up the damaged fence this They shored up the damaged fence this

morning.morning. They’ve taken some measures to shore They’ve taken some measures to shore

up the flagging/weakening economies.up the flagging/weakening economies. The peasants hope the government The peasants hope the government

polices will shore up farm prices.polices will shore up farm prices. 65. What’s the 3rd thing Britain wants?65. What’s the 3rd thing Britain wants? They want big war supplies.They want big war supplies.

66. If Hitler pokes down there…strangles: 66. If Hitler pokes down there…strangles: If Hitler strikes thereIf Hitler strikes there -poke: prod-poke: prod (sl.) making trouble down there in the (sl.) making trouble down there in the

Middle EastMiddle East -strangle: suffocate, choke, stifle, smother, -strangle: suffocate, choke, stifle, smother,

squeeze, constrictsqueeze, constrict strangle: to kill by pressing on the throat strangle: to kill by pressing on the throat

with hands , a rope etc. to stop breathingwith hands , a rope etc. to stop breathing He strangled his victim with a nylon He strangled his victim with a nylon

stocking.stocking. The government policies are slowly The government policies are slowly

strangling the economy.strangling the economy.

67. They’ll also try, subtly but hard… 67. They’ll also try, subtly but hard… they come ahead of Russia.they come ahead of Russia.

The last point, the most important is try The last point, the most important is try for an understanding that in getting for an understanding that in getting American aid they come ahead of American aid they come ahead of Russia.Russia.

The British will try for an The British will try for an understanding / to reach an agreement.understanding / to reach an agreement.

They’ll also try hard, though not They’ll also try hard, though not obviously, to reach an agreement that obviously, to reach an agreement that having American aid they become having American aid they become stronger than Russia.stronger than Russia.

68. to bomb the hell out of Germany68. to bomb the hell out of Germany -to bomb Germany heavily, bomb a lot so -to bomb Germany heavily, bomb a lot so

that Hitler has finishedthat Hitler has finished 69. build up for the final assault: 69. build up for the final assault:

strengthen the military forcesstrengthen the military forces to build up has several meanings:to build up has several meanings: He dissipated all the money his father had He dissipated all the money his father had

built up for life (accumulate gradually).built up for life (accumulate gradually). He has built up a flourishing business He has built up a flourishing business

(establish and develop).(establish and develop). Promote physical culture and build up the Promote physical culture and build up the

people’s health (strengthen or to increase).people’s health (strengthen or to increase). She has built up a good reputation in her She has built up a good reputation in her

small factory( set up or establish).small factory( set up or establish). The singer has been built up into a great The singer has been built up into a great

success. (praise)success. (praise)

70. On the problem of aid to Russia, did Churchil70. On the problem of aid to Russia, did Churchill and Roosevelt see eye to eye?l and Roosevelt see eye to eye? In what way did t In what way did their opinions differ?heir opinions differ?

71. The President isn’t thinking that way.71. The President isn’t thinking that way. The implication is the President got a different idThe implication is the President got a different id

ea.ea. 72. The fight over there is of inconceivable magn72. The fight over there is of inconceivable magn

itudeitude.. The fight in Russia is unbelievably big.The fight in Russia is unbelievably big. 73. The Russians have taken a shellacking so far.73. The Russians have taken a shellacking so far. -shellacking: a severe defeat -shellacking: a severe defeat to shellack: to defeat decisively; to thrash soundlto shellack: to defeat decisively; to thrash soundl

yy The Russians have suffered decisive defeat so far.The Russians have suffered decisive defeat so far.

74. That’s the war now.74. That’s the war now. That’s my analysis of the war. That’s my analysis of the war. 75. Then this conference is almost 75. Then this conference is almost

pointless.pointless. Then there isn’t much sense in Then there isn’t much sense in

holding this conference.holding this conference. 76. That’s achievement enough for 76. That’s achievement enough for

now.now. The holding of the conference itself The holding of the conference itself

is a great achievement at present.is a great achievement at present.

77. Hopkins gave Victor Henry a sad 77. Hopkins gave Victor Henry a sad smilesmile: Why?: Why?

Hopkins meant that this was all the Hopkins meant that this was all the United States could do at present, United States could do at present, that the United States could only go that the United States could only go thus far at present and he was sorry thus far at present and he was sorry about that.about that.

78. He pulled himself to his feet in 78. He pulled himself to his feet in the rocking boat.the rocking boat.

He managed to stand up in the He managed to stand up in the rocking boat.rocking boat.

79. this is the changing of the guard.79. this is the changing of the guard. The phrase, the changing of the The phrase, the changing of the

guard comes from the changing of guard comes from the changing of the guard outside Buckingham the guard outside Buckingham Palace. The Queen’s guard is changed Palace. The Queen’s guard is changed every morning at 11:30 and the every morning at 11:30 and the ceremony lasts for about half an hour. ceremony lasts for about half an hour. The new guard enters the palace The new guard enters the palace courtyard at exactly 11:30. The band courtyard at exactly 11:30. The band then starts to play the tune of the then starts to play the tune of the regiment’s slow march, and the new regiment’s slow march, and the new guard advances slowly towards the guard advances slowly towards the old guard. old guard.

The captain of the old guard hands the key of The captain of the old guard hands the key of Buckingham Palace, and also St. Jame’s PalaBuckingham Palace, and also St. Jame’s Palace, to the captain of the new guard. The new sce, to the captain of the new guard. The new sentries are then marched off to relieve the old entries are then marched off to relieve the old sentries. The old sentries get down from their sentries. The old sentries get down from their horses, and the new ones take up their posts. horses, and the new ones take up their posts. While this is happening, the band plays regimWhile this is happening, the band plays regimental music, and perhaps also some tunes froental music, and perhaps also some tunes from the latest show. After the guard has been cm the latest show. After the guard has been changed, the old guard leaves the courtyard ahanged, the old guard leaves the courtyard and marches away.nd marches away.

Here Hopkins was hinting that a transfer of Here Hopkins was hinting that a transfer of power from London to Washington was takipower from London to Washington was taking place. Britain was no longer the Number ng place. Britain was no longer the Number One power of the “free democracies.” The One power of the “free democracies.” The United States was taking over this position. United States was taking over this position.

Note the characterization of Hopkins, infml Note the characterization of Hopkins, infml and familiar: “Hello there, Pug,” couldn’and familiar: “Hello there, Pug,” couldn’t be bothered about personal things, thin, bt be bothered about personal things, thin, bent, his suit flapping loosely on him, view oent, his suit flapping loosely on him, view on aid to Russia, etc. n aid to Russia, etc.

3. Churchill calls3. Churchill calls

80. which saw the dramatic handshake…gangw80. which saw the dramatic handshake…gangway:ay:

- saw: witnessed, personification- saw: witnessed, personification 81. Why is the dramatic handshake?81. Why is the dramatic handshake? It was dramatic because this was the first time tIt was dramatic because this was the first time t

he two leaders met each other. Roosevelt very the two leaders met each other. Roosevelt very tall, physically strong, but paralysed while Churall, physically strong, but paralysed while Churchill was fat and short. The two great leaders dichill was fat and short. The two great leaders diminished each other. The conference itself, unminished each other. The conference itself, under the circumstances, was dramatic enough. Tder the circumstances, was dramatic enough. The critical time: the war will go the way or that he critical time: the war will go the way or that way.way.

82. They prolonged…smiling words:82. They prolonged…smiling words: The two leaders made their The two leaders made their

handshake last longer than usual to handshake last longer than usual to give photographers time to take give photographers time to take pictures. At the same time they pictures. At the same time they smiled and greeted each other.smiled and greeted each other.

- smiling words: transferred epithet - smiling words: transferred epithet 83. In an odd way… each other.83. In an odd way… each other. When they met face to face, the two When they met face to face, the two

leaders made each other less leaders made each other less imposing in stature or in importance.imposing in stature or in importance.

-diminish: making or becoming -diminish: making or becoming perceptibly smaller by removal. The perceptibly smaller by removal. The word stresses the idea of removing part word stresses the idea of removing part of sth. so that there is a manifest and of sth. so that there is a manifest and sometimes progressive lessening, but sometimes progressive lessening, but not to the point of total disappearance. not to the point of total disappearance. The word may suggest each other the The word may suggest each other the loss of sth. valuable or a lessening of loss of sth. valuable or a lessening of that which is undesirable.that which is undesirable.

His illness diminished his strength.His illness diminished his strength. As people approach old age their As people approach old age their

energy may diminish. energy may diminish. As his confidence in his work increased, As his confidence in his work increased,

his anxieties about it diminished. his anxieties about it diminished.

84. Roosevelt stood a full head taller.84. Roosevelt stood a full head taller. Pay attention to this short sentence in Pay attention to this short sentence in

which there are two grammatical points. 1) which there are two grammatical points. 1) This is an excellent example of the so-This is an excellent example of the so-called “double-predicate” structure. The called “double-predicate” structure. The function played by the verb “stood”; the function played by the verb “stood”; the sentence corresponds to “Roosevelt stood sentence corresponds to “Roosevelt stood and was a full head taller than Churchill.” and was a full head taller than Churchill.” So “stood” here also has a function of a So “stood” here also has a function of a linking verb, hence called “double linking verb, hence called “double predicate.”predicate.”

The sun rose red from the east.The sun rose red from the east. She left the village a girl and returned a She left the village a girl and returned a

mother of three children.mother of three children.

-a full head: here is used as a noun -a full head: here is used as a noun adverbial which is gaining ground in adverbial which is gaining ground in modern Englishmodern English

He is world famous.He is world famous. The miracle chip is easy to mass The miracle chip is easy to mass

produce.produce. The whole process of experiment is The whole process of experiment is

computer controlled.computer controlled. In the above 3 sentences “world, In the above 3 sentences “world,

mass, computer” are regarded as mass, computer” are regarded as noun adverbial.noun adverbial.

85. he was pathetically braced on 85. he was pathetically braced on lifeless leg frameslifeless leg frames::

-pathetically: sadly, pitifully, causing a -pathetically: sadly, pitifully, causing a feeling of sorrowfeeling of sorrow

cf. sympathetic: showing sympathycf. sympathetic: showing sympathy She was sympathetic when my father She was sympathetic when my father

died.died. If you describe sb. or sth. as pathetic, If you describe sb. or sth. as pathetic,

you mean that they are sad and weak you mean that they are sad and weak or helpless, and that they make you feel or helpless, and that they make you feel pity and sadness.pity and sadness.

The kitten was so tiny and pathetic.The kitten was so tiny and pathetic. He looked pathetically defenseless.He looked pathetically defenseless.

-brace: to equip or support with devices -brace: to equip or support with devices for supporting a weak or deformed part for supporting a weak or deformed part of the bodyof the body

-frame: basic or skeletal structure around -frame: basic or skeletal structure around which a thing is built and that gives the which a thing is built and that gives the thing its shapething its shape

He managed to stand only with the help He managed to stand only with the help of the leg frames. This was a pitiful sight.of the leg frames. This was a pitiful sight.

86. his full trousers drooped and flapping86. his full trousers drooped and flapping -full: wide-full: wide His wide trousers hung downward and His wide trousers hung downward and

were too big for his thin legs.were too big for his thin legs.

87. a bent Pickwick in blue uniform87. a bent Pickwick in blue uniform: Pickwick i: Pickwick is the central character in the novel the s the central character in the novel the PickwicPickwick papersk papers by the world famous writer Charles D by the world famous writer Charles Dickens. In this novel Pickwick is described as a ickens. In this novel Pickwick is described as a bent, stout, short benevolent old gentleman. Pibent, stout, short benevolent old gentleman. Pickwick is used here as antonomasia, the use of ckwick is used here as antonomasia, the use of a proper name to designate a member of a clasa proper name to designate a member of a class. It means like Pickwick in navy uniform.s. It means like Pickwick in navy uniform.

Antonomasia[Antonomasia[ 代称代称 ]: the term for some commo]: the term for some common figurative uses of names.n figurative uses of names.

the use of a proper name to designate a membthe use of a proper name to designate a member of a class (as a er of a class (as a SolomonSolomon for a for a wise ruler, Judwise ruler, Judas for a traitor). He is our Gorky (for a famous as for a traitor). He is our Gorky (for a famous writerwriter).).

88. looked up at him with majestic goo88. looked up at him with majestic good humor, much old, more dignified, md humor, much old, more dignified, more assuredore assured /confident. /confident.

