Lepidoptera Report
description
Transcript of Lepidoptera Report
1.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In completion of this project work, we wish to express my sincere gratitude
to Dr. Suzan Benedick, Lecturer of Crop Pest Management Course, for providing
us an opportunity to study the types of pesticides used in controlling Lepidoptera
Family in Sandakan area as well as the pest control practiced by the farmers.
Besides, we also wish to express our gratitude to the owners of pesticide shop,
which is Permai Kimia Enterprise Sdn. Bhd. at mile 8, Sandakan who had
rendered their help during the period of shop visiting. Last but not least, we wish
to avail ourselves of this opportunity, express a sense of gratitude and love to
our friends for their manual support, strength and their kind co-operation and
encouragement which help in completion of this report.
2.0 OBJECTIVE
The purpose of project work is to aid students in a better understanding on
knowledge regarding to the type of pest as well as crop pest management
practiced by the vegetable farms at Sandakan area. Moreover, this project had
provided the students an opportunity to experience on the farming practices
besides learning the theory on books. This is to ensure that we are learning
theory and practice it practically.
3.0 INTRODUCTION
In general, pesticides are referred as the chemicals, which is applied or
used mainly in agricultural sector in order to control or eliminate the undesired
moving organisms which are harmful to the crop plants and will definitely create
a severe loss in the productivity in terms of quantity and quality. Pesticides are
used widely and extensively in during the era of 'Green revolution', whereby all
the agricultural people tend to boost the production level of the crop plants in
order to meet the requirements and the demands of the increasing human
population throughout the world. In our country, pesticides are applied as to
prevent further damage and spoilage on the crop plants by the harmful insects,
which are commonly known as pests. Under the pest categories, they are pests,
which cause direct damage to the crop plants and pests that bring diseases to
the crop plants. Different species of pests required different types of the
pesticides to control as well as eliminate the pests. Until the modern 21 st
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century, the use of pesticides is equipped with knowledge and workmanship in
the application of pesticides. The use of pesticides and methods to control pests
is more concern on the Sabah state in our country since Sabah is the main
agricultural state. Several crops including highland crops and lowland crops can
be found planted in Sabah by the local farmers or under the surveillance of big
organization and corporation.
One of the pests, which can be found in most agricultural fields in tropical
weather such as Sabah, one of the state of our country, is the insects which are
classified under the Lepidoptera family. Not only in Sabah, but insects or pests
under the Lepidoptera family, which consists of butterflies and moths are the
most widespread and widely recognizable pests worldwide, in every agricultural
field. Each of the Lepidoptera species is vary depending on the surrounding
environment factors. Lepidoptera species have common characteristics in which
they are characterized by the present of scales, which cover their bodies and
wings. Most of the Lepidoptera species have membraneous wings. They undergo
complete metamorphosis in which there are complete stages from larvae to
adult form.
3.1 SCENARIO IN SANDAKAN
In Sabah, the pesticides used in controlling the butterflies and moths are
consists of Bacillus thuringiensis, neem, Emamectin Benzoate and
organophosphate. Bacillus thuringiensis, and neem are classified under
biopesticides which may not cause severe harm to the surrounding pesticide,
whereas the Emamectin Benzoate and Organophosphate are classified under
chemical pesticides.
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is an insecticidal bacterium. It is used worldwide
in controlling the numbers of catepillars of the Lepidoptera. Bt pesticides have
contents of mixture of dried spores and insecticidal protein toxin crystals. They
are applied to the leaves or other environments where the larvae of the
Lepidoptera feed. The crystals are aggregates of large protein which in actual, is
known as a protoxin. Protoxin must be activated before it has any effect. The
crystal protein is highly insoluble in normal condition, so it is entirely safe for
humans and other insects. However, it is solubilized in reducing condition of high
pH value at about 9.5. This condition can be commonly found in the mid-gut of
the lepidoptera larvae. Due to this effect, Bt pesticides are highly specific
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insecticidal agent. Once the toxic crystal has been solubilized in the insecct gut,
the protoxin will be switched to active toxin by enzyme known as protease. This
active toxin called delta-endotoxin will bind to the cells of the larvae, creating
pores in the cell membranes and leading to equibration of ions. At the end, the
bacterium can invade the larvae, causing a lethal septicaemia due to the
lowering of the pH in the mid-gut of the lepidoptera larvae.
Neem-based insecticides or pesticides can be used in control the
diamondback moth which is classified under the lepidoptera family. There are
three commercial of neem-based pesticides, they are Agroneem, Ecozin and
Neemix. These three insecticides are evaluated for the oviposition deterrence,
antifeedant effect to larvae and toxicity to the eggs of the diamond back moth.
Neem-based insecticides contain azadirachtin which is derived from the extracts
of the neem tree, Azadirachta indica, have a roles in protecting crops from the
diamondback moth. The neem-based insecticides have to be applied as early as
possible where the insects lay their eggs. Neem-based insecticides are toxic to
all larval instars and all the larvae will die before pupation stage takes place.
Emamectin Benzoate is a novel semi-synthetic insecticide that is derived
from a natural fermentation product known as avermectin B. Scientifically; it is
highly toxic to a broad range of Lepidoptera species even at a low concentration.
The primary route of the intoxication in Lepidoptera larvae is through the process
of ingestion. The avermectins act by disrupting the nerve impulses of the larvae
by a unique mode of action. The Lepidoptera larvae characteristically stop
feeding on the crop plant shortly after ingestion of the emamectin benzoate and
become irreversibly paralyzed. The maximum mortality usually occurs within
four days after the ingestion. The residues of the remaining emamectin benzoate
which remain on the plant surface will rapidly photodegrade when expose to the
sunlight, so there is a minimal exposure of this chemical to the beneficial
arthropods or other beneficial insects to the crop plants.
