Lesson 1 Introduction to IB Physics Scientific notation Orders of magnitude Estimation.
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Transcript of Lesson 1 Introduction to IB Physics Scientific notation Orders of magnitude Estimation.
![Page 1: Lesson 1 Introduction to IB Physics Scientific notation Orders of magnitude Estimation.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061511/5697c00e1a28abf838cca312/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Lesson 1
• Introduction to IB Physics• Scientific notation• Orders of magnitude• Estimation
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IB Physics
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Some information at the start of the course
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New syllabus
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ExaminationsSL HL
Paper 1 20% 20%
Paper 2 40% 36%
Paper 3 20% 24%
Internal assessment
20% 20%
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Examinations
• Paper 1 (Multiple Choice)• Paper 2 (Extended response) • Paper 3 (Option (30 marks) and “data
response” question (15 marks))
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Examinations
• Paper 1 (Multiple Choice) 45mins SL 1 hr HL
• Paper 2 (Extended response) 1¼ hr SL, 2¼ hr HL
• Paper 3 (Options + data) 1 hr SL 1¼ HL• Coursework SL-40 hours HL-60 hours
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Internal Assessment
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All lessons are on Moodle
• Moodle
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Folders
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Data Booklet
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Text books
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Topic 1 – Measurement and uncertainties
Use the syllabus particularly when
studying for examinations
The DEFINITIONS you will have to learn
‘by heart’.
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Ranges of sizes, masses and times
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Large/small numbers
The number of atoms in 12g of carbon is approximately
600000000000000000000000
This can be written as 6.0 x 1023
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Order of magnitude
We can say to the nearest order of magnitude (nearest power of 10) that the number of atoms in 12g of carbon is 1024
(6.0 x 1023 is 1 x 1024 to one significant figure)
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Small numbers
Similarly the length of a virus is 2.3 x 10-8 m. We can say to the nearest order of magnitude the length of a virus is 10-8 m.
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Ranges of sizes, masses and times
You need to have an idea of the ranges of sizes, masses and times that occur in the universe.
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Size/length
Can you think of 10 objects? Can you then list them in order of decreasing length?
http://www.joemonster.org/gry/41805/Scale_of_the_Universe_2
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Size/length
What size is the smallest object on your list to the nearest order of magnitude?
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Size/length
The smallest objects that you need to consider in IB physics are subatomic particles (protons and neutrons).
These have a size (to the nearest order of magnitude) of 10-15 m.
( 1 x 10-15m)
BE CAREFUL when putting into a calculator
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Size/length
What is the size/length of the largest object on your list to the nearest order of magnitude?
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Size/length
The largest object that you need to consider in IB physics is the Universe.
The observable Universe has a size (to the nearest order of magnitude) of 1025 m.
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Let’s try and get our head around that!
• Scale of the Universe - Joe Monster
• http://www.joemonster.org/gry/41805/Scale_of_the_Universe_2
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On your paper can you estimate the masses of the largest and smallest
objects you have written?
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Mass
The lightest particle you have to consider is the electron. What do you think the mass of the electron is?
10-30 kg!(0.000000000000000000000000000001 kg)
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Mass
We have already decided that the Universe is the largest object. What do you think its mass is?
1050 kg
(100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 kg)
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TimeNow think of 5 time intervals and put them in order (longest first)
(For example, human lifetime, dog lifetime, time to walk home etc.)
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Time
The smallest time interval you need to know is the time it takes light to travel across a nucleus.
Can you estimate it?
10-24 seconds
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Time
What’s the longest time interval you thought of?
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The age of the universe.
Any ideas?
Time
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Time
The age of the universe.
12 -14 billion years
1018 seconds
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Copy please!
Size10-15 m to 1025 m (subatomic particles to the
extent of the visible universe)Mass
10-30 kg to 1050 kg (mass of electron to the mass of the Universe)
Time10-23 s to 1018 s (time for light to cross a
nucleus to the age of the Universe)
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A common ratio – Learn this!
Hydrogen atom ≈ 10-10 m
Proton ≈ 10-15 m
Ratio of diameter of a hydrogen atom to its nucleus
= 10-10/10-15 = 105
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Estimation
For IB you have to be able to make order of magnitude estimates.
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Estimation/Guess
What’s the difference between an estimation and a guess?
Claudia Schiffer – the “Guess jeans girl” – see “Wayne’s World”!
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Estimate the following:
1. The mass of an apple
(to the nearest order of magnitude)
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Estimate the following:
1. The mass of an apple
2. The number of times a human heart beats in a lifetime.
(to the nearest order of magnitude)
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Estimate the following:
1. The mass of an apple
2. The number of times a human heart beats in a lifetime.
3. The speed a cockroach can run.
(to the nearest order of magnitude)
A fast South American one!
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Estimate the following:
1. The mass of an apple
2. The number of times a human heart beats in a lifetime.
3. The speed a cockroach can run.
4. The number of times the earth will fit into the sun (Rs = 6.96 x 108 m, Re = 6.35 x 106 m)
(to the nearest order of magnitude)
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Estimate the following:
1. The mass of an apple 10-1 kg
2. The number of times a human heart beats in a lifetime.
3. The speed a cockroach can run.
4. The number of times the earth will fit into the sun (Rs = 6.96 x 108, Re = 6.35 x 106)
(to the nearest order of magnitude)
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Estimate the following:
1. The mass of an apple 10-1 kg
2. The number of times a human heart beats in a lifetime. 70x60x24x365x70=109
3. The speed a cockroach can run.
4. The number of times the earth will fit into the sun (Rs = 6.96 x 108, Re = 6.35 x 106)
(to the nearest order of magnitude)
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Estimate the following:
1. The mass of an apple 10-1 kg
2. The number of times a human heart beats in a lifetime. 70x60x24x365x70=109
3. The speed a cockroach can run. 100 m/s
4. The number of times the earth will fit into the sun (Rs = 6.96 x 108, Re = 6.35 x 106)
(to the nearest order of magnitude)
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Estimate the following:
1. The mass of an apple 10-1 kg
2. The number of times a human heart beats in a lifetime. 70x60x24x365x70=109
3. The speed a cockroach can run. 100 m/s
4. The number of times the earth will fit into the sun (6.96 x 108)3/(6.35 x 106)3 = 106
(to the nearest order of magnitude)
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Let’s do some more estimating!