89. a trace of deference89. a trace of deference -deference: fml. regard for the wishes, -deference: fml. regard for the wishes,

opinions, etc. of another person, becaopinions, etc. of another person, because of respect or love, or because of thuse of respect or love, or because of the other person’s higher position or ge other person’s higher position or greater power [reater power [ 顺从顺从 ,, 听从听从 ,, 遵从遵从 ,, 敬意敬意 ]]

giving way to the wishes, accepting thgiving way to the wishes, accepting the opinions or judgments of another or e opinions or judgments of another or others; yielding in opinion, judgment, others; yielding in opinion, judgment, wishes; courteous regard or respect.wishes; courteous regard or respect.

We treated her advice with due deference.We treated her advice with due deference. They were married in church out of/ in They were married in church out of/ in

deference to their parents’ wishes.deference to their parents’ wishes. -Yet there was… Prime Minister.-Yet there was… Prime Minister. You could sense a trace of deference about You could sense a trace of deference about

the Prime Minister. i.e. the Prime Minister the Prime Minister. i.e. the Prime Minister was either ready to yield to the wishes and was either ready to yield to the wishes and opinions of the President, or was somehow opinions of the President, or was somehow respectful of him. The latter sense is the respectful of him. The latter sense is the more likely one.more likely one.

90. by a shade of a shade90. by a shade of a shade: very slight : very slight difference or variationdifference or variation

cf. There’s a shade of difference between cf. There’s a shade of difference between the two; a new shade of meaning, etc. the two; a new shade of meaning, etc.

Churchill and Roosevelt were both Number Churchill and Roosevelt were both Number One men, but somehow Roosevelt looked One men, but somehow Roosevelt looked just a little more of a Number One man.just a little more of a Number One man.

91. The erect… to Pug91. The erect… to Pug: Frontpage refers to t: Frontpage refers to the pictures that appeared on the front-pagehe pictures that appeared on the front-pages of newspapers; the usual image of the Press of newspapers; the usual image of the President people had. On the frontpage of magaident people had. On the frontpage of magazine or newspapers President Roosevelt migzine or newspapers President Roosevelt might be seen standing upright, but in real life ht be seen standing upright, but in real life he was a cripple. Pug was more familiar withe was a cripple. Pug was more familiar with the crippled President than the one on the h the crippled President than the one on the front-pages standing upright.front-pages standing upright.

92. hobbling a step or two…chair.92. hobbling a step or two…chair. - hobble: to walk or move awkwardly or wit- hobble: to walk or move awkwardly or wit

h difficulty; to limph difficulty; to limp Roosevelt was glad that the strain and discoRoosevelt was glad that the strain and disco

mfort of standing came to an end and he comfort of standing came to an end and he could sit down. Hence “sinking with relief.”uld sit down. Hence “sinking with relief.”

93. got right to business93. got right to business: got down rig: got down right away to businessht away to business

94. conferred94. conferred: talked together: talked together 95. Victor Henry… their advisers95. Victor Henry… their advisers: Ther: Ther

e were meetings going on at three diffe were meetings going on at three different levels:erent levels:

1) the Summit 2) Chiefs of staff 3) pla1) the Summit 2) Chiefs of staff 3) plannersnners

Victor Henry was with the third.Victor Henry was with the third. -Burne-Wilke: representative of the Br-Burne-Wilke: representative of the Br

itish Chief of staff, Pug Henry’s counitish Chief of staff, Pug Henry’s counterpartterpart

96. Familiar problems…fouled 96. Familiar problems…fouled communicationscommunications

-the British services: the British service -the British services: the British service department of public workdepartment of public work

-unreal plans: plans put forward not on a -unreal plans: plans put forward not on a realistic basisrealistic basis

-unfilled contracts: contacts that failed to be -unfilled contracts: contacts that failed to be carried outcarried out

-jumbled priorities: many different items all -jumbled priorities: many different items all listed as top prioritylisted as top priority

-jumble: mixed in a confused, disorderly heap-jumble: mixed in a confused, disorderly heap -fouled communications: coded messages -fouled communications: coded messages

wrongly deciphered (decoded or translated); wrongly deciphered (decoded or translated); message mislaid or not clearly stated message mislaid or not clearly stated

97. One cardinal point the planners hammered ou97. One cardinal point the planners hammered out first.t first.

-cardinal: chief, principal, of main importance-cardinal: chief, principal, of main importance -hammer out: to develop or work out by careful th-hammer out: to develop or work out by careful th

ought or repeated effort or serious discussion ought or repeated effort or serious discussion 98. to replace U-boat sinkings:98. to replace U-boat sinkings: Sinkings refer to the ships which had been sunk bSinkings refer to the ships which had been sunk b

y the Axils.y the Axils. -U-boat: the German undersea boat, or submarine.-U-boat: the German undersea boat, or submarine. During the Second World War the term was used tDuring the Second World War the term was used t

o describe all submarines Italian, Japanese and Go describe all submarines Italian, Japanese and German operating against the allied forces, while terman operating against the allied forces, while those of the allies were always called submarines.hose of the allies were always called submarines.

Here it is also a grammatical point, i.e. the usHere it is also a grammatical point, i.e. the use of noun attribute, which is one of the trends e of noun attribute, which is one of the trends of the development of the modern English lanof the development of the modern English language. Noun attribute may be used instead of guage. Noun attribute may be used instead of all the other forms of attribute. all the other forms of attribute.

adj. a luxurious hotel—a luxury hoteladj. a luxurious hotel—a luxury hotel a prestigious university—a prestige universitya prestigious university—a prestige university a participle: a launching pad—a launch pada participle: a launching pad—a launch pad apostrophe s’ readers’ interest—reader intapostrophe s’ readers’ interest—reader int

eresterest a post-position attribute: trade with China—Ca post-position attribute: trade with China—C

hina tradehina trade Sinkings by U-boat—U-boat sinkingsSinkings by U-boat—U-boat sinkings an attributive clause: my brother who is a docan attributive clause: my brother who is a doc

tor –my doctor brothertor –my doctor brother

99. No war… the ocean99. No war… the ocean War material had to be shipped to England iWar material had to be shipped to England i

f they were to be used in the fight against Hif they were to be used in the fight against Hitler. This could be done only if they had enotler. This could be done only if they had enough ships and the Atlantic Ocean was made ugh ships and the Atlantic Ocean was made safe for the Allies. The sentence indicates thsafe for the Allies. The sentence indicates the importance of building new ships to replae importance of building new ships to replace those being sunk in great numbers, becace those being sunk in great numbers, because at that time the Allies still could not sucuse at that time the Allies still could not successfully defend their ships against U-boats. cessfully defend their ships against U-boats. Later, new technology broke the blockade.Later, new technology broke the blockade.

-material: weapons, equipment, supplies of -material: weapons, equipment, supplies of armed forces (distinguished from personnearmed forces (distinguished from personnel)l)

cf. material: of matter; of substance, cf. material: of matter; of substance, e.g. raw materials, dress materials (distingue.g. raw materials, dress materials (distingu

ished from spiritual)ished from spiritual)

100. This plain truth…every projection.100. This plain truth…every projection. As soon as the two parties agreed that As soon as the two parties agreed that

priority should be given to the building priority should be given to the building of ships, all other requests and of ships, all other requests and programs would have to be crossed out.programs would have to be crossed out.

-once: not an adverb be a conjunction -once: not an adverb be a conjunction here, meaning as soon as; if ever, here, meaning as soon as; if ever, whereverwherever

-projection: project put forward/ on the -projection: project put forward/ on the basis of physical sciencebasis of physical science

101. valves101. valves: (sorts of ) mechanical : (sorts of ) mechanical device for controlling the flow of air, device for controlling the flow of air, liquid, or gas into or through a tube, liquid, or gas into or through a tube, pipe etc. by opening or closing a pipe etc. by opening or closing a passagepassage

102. This simple yardstick… and tools.102. This simple yardstick… and tools. This simple yardstick rapidly revealed what This simple yardstick rapidly revealed what

were lacking in the US war industry at the time were lacking in the US war industry at the time and showed the urgent need for building new and showed the urgent need for building new steel mills and plants.steel mills and plants.

-arsenal of democracy: referring to the United -arsenal of democracy: referring to the United States, first used by F D. Roosevelt in this States, first used by F D. Roosevelt in this Fireside Chat broadcast on 29 December, 1940.Fireside Chat broadcast on 29 December, 1940.

Steel, aluminum, rubber… all the thousand Steel, aluminum, rubber… all the thousand things of war were urgently needed, but the US things of war were urgently needed, but the US was found to be poor and weak in steel-making was found to be poor and weak in steel-making capacity and plants to make steel into machines capacity and plants to make steel into machines and tools of war. and tools of war.

-dictate: lay down authoritatively (things to be -dictate: lay down authoritatively (things to be down)down)

103. Through all… thousand rifles.103. Through all… thousand rifles. -hypothetical plans: suppositional -hypothetical plans: suppositional

plans, tentatively put forwardplans, tentatively put forward hypothetical, hypothesis, hypocrisy, hypothetical, hypothesis, hypocrisy,

hypocrite, hypocritical hypocrite, hypocritical -pathetic: causing a feeling of pity or -pathetic: causing a feeling of pity or

sorrowsorrow Through all the talk of suppositional Through all the talk of suppositional

plans, one modest and almost plans, one modest and almost pitiable request kept cropping up, pitiable request kept cropping up, that is an immediate need for a that is an immediate need for a hundred fifty thousand rifles.hundred fifty thousand rifles.

104. If Russia collapsed… from the air.104. If Russia collapsed… from the air. Crete-like invasion: Crete, Greek island Crete-like invasion: Crete, Greek island

in East Mediterranean Sea, captured in East Mediterranean Sea, captured by German airborne forces May 20-30, by German airborne forces May 20-30, 1941, first successful use of airborne 1941, first successful use of airborne forces in a major campaigns in W. W. forces in a major campaigns in W. W. II.II.

A large-scale airborne attack was A large-scale airborne attack was successfully launched by the Germans successfully launched by the Germans on this eastern Mediterranean Island, on this eastern Mediterranean Island, May 1941, the 1st of its kind in history.May 1941, the 1st of its kind in history.

-wrap up: to bring to a successful end; -wrap up: to bring to a successful end; to complete or finish; to conclude to complete or finish; to conclude successfully.successfully.

Pay attention the following meanings Pay attention the following meanings of this multi-word verb:of this multi-word verb:

It’s getting cold, and the mother It’s getting cold, and the mother wrapped her child up well.wrapped her child up well.

She wrapped up her meaning in She wrapped up her meaning in obscure language.obscure language.

Now that the agreement is wrapped Now that the agreement is wrapped up, all we have to do is to wait for the up, all we have to do is to wait for the 1st order.1st order.

The technician is deeply wrapped up The technician is deeply wrapped up in reforming.in reforming.

Wrap up! Don’t say anything.Wrap up! Don’t say anything.

105. The stupendous material… rifles 105. The stupendous material… rifles nownow..

- stupendous adj. tremendous, - stupendous adj. tremendous, amazing (in size, degree)amazing (in size, degree)

Compared with the huge figures for Compared with the huge figures for future joint British-U.S. invasion of future joint British-U.S. invasion of North Africa or the French coast, the North Africa or the French coast, the present request of a hundred fifty present request of a hundred fifty thousand rifles immediately was thousand rifles immediately was sadly small.sadly small.

-joint: concerted, coordinated, -joint: concerted, coordinated, cooperatedcooperated

4. Roosevelt hobbles across4. Roosevelt hobbles across

106. boats from … 106. boats from … Prince of WalesPrince of Wales.. -boats… came grouping around the Prince of -boats… came grouping around the Prince of

Wales.Wales. -cluster around: -cluster around: Roses clustering round the windowRoses clustering round the window The children clustered around their teacher.The children clustered around their teacher. The village clusters round the church.The village clusters round the church. 108. in sunlight that seemed almost blinding108. in sunlight that seemed almost blinding The sun shone so brightly that one could The sun shone so brightly that one could

hardly see. The sunlight was most dazzling.hardly see. The sunlight was most dazzling.

109. in sunlight… the forests of 109. in sunlight… the forests of larch and fir glowed a rich greenlarch and fir glowed a rich green

-glow: to show brilliant, conspicuous -glow: to show brilliant, conspicuous colorscolors

-rich: deep, intense, vivid colors-rich: deep, intense, vivid colors The forest showed a brilliant, deep The forest showed a brilliant, deep

green in the sunshine.green in the sunshine. 110. an American destroyer slowly 110. an American destroyer slowly

nosed its… thrown acrossnosed its… thrown across.. -nose: to make or push (a way, etc.) -nose: to make or push (a way, etc.)

with the front forwardwith the front forward It’s interesting to see the ship It’s interesting to see the ship

nosing her way through the river.nosing her way through the river.

Nose also is used to form multi-word veNose also is used to form multi-word verbs.rbs.

You seem to be fond of nosing about foYou seem to be fond of nosing about for grapevine news.r grapevine news.

(nose about=search for. Am. E.)(nose about=search for. Am. E.) Don’t nose into our affairs. Don’t nose into our affairs. (nose into=pry into)(nose into=pry into) He has nosed out the actual situation.He has nosed out the actual situation. (nose out=discover)(nose out=discover) In text “nose” is used symbolically, mIn text “nose” is used symbolically, m

eaning to stretch out.eaning to stretch out.

-bridge: a platform above the main deck -bridge: a platform above the main deck of a ship, from which it is controlled, as of a ship, from which it is controlled, as by the commanding officerby the commanding officer

An American destroyer slowly moved paAn American destroyer slowly moved parallel with the battleship so that its bridgrallel with the battleship so that its bridge was side by side with the main deck of te was side by side with the main deck of the battleship.he battleship.

111. lurched out on the gangplank… then 111. lurched out on the gangplank… then the otherthe other..

Staggered out onto the movable platform Staggered out onto the movable platform bridging the two ships and with difficulty bridging the two ships and with difficulty moved one leg forward jerkingly, then thmoved one leg forward jerkingly, then the other. e other.

-gangplank: a narrow, movable platform or -gangplank: a narrow, movable platform or ramp forming a bridge by which to board or ramp forming a bridge by which to board or leave a ship.leave a ship.

-hitch: to move, pull or shift with jerks; pull -hitch: to move, pull or shift with jerks; pull suddenlysuddenly

Roosevelt’s legs could not function so he had to Roosevelt’s legs could not function so he had to rely on the movement of the hip to hitch his leg rely on the movement of the hip to hitch his leg forward.forward.

112. both boats were moving on long swells.112. both boats were moving on long swells. Both boats were tossed slightly up and down by Both boats were tossed slightly up and down by

waves that moved steadily without breaking.waves that moved steadily without breaking. 113. tottered and swayed113. tottered and swayed To move in an unsteady way from side to side To move in an unsteady way from side to side

as if about to fallas if about to fall

114. crowding the destroyer bridge114. crowding the destroyer bridge coming together to; clustering tocoming together to; clustering to 115. Pug observed… this crippled walk.115. Pug observed… this crippled walk. -shoot: to take a picture with a camera-shoot: to take a picture with a camera 116. 116. Churchill… offered his hand: Churchill… offered his hand:

Churchill held out his hand to help.Churchill held out his hand to help. 117.117. burst forth withburst forth with: struck up; played: struck up; played 118. His face stiff with strain118. His face stiff with strain: It was with : It was with

great effort that he stood at attention, great effort that he stood at attention, hence a stiff face.hence a stiff face.

119. chaplain119. chaplain: a. priest or clergyman, esp. in th: a. priest or clergyman, esp. in the navy, army or air forcee navy, army or air force

120. crimson vestments120. crimson vestments: red garment esp. one : red garment esp. one worn by a priest in church; red ceremonial robworn by a priest in church; red ceremonial robee

121. preserve us from the dangers of the sea121. preserve us from the dangers of the sea.. Protect us so that we would not get drowned,/sProtect us so that we would not get drowned,/s

unkunk 122. that we may be a security for… occasions:122. that we may be a security for… occasions: This is biblical English, meaning so that we maThis is biblical English, meaning so that we ma

y give protection to those who sail upon the sea y give protection to those who sail upon the sea on lawful business.on lawful business.

123. the blessings of the land123. the blessings of the land: the special favor: the special favors of the land (referring to favourable climate, fs of the land (referring to favourable climate, fertile soil, rich products etc. )ertile soil, rich products etc. )

124. ranks124. ranks: lines, rows: lines, rows 125. sneaked cameras from their blouses.125. sneaked cameras from their blouses. -blouses: the coat or jacket of a service -blouses: the coat or jacket of a service

uniform or dress uniform of the sailors; with uniform or dress uniform of the sailors; with square collarsquare collar

We sneak into the classroom.We sneak into the classroom. -sneak sth. out of some place-sneak sth. out of some place took out secretly cameras from their jackets took out secretly cameras from their jackets

(jumpers)(jumpers) 126. cameras appeared by the dozens:126. cameras appeared by the dozens: -by: expressing measure or extent-by: expressing measure or extent Books coming in by the hundredsBooks coming in by the hundreds What was the atmosphere? Good feeling of it.What was the atmosphere? Good feeling of it.

127. swarmed into a laughing, cheering ring r127. swarmed into a laughing, cheering ring round the two men.ound the two men.

More and more sailors came and they surrounMore and more sailors came and they surrounded the two men, laughing, cheering.ded the two men, laughing, cheering.

- “a laughing, cheering ring” is a transferred - “a laughing, cheering ring” is a transferred epithetepithet

128. Pug Henry,… felt a touch on his elbow128. Pug Henry,… felt a touch on his elbow -unwonted disorder:-unwonted disorder: unusual confusion unusual confusion -with mixed feelings of amusement and outra-with mixed feelings of amusement and outra

ge: amusement because the two leaders themsge: amusement because the two leaders themselves smiled and took it in good humour, and telves smiled and took it in good humour, and the sailors were cheering and laughing; outraghe sailors were cheering and laughing; outrage because such a rush and disorder, in his viee because such a rush and disorder, in his view, should not be permitted on a warshipw, should not be permitted on a warship

-a touch on his elbow-a touch on his elbow -a tap on the shoulder-a tap on the shoulder -a slap in the face-a slap in the face -a blow on the head-a blow on the head 129. A word with you?129. A word with you? May I have a May I have a

word with you?word with you? May I speak to you?May I speak to you?

5. A request from the 5. A request from the BritishBritish

130. a library den130. a library den: (colloq.) a small secluded r: (colloq.) a small secluded room for study or relaxationoom for study or relaxation

Father’s in his den now. (his quiet, private aFather’s in his den now. (his quiet, private and undisturbed room)nd undisturbed room)

““Den” first and foremost refers to an animaDen” first and foremost refers to an animal’s cave, or hidden lying place. (a den of woll’s cave, or hidden lying place. (a den of wolves). Then it is used to mean a secret resort foves). Then it is used to mean a secret resort for some bad people . A den of thieves r some bad people . A den of thieves

In colloq. English, it is also used to mean a smIn colloq. English, it is also used to mean a small easy, comfortable room for study. Here it rall easy, comfortable room for study. Here it refers to Burne Wilke’s cabin looking very mefers to Burne Wilke’s cabin looking very much like a small secluded room for study in thuch like a small secluded room for study in the library.e library.

131. “I say, Henry”131. “I say, Henry” Note, Burne-Wilke did not say “Pug” nor Note, Burne-Wilke did not say “Pug” nor

Victor. Why not Mr. Henry?Victor. Why not Mr. Henry?By Henry, it indicates that they are not stranBy Henry, it indicates that they are not strangers. They’re not so intimate that Pug is cagers. They’re not so intimate that Pug is called nor too fml called as Mr. Henry.lled nor too fml called as Mr. Henry.

Study the following forms of address for a mStudy the following forms of address for a man called Robert Wilson:an called Robert Wilson:

Fml. Mr. Robert WilsonFml. Mr. Robert Wilson Less fml but still quite fml. Mr. WilsonLess fml but still quite fml. Mr. Wilson Acceptable (between. Equals) WilsonAcceptable (between. Equals) Wilson His friends: RobertHis friends: Robert His wife: Robert dear.His wife: Robert dear. (When a child) Bob, Bertie, Bobby, etc.(When a child) Bob, Bertie, Bobby, etc.

I say: 1) to attract the attention of I say: 1) to attract the attention of the person addressedthe person addressed

I say, Jack, bring me a book of I say, Jack, bring me a book of stamps if you are going to the post stamps if you are going to the post office, will you, please?office, will you, please?

2) to express surprise2) to express surprise I say! It’s nearly six o’clock.I say! It’s nearly six o’clock. 3) to combine surprise and warning3) to combine surprise and warning I say! There’s someone coming.I say! There’s someone coming. 132. position132. position: view/ attitude towards : view/ attitude towards

drinking on board? drinking on board?

133. I have a fair bottle of sherry 133. I have a fair bottle of sherry here:here: I have nearly a full bottle of I have nearly a full bottle of sherry here.sherry here.

-sherry: yellow or brown wine of -sherry: yellow or brown wine of southern Spain, south Africa, Cyprus, southern Spain, south Africa, Cyprus, EnglandEngland

134. I’m for it134. I’m for it: I’m in favor of : I’m in favor of drinking on boarddrinking on board

-be for:-be for: Members of the committee split on Members of the committee split on

the resolution: five for, four against, the resolution: five for, four against, and five abstention.and five abstention.

135. You’re dry as a bone in your 135. You’re dry as a bone in your service, aren’t you?service, aren’t you?

Wines and spirits are forbidden in Wines and spirits are forbidden in your Navy or You are not allowed to your Navy or You are not allowed to drink on board, are you?drink on board, are you?

You can put on your socks now; they You can put on your socks now; they are as dry as a bone (perfectly dry).are as dry as a bone (perfectly dry).

He is as dry as stick. (rather thirsty)He is as dry as stick. (rather thirsty) His lecture is as dry as dust (rather His lecture is as dry as dust (rather

boring)boring)

136. …served us an excellent wine136. …served us an excellent wine: Wine : Wine is an uncountable noun, but here an is an uncountable noun, but here an indefinite article is used to indicate a indefinite article is used to indicate a particular kind of wine.particular kind of wine.

137. The President… his desires137. The President… his desires: The : The President is the man who lays down all President is the man who lays down all Navy regulations (as Commander-in-chief Navy regulations (as Commander-in-chief of all U.S. armed forces) and he can of all U.S. armed forces) and he can adapt them as he wishes. That is, if the adapt them as he wishes. That is, if the President wishes to serve wine on board President wishes to serve wine on board ship, then it’s all right for him to do so, ship, then it’s all right for him to do so, rules and regulations against it not rules and regulations against it not withstanding.withstanding.

-tailor: to alter, adapt for a particular end-tailor: to alter, adapt for a particular end

137. jolly:137. jolly: old-fashioned British upper-class old-fashioned British upper-class word meaning “very”word meaning “very”

138. they both sipped wine138. they both sipped wine -sip: to drink, taking a very small quantity at -sip: to drink, taking a very small quantity at

a timea time cf. gulp: swallow quicklycf. gulp: swallow quickly 139.air commodore139.air commodore: a rank in the Royal Air : a rank in the Royal Air

Force equivalent to that of Brigadier in the Force equivalent to that of Brigadier in the American ArmyAmerican Army

-commodore: a naval rank [-commodore: a naval rank [ 海军准将海军准将 ]] Air commodore: a rank in the Royal Air ForAir commodore: a rank in the Royal Air For

ce equivalent to that of Brigadier in the Amece equivalent to that of Brigadier in the American Army.rican Army.

140. We ran into a whole gale.140. We ran into a whole gale. We entered an area where there was a We entered an area where there was a

strong wind.strong wind. wind: breeze, gale, storm, whirlwind, wind: breeze, gale, storm, whirlwind,

tornado /waterspout, hurricane Typhoon, tornado /waterspout, hurricane Typhoon, cyclonecyclone

141. our destroyers couldn’t maintain 141. our destroyers couldn’t maintain speed.speed.

The destroyers could not keep up their The destroyers could not keep up their original speed because of the gale.original speed because of the gale.

142. zigzagged on alone:142. zigzagged on alone: make wide make wide diversion from side to side so as to avoid diversion from side to side so as to avoid German submarines.German submarines.

143. I was appalled to hear about it:143. I was appalled to hear about it: Appall suggests terror or (now more Appall suggests terror or (now more

commonly) dismay at a shocking but commonly) dismay at a shocking but apparently unalterable situation.apparently unalterable situation.

hear sth.hear sth. hear abouthear about hear of hear of hear fromhear from

144. Rather sporting of the British 144. Rather sporting of the British Prime Minister… on the open sea:Prime Minister… on the open sea:

-sporting: offering the kind of fair risk -sporting: offering the kind of fair risk that is usual in a gamethat is usual in a game

willing to take a risk of losingwilling to take a risk of losing I take off my hat to your sporting I take off my hat to your sporting

conduct.conduct. It’s very sporting of you to laugh at the It’s very sporting of you to laugh at the

trick we played on you.trick we played on you. It’s rather risky or daring of Churchill It’s rather risky or daring of Churchill

to give the German soldiers a good to give the German soldiers a good chance to attack him on the high seas.chance to attack him on the high seas.