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Let’s do some more estimating!Earth’s mass = 6 x 1024 kg
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Lesson 2
• Fundamental and derived SI units• Metric multipliers• Significent figures
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Do now!
• Can you continue the ‘Estimating’ sheet you started yesterday?
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How many different units of
length can you think
of?
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Units of length?
Light year, light second, parsec, AU, mile, furlong, fathom, yard, feet, inches, Angstroms, nautical miles, cubits, cm, mm, km, μm, nm, ?
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How long is a piece of string?
• Interesting BBC Horizon documentary on measurement (55 minutes)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7x-RGfd0Yk
• How long is a piece of string?
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The SI system of units
There are seven fundamental base units which are clearly defined and on which all other derived units are based:
You need to know these, but not their definitions.
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The metre
• This is the unit of distance. It is the distance traveled by light in a vacuum in a time of 1/299792458 seconds.
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The second
• This is the unit of time. A second is the duration of 9192631770 full oscillations of the electromagnetic radiation emitted in a transition between two hyperfine energy levels in the ground state of a caesium-133 atom.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_2965246921&feature=iv&index=90&list=PLMrtJn-MOYmfqNgyPxx6NYMZnd25y4shc&src_vid=r7x-RGfd0Yk&v=NXRVtfCpLr4
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The ampere
• This is the unit of electrical current. It is defined as that current which, when flowing in two parallel conductors 1 m apart, produces a force of 2 x 10-7 N on a length of 1 m of the conductors.
Note that the Coulomb is NOT a base unit.
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The kelvin
• This is the unit of temperature. It is 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.
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The mole
• One mole of a substance contains as many molecules as there are atoms in 12 g of carbon-12. This special number of molecules is called Avogadro’s number and equals 6.02 x 1023.
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The candela (not used in IB)
• This is the unit of luminous intensity. It is the intensity of a source of frequency 5.40 x 1014 Hz emitting 1/683 W per steradian.
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The kilogram
• This is the unit of mass. It is the mass of a certain quantity of a platinum-iridium alloy kept at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures in France.
THE kilogram!
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SI Base Units
Quantity Unit
distance metre
time second
current ampere
temperature kelvin
quantity of substance mole
luminous intensity candela
mass kilogram
Can you copy this please?
Note: No Newton or Coulomb
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Derived units
Other physical quantities have units that are combinations of the fundamental units.
Speed = distance/time = m.s-1
Acceleration = m.s-2
Force = mass x acceleration = kg.m.s-2 (called a Newton)
(note in IB we write m.s-1 rather than m/s)
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Checking equations
If an equation is correct, the units on one side should equal the units on another. We can use base units to help us check.
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Checking equations
For example, the period of a pendulum is given by
T = 2π l where l is the length in metres g and g is the acceleration due to gravity.
In units m = s2 = s m.s-2
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Some important derived units (learn these!)
1 N = kg.m.s-2 (F = ma)
1 J = kg.m2.s-2 (W = Force x distance)
1 W = kg.m2.s-3 (Power = energy/time)
Guess what
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Metric multipliers
It is sometimes useful to express units that are related to the basic ones by powers of ten
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Metric multipliers
Power Prefix Symbol Power Prefix Symbol
10-18 atto a 101 deka da
10-15 femto f 102 hecto h
10-12 pico p 103 kilo k
10-9 nano n 106 mega M
10-6 micro μ 109 giga G
10-3 milli m 1012 tera T
10-2 centi c 1015 peta P
10-1 deci d 1018 exa E
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Metric multipliers
Power Prefix Symbol Power Prefix Symbol
10-18 atto a 101 deka da
10-15 femto f 102 hecto h
10-12 pico p 103 kilo k
10-9 nano n 106 mega M
10-6 micro μ 109 giga G
10-3 milli m 1012 tera T
10-2 centi c 1015 peta P
10-1 deci d 1018 exa E
Don’t worry! These will all
be in the formula book you have for the exam.
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Examples
3.3 mA = 3.3 x 10-3 A
545 nm = 545 x 10-9 m = 5.45 x 10-7 m
2.34 MW = 2.34 x 106 W
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Significant figures
• Start counting from the first non-zero number until the end of written numbers (including zeroes!)
• 0.0030 = 2 sf• 0.00300 = 3 sf• 0.003 = 1 sf
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Significant figures
• Don’t count trailing zeroes with a number that does not contain a decimal point
• 1200 = 2 sf
• BUT
• 1200.0 = 5 sf
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Significant figures
• The significance (see what I did there?!) of significant figures will be discussed in the next section on uncertainties.
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Some questions
1. Change 2360000 J to standard form in MJ.
2. A radio station has a frequency of 1090000 Hz. Change this to standard form in MHz.
3. The average wavelength of light is 5.0 x 10-7 m. What is this in nanometres?
4. What is 1 x 10-8 seconds in microseconds?