It was most dangerous for Churchill to run suIt was most dangerous for Churchill to run such a risk yet Burne-Wilke tried to show that thch a risk yet Burne-Wilke tried to show that the Prime Minister took the whole ting in good e Prime Minister took the whole ting in good cheer. cheer.

Here Burne-Wilke employed a rhetorical deviHere Burne-Wilke employed a rhetorical device—periphrasis: (runabout way of speaking) tce—periphrasis: (runabout way of speaking) the use of long words or phrases, or of unclear he use of long words or phrases, or of unclear expressions, when short simple ones, are all texpressions, when short simple ones, are all that is needed. [hat is needed. [ 正式正式 ]] 迂说法迂说法 ,, 迂回曲折的话迂回曲折的话

What do you think of NATO’s bombing?What do you think of NATO’s bombing? Periphrasis: I don’t think it’s right.Periphrasis: I don’t think it’s right. To the point: It’s wrong to bomb the EmbassTo the point: It’s wrong to bomb the Embass

y. y. -fair: without any hadicap-fair: without any hadicap

145. Three thousand… submarine fleet.145. Three thousand… submarine fleet. The ship went three thousand miles The ship went three thousand miles

without air cover or surface escort and without air cover or surface escort and went straight through the entire went straight through the entire submarine fleet (referring to U-boats).submarine fleet (referring to U-boats).

It was rather sporting of Churchill to have It was rather sporting of Churchill to have come three thousand miles.come three thousand miles.

-air cover: force of aircraft protecting a -air cover: force of aircraft protecting a land or sea operationland or sea operation

146. You had your good angels… I can say:146. You had your good angels… I can say: The only reason I can offer is that some The only reason I can offer is that some

sort of supernatural force was helping you.sort of supernatural force was helping you. You’re lucky not to be hit.You’re lucky not to be hit.

147. But it might be prudent…what?147. But it might be prudent…what? -what? At the end, means Don’t you -what? At the end, means Don’t you

think so? think so? What do you What do you

think of it?think of it? We would have to be careful not to We would have to be careful not to

make excessive use of those good make excessive use of those good angels, otherwise they would refuse to angels, otherwise they would refuse to protect us.protect us.

It might be better for us not to make It might be better for us not to make those good angels feel too tired, those good angels feel too tired, otherwise they might get angry and otherwise they might get angry and desert us. desert us.

Please try to master the following 4 colloquial expressPlease try to master the following 4 colloquial expressions with “what” as the key word:ions with “what” as the key word:

-what? Come tomorrow, what?-what? Come tomorrow, what? -or what: Shall we go or what?-or what: Shall we go or what? I’ve not seen her recently—I don’t know whether sI’ve not seen her recently—I don’t know whether s

he’s moved away, whether I’ve upset her, or what.he’s moved away, whether I’ve upset her, or what. -so what:-so what: He can have his suspicions if he wants—so what? We He can have his suspicions if he wants—so what? We

don’t care.don’t care. -you what:-you what: A: A Mr. Wang is waiting for you.A: A Mr. Wang is waiting for you. B: You what?B: You what?

148. on battle alert148. on battle alert: on the lookout and : on the lookout and ready to attackready to attack

149. We shall have to run the gamut149. We shall have to run the gamut.. -gamut: (whole series of notes in modern -gamut: (whole series of notes in modern

music); whole range of musical notes ; music); whole range of musical notes ; complete extent or scope of anythingcomplete extent or scope of anything

Seeing this, he ran the gamut of emotion.Seeing this, he ran the gamut of emotion. He’s run the gamut of human experience.He’s run the gamut of human experience. A writer wants to experience the whole A writer wants to experience the whole

gamut of feeling from greatest joy to gamut of feeling from greatest joy to deepest misery.deepest misery.

We shall have to face all the U-boat risks We shall have to face all the U-boat risks that will be there on our way back.that will be there on our way back.

We shall have to be prepared to fight all We shall have to be prepared to fight all the way back home.the way back home.

150. We’re stretched thin for escorts:150. We’re stretched thin for escorts: We lack destroyers for escorts on our We lack destroyers for escorts on our

return journey.return journey. We have a very weak, insufficient We have a very weak, insufficient

escort force;escort force; We are in dire need of escorts as a We are in dire need of escorts as a

result of wide deployment.result of wide deployment. There are too many claims on the There are too many claims on the

limited naval force so we are badly in limited naval force so we are badly in need of destroyers for escorts.need of destroyers for escorts.

E.g. The U.S. navy is stretched thin. E.g. The U.S. navy is stretched thin. Budgetary restrictions means we are Budgetary restrictions means we are

stretched mighty thin.stretched mighty thin.

151. We have rounded up four 151. We have rounded up four destroyers.destroyers.

We have collected four destroyers.We have collected four destroyers. 152. Admiral Pound would be happier 152. Admiral Pound would be happier

with six.with six. What’s he saying here? What is the What’s he saying here? What is the

implied meaning?implied meaning? We could do with two more destroyers We could do with two more destroyers

on the escort force on our return on the escort force on our return journey. (This surely is a very tactful journey. (This surely is a very tactful form of putting forward a request. Note form of putting forward a request. Note the use of would be happier, meaning if the use of would be happier, meaning if you would kindly oblige)you would kindly oblige)

153. You understand… downright annoyed:153. You understand… downright annoyed: ““Us” refers to the British side. Lord Burne-Us” refers to the British side. Lord Burne-

Wilke was asking for two more destroyers heWilke was asking for two more destroyers here, with or without the knowledge and the apre, with or without the knowledge and the approval of Churchill but most likely without. Iproval of Churchill but most likely without. It was a request from the British to the Amerit was a request from the British to the Americans through Pug, but Lord Burne-Wilke did cans through Pug, but Lord Burne-Wilke did not want to make it a formal and official one, not want to make it a formal and official one, just to leave some leeway [just to leave some leeway [ 留有余地留有余地 ] in case i] in case it be rejected, for dignity and face-saving of tht be rejected, for dignity and face-saving of the Empire, and its representative Winston Che Empire, and its representative Winston Churchill. Also, since the U.S. was not yet at waurchill. Also, since the U.S. was not yet at war, there were too many things involved if U.S. r, there were too many things involved if U.S. ships actually took part in a military action.ships actually took part in a military action.

-downright: thoroughly, positively-downright: thoroughly, positively

154. He is hoping we’ll meet the Tirp154. He is hoping we’ll meet the Tirpite and get into a running gun fightite and get into a running gun fight..

-Tirpite: a 42,500-ton German battleshi-Tirpite: a 42,500-ton German battleship, sister ship of the Bismarck. From Jap, sister ship of the Bismarck. From Jan. 1942 to Nov. 1944 she served in Norn. 1942 to Nov. 1944 she served in Norwegian waters, where she constituted wegian waters, where she constituted a permanent threat to the British conva permanent threat to the British convoys to North Russia. It was finally sunoys to North Russia. It was finally sunk on 12 Nov. 1944.k on 12 Nov. 1944.

-get into a running gun fight-get into a running gun fight -running: continuous-running: continuous A running battleA running battle A running commentaryA running commentary

155. let me start on this now, sir.155. let me start on this now, sir. Let me go and talk to Admiral King now.Let me go and talk to Admiral King now. -start to do; start sth. -start to do; start sth. start doingstart doing start on sth.=start dealing with itstart on sth.=start dealing with it She put the forks in a neat pile and started She put the forks in a neat pile and started

on the knives.on the knives. 156. Thanks awfully:156. Thanks awfully: British upper class British upper class

EnglishEnglish 157. afterdeck157. afterdeck in the back part; on the after deckin the back part; on the after deck iin the back part of the deckn the back part of the deck

158. glum chiefs of staff158. glum chiefs of staff -glum adj. sad; in low spirits, esp. because of -glum adj. sad; in low spirits, esp. because of

disappointmentdisappointment You look very glum. –I’ve just lost my money. You look very glum. –I’ve just lost my money. 159. Hopkins, squinting out at the 159. Hopkins, squinting out at the

sunny water, wore a pained expressionsunny water, wore a pained expression -squint: look with half closed eyes-squint: look with half closed eyes -pained: distressed; showing hurt feelings or -pained: distressed; showing hurt feelings or

resentment resentment cf. painfulcf. painful The pained expression is a distressed expression.The pained expression is a distressed expression. The painful expression is an expression caused by The painful expression is an expression caused by

pain or suffering.pain or suffering. -Hopkins considered the shouldering aside of the -Hopkins considered the shouldering aside of the

sailors a breach/ break of etiquette. Hence a pained sailors a breach/ break of etiquette. Hence a pained expression.expression.

160. Admiral King, who stood woodenly 160. Admiral King, who stood woodenly apart.apart.

And look at King’s reactions. Why didn’t he speak And look at King’s reactions. Why didn’t he speak to Pug? to Pug?

To show his character that he’s not very friendly to To show his character that he’s not very friendly to people. He perhaps wanted to show his higher people. He perhaps wanted to show his higher position.position.

Pug Henry, knowing the man well enough, Pug Henry, knowing the man well enough, reported to him in the fewest words possible. reported to him in the fewest words possible. The Admiral nodded twice and then strolled The Admiral nodded twice and then strolled away without a word. He strolled away just to away without a word. He strolled away just to show Pug had been summarily dismissed. These show Pug had been summarily dismissed. These details indicate the gesture, the language, the details indicate the gesture, the language, the presence of mind of a senior officer, very mindful presence of mind of a senior officer, very mindful of his rank and very aloof, and treating a matter of his rank and very aloof, and treating a matter of great delicacy with the utmost calmness.of great delicacy with the utmost calmness.

The lines along King’s lean jaws deepened.The lines along King’s lean jaws deepened. This This shows King realized how critical the situation shows King realized how critical the situation was. was.

-a convincing one: gesture that Pug was dismissed.-a convincing one: gesture that Pug was dismissed.

161. “much wining and dining” mea161. “much wining and dining” means good entertainmentns good entertainment

to entertain lavishly with food, drink, eto entertain lavishly with food, drink, etc.tc.

162. take the floor:162. take the floor: to speak either in a to speak either in a debate or on some occasion, make the debate or on some occasion, make the speech or deliver a lecturespeech or deliver a lecture

163. a rolling rich word picture of 163. a rolling rich word picture of ““word” modifies “picture,” meaniword” modifies “picture,” meani

ng a picture described in words, a vivid ng a picture described in words, a vivid description of … uttered in vibratory ordescription of … uttered in vibratory organlike tones. This is a good descriptioganlike tones. This is a good description of Churchill’s public-speaking style.n of Churchill’s public-speaking style.

164. subversion… on Europe164. subversion… on Europe destroy, overthrow destroy, overthrow The author here compares Nazi Germany to a The author here compares Nazi Germany to a

ferocious animal, gripping Europe in its claws. A ferocious animal, gripping Europe in its claws. A metaphormetaphor

165. close a ring165. close a ring: surround, form an encirclement: surround, form an encirclement 166. inexorably:166. inexorably: relentlessly; unyieldingly; without relentlessly; unyieldingly; without

pitypity 167. full-fledged167. full-fledged -fledged, adj. (of birds) with fully grown wing -fledged, adj. (of birds) with fully grown wing

feathers, able to flyfeathers, able to fly in the full sense of the word “ally,” fully mobilized in the full sense of the word “ally,” fully mobilized

and armed, with the whole nation put on a war and armed, with the whole nation put on a war footing /condition,/position/ the state of the army, footing /condition,/position/ the state of the army,

Committed and contributing to the war effort as an Committed and contributing to the war effort as an ally shouldally should

168. No big… in the west168. No big… in the west:: -invasion may be used in good and bad -invasion may be used in good and bad

sense. In bad sense it means aggression. In sense. In bad sense it means aggression. In good sense it means advance, attack. In good sense it means advance, attack. In text it means attack in a large scale. text it means attack in a large scale. Invasion here means entering a country Invasion here means entering a country with armed forces in order to attack.with armed forces in order to attack.

No introduction of big armed forces or no No introduction of big armed forces or no long war on land would be needed.long war on land would be needed.

Churchill put it this way to console his Churchill put it this way to console his American counter-part. He knew that in the American counter-part. He knew that in the United States people feared that if the U.S. United States people feared that if the U.S. joined the war large numbers of soldiers joined the war large numbers of soldiers would have to be sent to fight in Europe. would have to be sent to fight in Europe. Hence his promise that there would be no Hence his promise that there would be no big land campaign.big land campaign.

169. Landing of … mass uprisings169. Landing of … mass uprisings -armoured column-armoured column 装甲纵队装甲纵队 The landing of a few tank or motorized uThe landing of a few tank or motorized u

nits in the European countries occupied nits in the European countries occupied by Nazi Germany would result in large scby Nazi Germany would result in large scale uprisings of the people in these countale uprisings of the people in these countries.ries.

170. Hitler’s black empire would … fla170. Hitler’s black empire would … flame.me.

Hitler is completely destroyed.Hitler is completely destroyed. Hitler’s evil empire would be completelHitler’s evil empire would be completel

y destroyed.y destroyed. Rubble, blood and flame are used metapRubble, blood and flame are used metap

horically.horically.

170. Franklin Roosevelt… smiling 170. Franklin Roosevelt… smiling attentionattention

-bright-eyed, so excited, so inspired -bright-eyed, so excited, so inspired that his eyes were shiningthat his eyes were shining

-bright-eyed smiling attention : -bright-eyed smiling attention : transferred epithettransferred epithet

171. heartily and happily171. heartily and happily -heartily is enthusiastically or warmly -heartily is enthusiastically or warmly

happily; while happily is in manner of happily; while happily is in manner of feeling pleasure and contentmentfeeling pleasure and contentment

Applauding heartilyApplauding heartily Impressed very muchImpressed very much

172. saying nothing: why saying nothing?172. saying nothing: why saying nothing? America didn’t want to take part in the war.America didn’t want to take part in the war. 173. “Task Unit… has been formed”:173. “Task Unit… has been formed”: The The

U.S. side has agreed to send two destroyers U.S. side has agreed to send two destroyers to escort the Prince of Wales to Iceland, to escort the Prince of Wales to Iceland, designated in code as Task Unit 26.3.1. Task designated in code as Task Unit 26.3.1. Task Unit 26 point 3 point 1, the name for a group Unit 26 point 3 point 1, the name for a group of ships.of ships.

Iceland island between North Atlantic and Iceland island between North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, became an independent Arctic Oceans, became an independent republic in June, 1944; placed under British republic in June, 1944; placed under British and American military occupation in W. W. and American military occupation in W. W. II. British forces landed on May 10, 1940, II. British forces landed on May 10, 1940, American marines on July 7, 1941.American marines on July 7, 1941.

173. You’ll have no written orders:173. You’ll have no written orders: Why? Why? This is because a written order This is because a written order

authorizing two American destroyers as authorizing two American destroyers as escorts for a British battleship would, if escorts for a British battleship would, if discovered by the Germans, be regarded discovered by the Germans, be regarded as an act of belligerency. American public as an act of belligerency. American public opinion, prevailingly isolationist, must opinion, prevailingly isolationist, must also be considered. In fact, of course the also be considered. In fact, of course the United States had already decided to United States had already decided to convoy all ships to Iceland, and Iceland convoy all ships to Iceland, and Iceland itself would soon be occupied by U.S. itself would soon be occupied by U.S. marines.marines.

174. In confidence174. In confidence: privately; secretly: privately; secretly 175. ensign175. ensign: a naval rank in the US and : a naval rank in the US and

some other navies equivalent to that osome other navies equivalent to that of midshipman or sub-lieutenant f midshipman or sub-lieutenant 海军海军少尉少尉

176. How are you at languages?176. How are you at languages? How did you do in language study?How did you do in language study? Are you good at language?Are you good at language? How is your command of foreign langHow is your command of foreign lang

uage?uage?

““at” as a preposition may be used to denote a at” as a preposition may be used to denote a variety of things. Structure “to be at sth.” is uvariety of things. Structure “to be at sth.” is used here in the sense “to be engaged in sth.”sed here in the sense “to be engaged in sth.”

In the classroom there are 3 students at work oIn the classroom there are 3 students at work on chemistry.n chemistry.

He is an expert at chess.He is an expert at chess. This kind of use has given rise to colloquial expThis kind of use has given rise to colloquial exp

ressions. It is used in the sense of “doing.”ressions. It is used in the sense of “doing.” You must go and see what those long-haired felYou must go and see what those long-haired fel

lows are at?lows are at? She is at it again.She is at it again.

177. It’s a long time since I tried a new one.177. It’s a long time since I tried a new one. 我曾学习过一种语言，不过， 那已经是很就以前的事我曾学习过一种语言，不过， 那已经是很就以前的事

情了情了 .. 我们不在西安一起工作已经我们不在西安一起工作已经 33 年了年了 .. It’s 3 years since we worked together in Xi’an.It’s 3 years since we worked together in Xi’an. 178. a military supply mission (delegation)178. a military supply mission (delegation) -mission: a group of people sent abroad for a sp-mission: a group of people sent abroad for a sp

ecial reason esp. to act for their country.ecial reason esp. to act for their country. The British trade mission has just reached MoscThe British trade mission has just reached Mosc

ow.ow. 179. if Russian’s still in the war by then, that is 179. if Russian’s still in the war by then, that is

.. This is said as an additional point, an after thouThis is said as an additional point, an after thou

ght.ght.

180. has brought up your name.180. has brought up your name. mentioned your namementioned your name I hope you won’t mind my bringing up the I hope you won’t mind my bringing up the

subject of money again.subject of money again. At the meeting we brought up many At the meeting we brought up many

problems and discussed them one by one.problems and discussed them one by one. The child is very well brought up.The child is very well brought up. They had been brought up to go to They had been brought up to go to

church. church. She keeps bringing up everything she ate.She keeps bringing up everything she ate. Do you bring up anything when you Do you bring up anything when you

cough? (spit)cough? (spit)

181. by your expertise on landing craft 181. by your expertise on landing craft and so forth.and so forth.

-expertise: expert knowledge and skill-expertise: expert knowledge and skill jobs which require a great deal of managerial jobs which require a great deal of managerial

expertiseexpertise cf. expert: a person who is very skilled at doing cf. expert: a person who is very skilled at doing

sth. And knows a lot about it.sth. And knows a lot about it. She is an expert in beautiful costumes.She is an expert in beautiful costumes. Alice is an expert at fancy skating.Alice is an expert at fancy skating. He is an expert in economics. /mathematicsHe is an expert in economics. /mathematics on foreign affairs.on foreign affairs. in /at/ on teaching small childrenin /at/ on teaching small children When we express expert in some respect, we When we express expert in some respect, we

always use “in” or “at”, when we refer to a always use “in” or “at”, when we refer to a conclusion or an opinion of evaluation, we use conclusion or an opinion of evaluation, we use “on”“on”

His business expertise will be of great help to His business expertise will be of great help to us.us.

She displayed considerable expertise in bringShe displayed considerable expertise in bringing the horse under control.ing the horse under control.

His expertise saved the business from failing. His expertise saved the business from failing. 182. you claim a “poor- to fair” knowledge o182. you claim a “poor- to fair” knowledge o

f Russian.f Russian. ““poor to fair” knowledge of Russian, ranginpoor to fair” knowledge of Russian, rangin

g from poor to fairly good; neither too bad nog from poor to fairly good; neither too bad nor too good, average; passable r too good, average; passable 中下中下

Excellent 5 Excellent 5 优优 Good 4 Good 4 良良 Fair 3 Fair 3 中中 Poor (failure) 2 Poor (failure) 2 差差 These are the five grades of registering a studThese are the five grades of registering a stud

ent’s marks.ent’s marks.

183. chum: close friends (among boys), 183. chum: close friends (among boys), roommates.roommates.

Pug had as his boyhood buddies a few boys Pug had as his boyhood buddies a few boys from Russian immigrant families, and learned from Russian immigrant families, and learned some Russian from them.some Russian from them.

184. Sonoma:184. Sonoma: county in California county in California 185. be detached from185. be detached from: be transferred from : be transferred from be dismissed; to fire, to sack, to take away from be dismissed; to fire, to sack, to take away from

jobjob That engineer is hoping to be detached to That engineer is hoping to be detached to

another city.another city. Mr. Smith, you are dismissed (fired)!Mr. Smith, you are dismissed (fired)! In the text, you are (transferred,) taken away In the text, you are (transferred,) taken away

from war plans (for some purposes).from war plans (for some purposes). cf. detached dutycf. detached duty separate dutyseparate duty

184. smattering:184. smattering: slight or superficial knowledg slight or superficial knowledge; limited knowledge: a smattering of Germane; limited knowledge: a smattering of German

185. intelligence value185. intelligence value: Here it means Pug’s v: Here it means Pug’s value in the gathering of secret information for alue in the gathering of secret information for military purposesmilitary purposes

186. favoured him with a smile186. favoured him with a smile A smile from Admiral King was considered not A smile from Admiral King was considered not

only a kind, friendly act, but a generous one.only a kind, friendly act, but a generous one. This sentence reveals that King is not an easy gThis sentence reveals that King is not an easy g

oing person.oing person. 187. extension of the draft 187. extension of the draft 延长征兵法案延长征兵法案 188. by one vote188. by one vote: with a majority of only one vo: with a majority of only one vo

tete

189.Whew:189.Whew: whew or similar sounds roughly whew or similar sounds roughly breathed out are dismay, fatigue or surprise.breathed out are dismay, fatigue or surprise.

Whew! That was a close shave!Whew! That was a close shave! 190. No, nor the President…right now:190. No, nor the President…right now: Americans didn’t want to go to war because Americans didn’t want to go to war because

life was much too pleasant. The one-vote life was much too pleasant. The one-vote majority would please neither Churchill nor majority would please neither Churchill nor Roosevelt.Roosevelt.

191. it maybe,… it is.191. it maybe,… it is. But that is the fact: The fact was passed in the But that is the fact: The fact was passed in the

House of Representatives only by one vote, House of Representatives only by one vote, that is, among Representative the numbers of that is, among Representative the numbers of pros and cons were almost equal with the pros pros and cons were almost equal with the pros winning by only one vote. But “The Winds of winning by only one vote. But “The Winds of War” were gathering over the USA, so it War” were gathering over the USA, so it looked as if America’s delay in getting looked as if America’s delay in getting mobilized might be suicidal/ pity was, this was mobilized might be suicidal/ pity was, this was how things (popular sentiments) stood there.how things (popular sentiments) stood there.

6. U-boat sightings6. U-boat sightings

196. U-boat sightings.196. U-boat sightings. Locations of the U-boats Locations of the U-boats -sighting: n. a case of someone or sth. being sig-sighting: n. a case of someone or sth. being sig

htedhted There have been several sightings of these rare There have been several sightings of these rare

birds/ of the escaped murderer in this area.birds/ of the escaped murderer in this area. 197. To brass… Argentia Bay:197. To brass… Argentia Bay: - “To” here is used to mean “to accompanim- “To” here is used to mean “to accompanim

ent of”. e.g. They danced to the music of the bent of”. e.g. They danced to the music of the band.and.

In our text, the sentence is inverted in order. It In our text, the sentence is inverted in order. It should go like this: should go like this: The Prince of WalesThe Prince of Wales left Arg left Argentia Bay to the accompaniment of brass band aentia Bay to the accompaniment of brass band anthems and booming gun salutes.nthems and booming gun salutes.

-in a brisk breeze smelling of green hills and g-in a brisk breeze smelling of green hills and gunpowderunpowder

-brisk (breeze): 1) pleasantly cool and strong-brisk (breeze): 1) pleasantly cool and strong 2) quick and active: a brisk manner, a brisk w2) quick and active: a brisk manner, a brisk w

alk, brisk businessalk, brisk business In a cool, bracing breeze with the smell of greIn a cool, bracing breeze with the smell of gre

en hills and gunpowder.en hills and gunpowder. H. M.S. Prince of Wales left Argentia Bay to thH. M.S. Prince of Wales left Argentia Bay to th

e accompaniment of brass band anthems, booe accompaniment of brass band anthems, booming gun salutes and in a cool, bracing breeze ming gun salutes and in a cool, bracing breeze with the smell of green hills and gunpowder. with the smell of green hills and gunpowder. The conference at which serious war matters The conference at which serious war matters were discussed, was ended with grand ceremowere discussed, was ended with grand ceremonies and in a peaceful environment.nies and in a peaceful environment.

198. The great conference was over198. The great conference was over: The : The Roosevelt-Churchill conference ended on Roosevelt-Churchill conference ended on August 12. At the conclusion of their August 12. At the conclusion of their conference they issued the 8-point Atlantic conference they issued the 8-point Atlantic Charter committing both countries to certain Charter committing both countries to certain general principles in any peace settlement that general principles in any peace settlement that might come. might come.

199. In the wardroom…bad sign199. In the wardroom…bad sign.. Mood of British officers on board Mood of British officers on board the Prince of the Prince of

WalesWales: There was a dismal atmosphere. They : There was a dismal atmosphere. They had bad vague hopes, but no real confidence. had bad vague hopes, but no real confidence. The reason nobody had disclose to them what The reason nobody had disclose to them what aid and how much, had been promised by the aid and how much, had been promised by the United States, and this was taken by them as a United States, and this was taken by them as a bad omen. If generous help had been promised, bad omen. If generous help had been promised, the news would have been made known.the news would have been made known.

-sense the subtle gloom hanging over the ship:-sense the subtle gloom hanging over the ship: be vaguely aware of a feeling of helplessness whbe vaguely aware of a feeling of helplessness wh

ich was difficult to perceive but which permeateich was difficult to perceive but which permeated the placed the place

- in itself…as a bad sign: the fact itself made the- in itself…as a bad sign: the fact itself made them believe that it was a bad omen (gave them an im believe that it was a bad omen (gave them an impression)mpression)

-strike …(as)…-strike …(as)… His proposal strikes me as ridiculous.His proposal strikes me as ridiculous. The thing that struck me most when I first came The thing that struck me most when I first came

to China was the numberless bikes in the street.to China was the numberless bikes in the street. The sentence means the undisclosure of the resThe sentence means the undisclosure of the res

ult of the conference itself was a bad sign which ult of the conference itself was a bad sign which caused a deep worry to the battleship’s officers.caused a deep worry to the battleship’s officers.

200. Veterans of two combat years200. Veterans of two combat years

Britain had already been at war with the Britain had already been at war with the Germans for two years.Germans for two years.

201. …had a subdued dismal air despite the… 201. …had a subdued dismal air despite the… wardroomwardroom

-dismal : gloomy-dismal : gloomy A dismal songA dismal song Dismal weatherDismal weather A dismal failureA dismal failure -grandeur: great beauty or power, often -grandeur: great beauty or power, often

combined with great sizecombined with great size You can’t help being impressed by the grandeur You can’t help being impressed by the grandeur

of the scenery in the Alps.of the scenery in the Alps.

Although the battleship was big and Although the battleship was big and magnificent and the officers dining magnificent and the officers dining room was richly and heavily room was richly and heavily furnished, there was a kind of furnished, there was a kind of repressed miserable feeling (among repressed miserable feeling (among the officers).the officers).

201. the predicament… in their bones:201. the predicament… in their bones: -the predicament: refers to the -the predicament: refers to the

difficult situation difficult situation -soaked (in their bones): to pass or -soaked (in their bones): to pass or

penetrate as a liquid does; permeatepenetrate as a liquid does; permeate They were over conscious of their They were over conscious of their

country’s plight.country’s plight.

202. they could not believe… only to return 202. they could not believe… only to return empty-handed:empty-handed:

- strained navy: the navy which is already - strained navy: the navy which is already hard pressed; the navy which had suffered hard pressed; the navy which had suffered great losses.great losses.

They could not believe that Churchill had They could not believe that Churchill had risked the best ship in their already risked the best ship in their already inadequate, weak navy and his own life for inadequate, weak navy and his own life for nothing.nothing.

-only to do sth.: an adverbial phrase of result -only to do sth.: an adverbial phrase of result meaning in the end.meaning in the end.

He went to the lake for a swim only to be He went to the lake for a swim only to be drowned.drowned.

She got up early this morning only to find her She got up early this morning only to find her house had been burgled.house had been burgled.

203. That wasn’t Winnie’s style.203. That wasn’t Winnie’s style. That wasn’t Churchill’s way of doing That wasn’t Churchill’s way of doing

things. things. Winnie: diminutive form of Winnie: diminutive form of

Churchill’s 1st name; pet nameChurchill’s 1st name; pet name 204. the note (in their conversation):204. the note (in their conversation): the quality (esp. of voice) indicating the quality (esp. of voice) indicating

the nature of sth.the nature of sth. There was a note of self-satisfaction There was a note of self-satisfaction

in his speech.in his speech. His voice held (carried) a menacing His voice held (carried) a menacing

note.note.

205. Major-General Tillet: 205. Major-General Tillet: British officerBritish officer 海军少将海军少将 // 陆战队少将陆战队少将 206. Red secrecy warnings blazed on the ste206. Red secrecy warnings blazed on the ste

el door that Tillet openedel door that Tillet opened.. Take note of the difference between a secret Take note of the difference between a secret

warning (wouldn’t visible) and a secrecy wwarning (wouldn’t visible) and a secrecy warning (blazed). Please compare the differearning (blazed). Please compare the difference between a noun attribute and an adjectince between a noun attribute and an adjective in following pairs of expressions:ve in following pairs of expressions:

Riot police Riot police 防暴警察防暴警察 Riotous police Riotous police 闹事的警察闹事的警察 Economy measure Economy measure 节约措施节约措施 Economic measure Economic measure 经济措施经济措施

-secrecy and secret-secrecy and secret Secrecy is that can be seen clearly, telling Secrecy is that can be seen clearly, telling

people that is a secret thing or place; secret is people that is a secret thing or place; secret is that can not be seen, kept from the view of that can not be seen, kept from the view of others.others.

207. Dressed in one- across one bulkhead:207. Dressed in one- across one bulkhead: -portrait of Churchill: a short, stooped stout -portrait of Churchill: a short, stooped stout

figure, always puffing at his cigar, or gesturing figure, always puffing at his cigar, or gesturing with his cigar, often in an old costume.with his cigar, often in an old costume.

-coverall (usu. pl.) a one piece, loose-fitting -coverall (usu. pl.) a one piece, loose-fitting outer garment with sleeves and legs, worn outer garment with sleeves and legs, worn often over regular clothing as to protect often over regular clothing as to protect against dirt. Churchill designed and wore his against dirt. Churchill designed and wore his “boiler-suit,” an extremely outlandish “boiler-suit,” an extremely outlandish (strange)-looking garment, during the war and (strange)-looking garment, during the war and made it famous.made it famous.

-coverall: boiler-suit: overall-coverall: boiler-suit: overall

208. dispatches:208. dispatches: a message sent by wire a message sent by wire 209. There.209. There. It is stressed here and is an adverb with It is stressed here and is an adverb with

full special meaning, not a meaningless full special meaning, not a meaningless symbol like the “there” in the “there be” symbol like the “there” in the “there be” structure. It refers to the development on structure. It refers to the development on the Russian front.the Russian front.

210. “There is an awful unfolding picture.”210. “There is an awful unfolding picture.” There in the Soviet Union things are going There in the Soviet Union things are going

badly for the Russians. (The developments badly for the Russians. (The developments on the Russian front look quite gloomy.) on the Russian front look quite gloomy.) Churchill’s view on the Russian front was Churchill’s view on the Russian front was reflected in his June 21 speech. reflected in his June 21 speech.

““There” is stressed as the above.There” is stressed as the above.

211. two fresh bulge:211. two fresh bulge: indicate two new indicate two new places where Germans have attacked and places where Germans have attacked and pushed the Russians back towards pushed the Russians back towards Moscow.Moscow.

-bulge: a swelling of a surface caused by -bulge: a swelling of a surface caused by pressure from, within or below; a sudden pressure from, within or below; a sudden unusual increase in quantity, which does unusual increase in quantity, which does not lastnot last

212. basing myself on very exact 212. basing myself on very exact intelligenceintelligence

supporting myself, my view by very exact supporting myself, my view by very exact intelligence/ informationintelligence/ information

213. Surely no government… surprised213. Surely no government… surprised -surprise: to attack or capture suddenly and -surprise: to attack or capture suddenly and

without warning without warning The Soviet Union was surprised by the The Soviet Union was surprised by the

Germans. She could not find the least Germans. She could not find the least excuse not to have been ready for the excuse not to have been ready for the German surprise attack.German surprise attack.

The Soviet Union had little excuse to be The Soviet Union had little excuse to be surprised.surprised.

Surely no government ever had less excuse Surely no government ever had less excuse to be surprised than the Soviet Union.to be surprised than the Soviet Union.

The Soviet Union could not find the least The Soviet Union could not find the least excuse not to get well prepared against the excuse not to get well prepared against the likely coming of the German surprise attack.likely coming of the German surprise attack.

Stalin had been forewarned by F.D Roosevelt aStalin had been forewarned by F.D Roosevelt a

nd Churchill and also by his own spies like Sorgnd Churchill and also by his own spies like Sorge. The Russians should have been well-preparee. The Russians should have been well-prepared against the German blitz, still, they suffered a d against the German blitz, still, they suffered a lot under the blitz, so Churchill said that the Solot under the blitz, so Churchill said that the Soviets had no excuse at all.viets had no excuse at all.

Litotes (understatement) [Litotes (understatement) [ 缩小缩小 ]] -e.g. This is no small accomplishment. (It mean-e.g. This is no small accomplishment. (It mean

s this is an accomplishment of considerable mas this is an accomplishment of considerable magnitude.)gnitude.)

The German fleet was not an unworthy opponeThe German fleet was not an unworthy opponent. (It means the German fleet was a formidablnt. (It means the German fleet was a formidable opponent). e opponent).

This is not at all unpleasant. (It means it is quitThis is not at all unpleasant. (It means it is quite pleasant).e pleasant).

214. ruddy, springy214. ruddy, springy -ruddy: red; healthy looking-ruddy: red; healthy looking -springy: elastic as if on springs, with -springy: elastic as if on springs, with

plenty of bounce in the legs.plenty of bounce in the legs. -e.g. to walk with a youthful springy step-e.g. to walk with a youthful springy step 215. Now his cheeks were ashy with red 215. Now his cheeks were ashy with red

patches.patches. -ashy: gray, covered with ashes-ashy: gray, covered with ashes Churchill was running a fever.Churchill was running a fever. 216. Don’t we have a development here?216. Don’t we have a development here? So new U-boats have been detected here?So new U-boats have been detected here? There has been a new discovery of the There has been a new discovery of the

concentration of U-boats around this area?concentration of U-boats around this area?

217. Little black…blue pins217. Little black…blue pins:: Black coffin-shaped markers, red pins, Black coffin-shaped markers, red pins,

and blue pins, are stuck here and there and blue pins, are stuck here and there on the map obviously to indicate the U-on the map obviously to indicate the U-boats and the conveys. A group of U-boats and the conveys. A group of U-boats was scattered along the planned boats was scattered along the planned route of the battleship the route of the battleship the Prince of Prince of Wales.Wales.

-in a cluster close to the battleship’s -in a cluster close to the battleship’s projected course: A group of U-boats projected course: A group of U-boats was scattered along the planned route was scattered along the planned route of the of the Prince of WalesPrince of Wales..

-the wide blue spaces: stand for the high -the wide blue spaces: stand for the high seas.seas.

218. sighted:218. sighted: caught sight of by the eye caught sight of by the eye or by some device; discovered.or by some device; discovered.

219. So Admiral Pound advised me.219. So Admiral Pound advised me. I was told so by Admiral PoundI was told so by Admiral Pound -advise: inform, often used in business -advise: inform, often used in business

or official communicationor official communication We were advised of the dangers before We were advised of the dangers before

we began this work.we began this work. We have advised her that we are We have advised her that we are

coming.coming. We write to advise you of the dispatch of We write to advise you of the dispatch of

the goods on your order of yesterday’s the goods on your order of yesterday’s date.date.

220.-evading:220.-evading: avoiding avoiding The lion evaded the hunters.The lion evaded the hunters. 221. Convoy H-67 is almost home, I see.221. Convoy H-67 is almost home, I see. A group of ships is reaching Britain, I see.A group of ships is reaching Britain, I see. 222. We will be pulling those pins tonight.222. We will be pulling those pins tonight. Convoy H-67 will be home tonight. By then Convoy H-67 will be home tonight. By then

we will take those red and blue pins off the we will take those red and blue pins off the chart since they are no longer on the high chart since they are no longer on the high sea.sea.

223. We may have some sport for you yet.223. We may have some sport for you yet. -sport: adventure. It refers to the -sport: adventure. It refers to the

encountering of U-boats.encountering of U-boats. You may be able to experience some You may be able to experience some

adventure during the voyage. The German adventure during the voyage. The German submarines might attack at any time and submarines might attack at any time and then there will be a fierce battle to then there will be a fierce battle to repulse/drive back their attack. repulse/drive back their attack.

224. It won’t … Captain?224. It won’t … Captain? -lively: spirited; exciting-lively: spirited; exciting Victor Henry had met Churchill in London as a Victor Henry had met Churchill in London as a

U.S. war-planning officer; he had been on U.S. war-planning officer; he had been on a British bomber raid over Berlin, and had been a British bomber raid over Berlin, and had been through heavy German antiaircraft fire, through heavy German antiaircraft fire, Churchill, remembering this, asked him how he Churchill, remembering this, asked him how he enjoyed the ride.enjoyed the ride.

225. It was a rare privilege:225. It was a rare privilege: It was not easy to It was not easy to have such a chance. I’m most grateful. I have such a chance. I’m most grateful. I appreciated your kindness for letting me have appreciated your kindness for letting me have such an experience.such an experience.

226. Any time at all.226. Any time at all. Since you enjoy the ride, I’ll be glad to provide Since you enjoy the ride, I’ll be glad to provide

you with another chance at any time.you with another chance at any time. You may have another ride of this kind at any You may have another ride of this kind at any

time.time.

-at all: for emphasis-at all: for emphasis There was nothing to worry about at all. (There was nothing to worry about at all. ( 完完

全不，一点也不）全不，一点也不） If you do it at all, do it well.If you do it at all, do it well. （如果…真的；确（如果…真的；确

实）实） I’m sure it’s most kind of you to receive I’m sure it’s most kind of you to receive

me at all. me at all. （到底；真的；竟然）（到底；真的；竟然） It’s a miracle that you returned at all.It’s a miracle that you returned at all. I’m surprised you came at all.I’m surprised you came at all. 227. Too much honour sir. Once was plenty.227. Too much honour sir. Once was plenty. Another chance would be too much honor, Another chance would be too much honor,

once was quite enough.once was quite enough. A diplomatic refusal to risk his life a second A diplomatic refusal to risk his life a second

time on such a venture.time on such a venture. 228. hoarse228. hoarse– harsh– harsh

229. I daresay once was enough for you.229. I daresay once was enough for you. I suppose (that) I think probably/ perhaps so.I suppose (that) I think probably/ perhaps so. We have run out of sugar, but I daresay there We have run out of sugar, but I daresay there

is some in the cupboard.is some in the cupboard. I daresay there is a filling station at the corneI daresay there is a filling station at the corne

r.r. 230. Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy:230. Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy: an Americ an Americ

an film team (1926-1952) whose comedies wean film team (1926-1952) whose comedies were among the most popular in the world.re among the most popular in the world.

--Saps at SeaSaps at Sea is the name of a film. is the name of a film. The name of a film should be italicised. The name of a film should be italicised. Saps: A stupid person likely to be tricked or trSaps: A stupid person likely to be tricked or tr

eated unfairly.eated unfairly. Laurel was extremely thin whereas Hardy waLaurel was extremely thin whereas Hardy wa

s fat. Laurel often tried to take advantage of s fat. Laurel often tried to take advantage of Hardy, but Hardy was often saved by his gooHardy, but Hardy was often saved by his good luck.d luck.

231. Surgeon-General:231. Surgeon-General: the title of the chief the title of the chief

of the Army Medical Service and of the of the Army Medical Service and of the United States Public Health Service.United States Public Health Service.

232. Not inappropriate232. Not inappropriate. . Litotes: It will be quite suitable for us to see Litotes: It will be quite suitable for us to see such a film while we are on the high seas.such a film while we are on the high seas.

233. Pug Henry’s enjoyment…. A U-boat 233. Pug Henry’s enjoyment…. A U-boat pack/grouppack/group

The knowledge that they might at any time The knowledge that they might at any time be engaged in a running battle with U-boats be engaged in a running battle with U-boats made it impossible for Henry to enjoy the made it impossible for Henry to enjoy the film.film.

-be shadowed by/ darkened by-be shadowed by/ darkened by The later part of his life was shadowed by his The later part of his life was shadowed by his

son’s tragic death.son’s tragic death.

Henry could not possibly sit back at ease, Henry could not possibly sit back at ease,

enjoying the film since he knew very well enjoying the film since he knew very well that a running battle with U-boats might that a running battle with U-boats might take place at any time.take place at any time.

-U-boat pack: a group (collection) of U-boats -U-boat pack: a group (collection) of U-boats hunting together like a pack of wolveshunting together like a pack of wolves

234. German skippers… screens234. German skippers… screens -skipper: a captain of a ship or a sports team -skipper: a captain of a ship or a sports team -screen: a formation of destroyers intended -screen: a formation of destroyers intended

as a cover around (a convoy or) a fleet of as a cover around (a convoy or) a fleet of heavier warshipsheavier warships

Sth. that protects, shelters or hidesSth. that protects, shelters or hides -adept at: thoroughly proficient; expert -adept at: thoroughly proficient; expert

235. Where was Pug Henry now?235. Where was Pug Henry now? He was on the He was on the Prince of WalesPrince of Wales.. 236. The film spun… uninterrupted.236. The film spun… uninterrupted. The film was shown to the end The film was shown to the end

without anything happening.without anything happening. 237. A gay… entertainment.237. A gay… entertainment. The film was great fun, but lacking in The film was great fun, but lacking in

substance. The film was interesting substance. The film was interesting but without any important meaning.but without any important meaning.

238. rheumy voice238. rheumy voice: the voice with : the voice with coldcold

7. We’ll have to pay the 7. We’ll have to pay the priceprice

239. Clement Attlee’s broadcast… the wardro239. Clement Attlee’s broadcast… the wardroom:om:

-clement Attlee (1883-1967): English politican, -clement Attlee (1883-1967): English politican, Labour Party leader, and prime minister (194Labour Party leader, and prime minister (1945-51). In W. W II he served in Churchill’s cab5-51). In W. W II he served in Churchill’s cabinet as Lord privy seal (1940-42), deputy prime inet as Lord privy seal (1940-42), deputy prime mister (1942-45), dominions secretary (1942-4mister (1942-45), dominions secretary (1942-43), and Lord president of the council (1943-45)3), and Lord president of the council (1943-45)

Obviously the broadcast cannot pack the wardObviously the broadcast cannot pack the wardroom: It means people crowded into the wardrroom: It means people crowded into the wardroom to listen to Attlee over the radio.oom to listen to Attlee over the radio.

Attlee broadcast the news of the conference aAttlee broadcast the news of the conference and the Charter while Churchill was still at sea.nd the Charter while Churchill was still at sea.

240. on watch: on duty.240. on watch: on duty. Officers and men on Officers and men on

board a ship are divided into groups (called board a ship are divided into groups (called “watches”) and take turns to be on duty “watches”) and take turns to be on duty about the ship.about the ship.

241. plowing through a wild storm241. plowing through a wild storm: cutting a : cutting a way through the stormy oceanway through the stormy ocean

242. rolled and pitched with slow long groans242. rolled and pitched with slow long groans The ship turned from side to side and tossed The ship turned from side to side and tossed

in the sea with slow long groans (noise like in the sea with slow long groans (noise like that of groaning). If fitted in with the moon of that of groaning). If fitted in with the moon of the officers. To roll is to rotate around the the officers. To roll is to rotate around the longitudinal axis, and to pitch is to rotate longitudinal axis, and to pitch is to rotate around a crosswise axis. Here “roll” means around a crosswise axis. Here “roll” means “move from side to side” “Pitch means “move “move from side to side” “Pitch means “move up and down (toss)up and down (toss)

243. Why it was a bad half hour?243. Why it was a bad half hour? Because the situation on the ship was Because the situation on the ship was

gloomy for the British, Pug alone was gloomy for the British, Pug alone was American in addition to the weather.American in addition to the weather.

244. He saw… “Atlantic Charter”244. He saw… “Atlantic Charter” -perplexed looks: puzzled looks-perplexed looks: puzzled looks -lengthening forces: expressions -lengthening forces: expressions

showing disapproval disappointmentshowing disapproval disappointment -read off: read out loud (paragraph by -read off: read out loud (paragraph by

paragraph)paragraph) All negative expressions showing that All negative expressions showing that

the British were greatly disappointed in the British were greatly disappointed in their expectations and they were all in their expectations and they were all in low spirits.low spirits.

Note: The Atlantic Charter, jointly signed by Note: The Atlantic Charter, jointly signed by

Roosevelt and Churchill (August 12, 1941), lists 8 Roosevelt and Churchill (August 12, 1941), lists 8 points of which the sixth point says “After the final points of which the sixth point says “After the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny they hope to see destruction of the Nazi tyranny they hope to see established a peace… which will afford assurance established a peace… which will afford assurance that all the men in all the lands may live out their that all the men in all the lands may live out their lives in freedom from fear and want.” There was no lives in freedom from fear and want.” There was no mention of the “four freedom” MENTIONED BY THE mention of the “four freedom” MENTIONED BY THE AUTHOR. ALSO THERE WAS NO DIRECT MENTION AUTHOR. ALSO THERE WAS NO DIRECT MENTION OF German apart from Nazi tyranny, since the OF German apart from Nazi tyranny, since the United States was technically still a neutral country.United States was technically still a neutral country.

245. The high-flown… American commitment245. The high-flown… American commitment bespeak: to show; to be indicative of bespeak: to show; to be indicative of The efficiency of the organization bespoke careful The efficiency of the organization bespoke careful

planning. planning. -high-flown adj. refers to the language which is grand -high-flown adj. refers to the language which is grand

sounding though lacking in meaningsounding though lacking in meaning

-not a shred of: not a trace/sign /not a -not a shred of: not a trace/sign /not a small piece; not a bit small piece; not a bit

There is not a shred of truth in his There is not a shred of truth in his statement.statement.

Her tears hadn’t a shred of evidence of Her tears hadn’t a shred of evidence of great sorrow for what she had done.great sorrow for what she had done.

This sentence means that the charter This sentence means that the charter was in high-sounding words but was in high-sounding words but contained absolutely nothing of aid to contained absolutely nothing of aid to Britain by the U.S.Britain by the U.S.

The declaration is in high-sounding The declaration is in high-sounding words, but contains nothing substantial words, but contains nothing substantial in terms of aid to Britain by the U.S.in terms of aid to Britain by the U.S.

246. Abuse of …flat zero.246. Abuse of …flat zero. There was clear-cut (clear/ definite) condemnation of There was clear-cut (clear/ definite) condemnation of

the Nazi regime… but no promise of more U.S. aid.the Nazi regime… but no promise of more U.S. aid. The Declaration mentioned everything but more U.S. The Declaration mentioned everything but more U.S.

aid for the British.aid for the British. Abuse of Nazi regime…, Yes; more aid, no .Abuse of Nazi regime…, Yes; more aid, no . The Four Freedoms: These were defined by President The Four Freedoms: These were defined by President

Roosevelt in his messages to Congress, 6 January, Roosevelt in his messages to Congress, 6 January, 1941, as the freedom of speech and expression, the 1941, as the freedom of speech and expression, the freedom of worship, and the freedom from fear and freedom of worship, and the freedom from fear and want. they were to be the aims of the U.S.A. and want. they were to be the aims of the U.S.A. and ultimately of the world. The occasion was his ultimately of the world. The occasion was his proposal to extend Lend-Lease to Britain.proposal to extend Lend-Lease to Britain.

(Note: This was far from the truth. Churchill wrote to (Note: This was far from the truth. Churchill wrote to Attlee on August 12: “They are sending us Attlee on August 12: “They are sending us immediately 150,000 more rifles.” But of course immediately 150,000 more rifles.” But of course Victor Henry and the British officers would have no Victor Henry and the British officers would have no way of knowing this at that time.)way of knowing this at that time.)

247. Some, sentences… anything. 247. Some, sentences… anything. By free trade the Americans meant the By free trade the Americans meant the

tearing down of tariff barrier, including the tearing down of tariff barrier, including the breaking up of the sterling area. Without the breaking up of the sterling area. Without the sterling area, which was a measure taken by sterling area, which was a measure taken by Britain to protect her interest and avoid Britain to protect her interest and avoid foreign competition, the wide market of the foreign competition, the wide market of the British Empire would be penetrated by the British Empire would be penetrated by the United States and this would mean the end of United States and this would mean the end of the British Empire. And naturally the the British Empire. And naturally the independence of the British colonies would independence of the British colonies would mean the end of the British Empire. mean the end of the British Empire.

-tariff: a tariff is a tax that a government -tariff: a tariff is a tax that a government collects on goods coming into a country.collects on goods coming into a country.

-sterling: British money-sterling: British money

Some sentences, if they are meaningful, Some sentences, if they are meaningful,

about free trade and independence for all about free trade and independence for all peoples meant that the British Empire would peoples meant that the British Empire would be finished.be finished.

248. a tough customer248. a tough customer: a firm, very hard to : a firm, very hard to influence customer, a hard-line bargainer, a influence customer, a hard-line bargainer, a customer hard to deal with.customer hard to deal with.

249. I’d venture… than that:249. I’d venture… than that: I’d venture: I would think I’d venture: I would think -venture: v. risk-venture: v. risk If you venture sth. such as an opinion, you If you venture sth. such as an opinion, you

say it in a cautious, hesitant manner because say it in a cautious, hesitant manner because you are afraid it might be foolish or wrong. you are afraid it might be foolish or wrong.

-e.g. “Anyway,” Marsha ventured. “If we -e.g. “Anyway,” Marsha ventured. “If we want to know what’s going on, we’ll have to want to know what’s going on, we’ll have to do our own research.”do our own research.”

No one has ventured to suggest why this No one has ventured to suggest why this should be.should be.

I boldly think the Roosevelt-I boldly think the Roosevelt-

Churchill conference might have Churchill conference might have decided on more things than that decided on more things than that (broadcast). (broadcast).

250. How about it, Henry?250. How about it, Henry? What do What do you say to this estimation, Henry? you say to this estimation, Henry? What’s your opinion, Henry?What’s your opinion, Henry?

251. Pug saw no virtue in equivocating.251. Pug saw no virtue in equivocating. -no virtue: no advantage, no benefit, no go-no virtue: no advantage, no benefit, no go

od.od. -equivocate: to use ambiguous terms in ord-equivocate: to use ambiguous terms in ord

er to deceive, mislead, etc. to be deliberateler to deceive, mislead, etc. to be deliberately ambiguous abouty ambiguous about

-in equivocating means to use ambiguous t-in equivocating means to use ambiguous terms in order to deceive, mislead; in obscuerms in order to deceive, mislead; in obscure language.re language.

The sentence means “Pug thought it is no The sentence means “Pug thought it is no good answering ambiguously.”good answering ambiguously.”

Pug thought it better to give a clear, direct Pug thought it better to give a clear, direct answer. Ambiguity would not bring any goanswer. Ambiguity would not bring any good, only more illusions and disappointmenod, only more illusions and disappointments.ts.

252. I’d guess that was it.252. I’d guess that was it. That’s all there is to it, I think.That’s all there is to it, I think. I would think this was the only decision I would think this was the only decision

they had come to.they had come to. 253. pledge… to destroy:253. pledge… to destroy: -to pledge to do sth.: to promise to do sth. -to pledge to do sth.: to promise to do sth.

254. It means Lend-lease:254. It means Lend-lease: Lend-lease: An agreement by which the Lend-lease: An agreement by which the

United States lent or leased arms and United States lent or leased arms and military supplies, etc. to British and military supplies, etc. to British and other powers during W.W. II (in some other powers during W.W. II (in some cases in return for the use of certain cases in return for the use of certain base, etc. ). The Lend-Lease Act was base, etc. ). The Lend-Lease Act was passed by Congress on 11 March 1941, passed by Congress on 11 March 1941, and terminated on 22 August 1945. and terminated on 22 August 1945. During this period the U.S.A. spent During this period the U.S.A. spent about 12, 000,000,000 and received about 12, 000,000,000 and received back about $1, 836,000,000. Over 60% back about $1, 836,000,000. Over 60% of the total went to the British of the total went to the British Commonwealth.Commonwealth.

255. Questions…sides.255. Questions…sides. People all over the wardroom started asking People all over the wardroom started asking

him questions.him questions. 256. But isn’t the Pacific your fight, pure and 256. But isn’t the Pacific your fight, pure and

simple?simple? -pure and simple: a cliché, as a way of saying -pure and simple: a cliché, as a way of saying

sth. is plain and obvious; that which it is and sth. is plain and obvious; that which it is and clearly nothing else.clearly nothing else.

This is robbing the state, pure and simple.This is robbing the state, pure and simple. 257. He can’t, without Congress behind him.257. He can’t, without Congress behind him. The President may not give a war warning to The President may not give a war warning to

another country without the support of the another country without the support of the Congress. Only Congress can declare war, the Congress. Only Congress can declare war, the President may only take action as Chief President may only take action as Chief Executive.Executive.

258. it came within one vote… the United 258. it came within one vote… the United

States Army:States Army: Here Pug referring to the debate on the act of Here Pug referring to the debate on the act of

extension of the draft in the Congress. Just the extension of the draft in the Congress. Just the day before, one vote fewer might have day before, one vote fewer might have brought about a disaster, the breaking up of brought about a disaster, the breaking up of the U.S. army. (Note: This was incredible, but the U.S. army. (Note: This was incredible, but actually a fact, and Churchill saw fit to actually a fact, and Churchill saw fit to comment on it several times in its Memoirs. comment on it several times in its Memoirs. The Draft Act was a law authorizing The Draft Act was a law authorizing compulsory military conscription (recruitment) compulsory military conscription (recruitment) which was passed by the majority of one vote. which was passed by the majority of one vote. Nearly half of the Congressmen voted against Nearly half of the Congressmen voted against it, although the Pacific War was only 4 months it, although the Pacific War was only 4 months a way.)a way.)

-dissolve: to cause (an association, group etc.) -dissolve: to cause (an association, group etc.) to end or break up.to end or break up.

The military government dissolved the The military government dissolved the country’s parliament and suspended all country’s parliament and suspended all political activity.political activity.

259. They vote… political hides:259. They vote… political hides: They vote in such a manner as to save They vote in such a manner as to save

their skins, basing their votes on their their skins, basing their votes on their guess of what the electorate want.guess of what the electorate want.

-electorate: all the people in a country or -electorate: all the people in a country or an area who have the right to vote.an area who have the right to vote.

The politicians do things only for their The politicians do things only for their political interests, voting in Congress just political interests, voting in Congress just for more votes in election.for more votes in election.

They try to figure out what the electorate They try to figure out what the electorate want and then vote accordingly. In this want and then vote accordingly. In this way they hope the electorate will be way they hope the electorate will be pleased and they will be able to be re-pleased and they will be able to be re-elected.elected.

-hunch: (colloq.) a feeling about sth. not -hunch: (colloq.) a feeling about sth. not

based on known; an idea based on feeling based on known; an idea based on feeling rather than on reason or facts.rather than on reason or facts.

How did you know that horse was going How did you know that horse was going to win?to win?

It was just a hunch.It was just a hunch. -hide: (colloq.) the skin of a person, to -hide: (colloq.) the skin of a person, to

protect one’s hide= to save one’s skin.protect one’s hide= to save one’s skin.

260. Our people… the Munich Pact:260. Our people… the Munich Pact: The state of our people is just like that The state of our people is just like that

of your people at the time of the Munich of your people at the time of the Munich Pact, when they cheered Chamberlain Pact, when they cheered Chamberlain when he came back from Munich after when he came back from Munich after having sold out Czechoslovakia.having sold out Czechoslovakia.

Munich Pact: the pact of September 29, Munich Pact: the pact of September 29, 1938, a solemn agreement between two 1938, a solemn agreement between two opposing groups or nations signed by opposing groups or nations signed by Nazi Germany, Great Britain, France, Nazi Germany, Great Britain, France, and Italy, in which the Sudetenland of and Italy, in which the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia was ceded to Germany.Czechoslovakia was ceded to Germany.

Munich: A potentially disastrous, humiliaMunich: A potentially disastrous, humilia

ting, or dishonorable act of appeasementting, or dishonorable act of appeasement(( 让步让步 ) or surrender. So called from the u) or surrender. So called from the unfortunate act of appeasement, the Muninfortunate act of appeasement, the Munich Pact or Agreement concluded between ch Pact or Agreement concluded between Great Britain, France, and Italy (30, Sept. Great Britain, France, and Italy (30, Sept. 1938) whereby the Sudetenland of Czecho1938) whereby the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia was ceded to Germany, and Czecslovakia was ceded to Germany, and Czechoslovakia was thus betrayed!)hoslovakia was thus betrayed!)

Chamberlain: Arthur Neville ChamberlaiChamberlain: Arthur Neville Chamberlain (1869-1940), Prime minister of Great Brin (1869-1940), Prime minister of Great Britain (1937-1940), main advocate of the poltain (1937-1940), main advocate of the policy of appeasement toward Nazi Germany icy of appeasement toward Nazi Germany that culminated in the Munich Agreementhat culminated in the Munich Agreement of 1938. t of 1938.

261. We’re paying the price:261. We’re paying the price: Chamberlain at Chamberlain at

the time of the Munich Pact failed to see throuthe time of the Munich Pact failed to see through Hitler. Now we are suffering, paying the prgh Hitler. Now we are suffering, paying the price (prolonged global war, lives, defends, etc.) ice (prolonged global war, lives, defends, etc.) for that gross mistake.for that gross mistake.

262. We’ll have to pay the price262. We’ll have to pay the price: Note the use : Note the use of the future tense. The same thing that happeof the future tense. The same thing that happened to you will now happen to us.ned to you will now happen to us.

263. “We had Chamberlain… You have Roose263. “We had Chamberlain… You have Roosevelt.velt.

-fresh-faced: bright and pure in colour; youthf-fresh-faced: bright and pure in colour; youthfulul

He means that Roosevelt was a much wiser leaHe means that Roosevelt was a much wiser leader than Chamberlain and should have been ader than Chamberlain and should have been able to avoid what Chamberlain did.ble to avoid what Chamberlain did.

264. Roosevelt can’t help that264. Roosevelt can’t help that.. Roosevelt can’t change the present feelings of Roosevelt can’t change the present feelings of

the American people. There is nothing Roosevethe American people. There is nothing Roosevelt can do about it.lt can do about it.

265. You’re the home team…language265. You’re the home team…language The Beijing football team is the home team in BThe Beijing football team is the home team in B

eijing, and the football fans here all support the eijing, and the football fans here all support the team and against the teams from other cities.team and against the teams from other cities.

The sentence means: You’re our favorite. We The sentence means: You’re our favorite. We feel kinship with you. You’re the players from feel kinship with you. You’re the players from our side, all right; we are the spectators, we staour side, all right; we are the spectators, we stand on your side. We have sympathy for you. Wnd on your side. We have sympathy for you. When you play, we cheer you.hen you play, we cheer you.

Pug here, gives a very appropriate metaphor. Pug here, gives a very appropriate metaphor. The Americans were sympathetic towards the BThe Americans were sympathetic towards the British, but they were not ready to enter the war. ritish, but they were not ready to enter the war. So there was Lend-Lease and the Atlantic ChartSo there was Lend-Lease and the Atlantic Charter, but there were no war warnings to Japan uner, but there were no war warnings to Japan until Pearl Harbour.til Pearl Harbour.

266. Lend-Lease if no sweat.266. Lend-Lease if no sweat. -no sweat: (sl.) no trouble or difficulty at all; easil-no sweat: (sl.) no trouble or difficulty at all; easil

y doney done 267. more jobs and money:267. more jobs and money: and the American pe and the American pe

ople would be happy about the war-boom it brouople would be happy about the war-boom it brought about.ght about.

268. steep roll:268. steep roll: a sudden sharp roll of the ship a sudden sharp roll of the ship 269. crockery269. crockery ( ( 陶器陶器 ): earthen-ware, pots, jars, dis): earthen-ware, pots, jars, dis

hes hes -cf. vessels, utensils-cf. vessels, utensils 270. crossfire270. crossfire: situation in which questions are p: situation in which questions are p

our to sb. from all directions; firing of guns from our to sb. from all directions; firing of guns from two or more points so that the lines of fire cross.two or more points so that the lines of fire cross.

271. he did not talk much, etc271. he did not talk much, etc.. He felt ashamed that the U.S. was not going to giHe felt ashamed that the U.S. was not going to gi

ve these brave people the kind of help they urgenve these brave people the kind of help they urgently needed, and he was not up to answering their tly needed, and he was not up to answering their questions and reproaches.questions and reproaches.