Organophosphate insecticides have long predominated for insects control
in agriculture. This insecticides have broad spectrum of activity against
Lepidoptera species. They are moderate to the long environental persistence and
some have systemic activity. These kinds of pesticides act as inhibitors of
cholinesterase, which is used in the nerve transmission of the insects. The
impacts of the organophosphate insecticides have also occur in non-target
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organism on wildlife, thus this resulted in dramatic restriction in the extensive
use of organophosphate in many agricultural fields.
4.0 METHODOLOGY
4.1 First Stage: Searching for Pesticide Shop
The Pesticides Shop in Sandakan area were observed. Surveys had been
done through surfing the net. Therefore, we found that there are many pesticides
shop located at mile 8 area in sandakan. We went to the shop twice by bus. At
the first time, we had met one of the shop owners and tried to make an
appointment for interview. The owner of the shop is Mr. Choo. After the date of
interview was set, we had discussed among the group regarding the questions
assigned for the pesticide shop owner on type of pestcides used in controlling
Lepidoptera pest.
4.2 Second Stage: Collecting Information
On 20th April 2012, we had applied transport from school and went to the
shop for second time. Mr.Choo had guided us on visiting to his pesticide shop. He
had shown us with various types of pesticides used by the farmers at sandakan
area. Furthermore, he also explained the effect of pesticides used on the
Lepidoptera pests. Through his narration also, we had learnt the types of
pesticides used, knowledge on application rate of pesticides used, common pest
of Lepidoptera family as well as other pest control methods utilized in the farm at
sandakan area. Besides, information on chemical pesticides, herbicides, and
fertilizers utilized in the pesticide shop was collected and studied.
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5.0 TYPES OF PESTICIDES USED AT SANDAKAN
5.1 FEZMET
Form : Emulsifiable concentrate (EC)
Class : Class II
Chemical group : Organophosphate
Common name : Fezmet
Trade name : FEZMET 40, Rogor L-40, Tamet 40
Chemical name : 2-dimethoxyphoshinothioythio-N-methylacetamide
Active ingredients : Dimethoate
Manufacturer’s name : Zagro Chemicals Sdn. Bhd.
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Mode of action : Systemic
Uses : It is used for control a wide range of Acari, Aphididae,
Aleyrodidea, Coccidea, Coleoptera, Collembola,
Diptera, and Lepidoptera
The recommended rate of application for Lepidoptera:
Rate of application Note
10 litre of
waterOne hectare
9 ml 0.8 liter
Spray at the interval of 2 weeks. Do
not spray more than 2 times in one
season.
5.2 ACTELLIC
Form : Emulsifiable concentrate (EC)
Class : Class II
Chemical group : Organophosphate
Common name : Pirimiphos-methyl
Trade name : ACTELLIC
Chemical name : 0-[2-(diethylamino)-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl]0, 0-
dimethylphosphorothioate
Active ingredients : Pirimiphos-methyl
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Manufacturer’s name : Syngenta Group Company
Mode of action : Non-Systemic
Uses : it is used for control Lepidoptera and Coleoptera.
The recommended rate of application for Lepidoptera:
Rate of application Note
10 litre of water One hectare
9 ml 0.8 liter
Spray at the interval of 2 weeks. Do
not spray more than 2 times in one
season.
5.3 DIPEL ES
Form : Emulsifiable concentrate (EC)
Class : Class IV
Chemical group : Btk 11B2
Common name : Bacillus Thuringiensis
Trade name : Dipel ES
Chemical name : N/A
Active ingredients : Bacillus Thuringiensis, Subsp. kurstaki
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Manufacturer’s name : Halex (M) Sdn. Bhd.
Mode of action : Systemic
Uses : it is used for control most Lepidopteran
The recommended rate of application for Lepidoptera:
Rate of application Spray volume
per hectareStage
10 litre of water One hectare
17ml 1020 ml 600 LIt can be sprayed 4
times in a season.
5.4 RIPCORD 505
Form : Emulsifiable concentrate (EC)
Class : Class III
Chemical group : Pyrethroid
Common name : Cypermethrin
Trade name : Ripcord 505
Chemical name : 2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate (IUPAC)
Active ingredients : Cypermethrin
Manufacturer’s name : BASF (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.
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Mode of action : Systemic
Uses : it is used for control most Lepidopteran
The recommended rate of application for Lepidoptera:
Rate of application Spray volume
per hectare
Stage
10 litre of water One hectare
17ml 1020 ml 600 L
It can be
sprayed 4 times
in a season.
5.5 SHIELDMATE 2.8 EC
Form : Emulsifiable concentrate (EC)
Class : Class IV
Chemical group : Pyrethroid
Common name : Deltamethrin
Trade name : Shieldmate 2.8 EC, Butox, Butoflin
Chemical name : (s)- α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (1R)-cis-3-(2,2-
dibromovinyl)- 2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylate
Active ingredients : Deltamethrin
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Manufacturer’s name : Hextar Chemicals Sdn. Bhd.
Mode of action : Contact and ingestion
Uses : It is used for control aphids, bugs and some
Lepidopteran
6.0 FACTORS RELATED TO PESTICIDE CALIBRATION APPLICATION AT
SANDAKAN
According to Mr.Choo, whom is the pesticide shop owner at Mile 8, the
pesticide application on field needs calibration. The ultimate purposes for
calibration are intended to reduce the wastage of pesticide and pollution caused
by the excess pesticides. As an important agriculture input to increase crop’s
yield from pest damage, pesticides themselves may also causing adverse effects
on the crops when the pesticide user did not followed the instruction given on
the label.
The overdose or insufficient of pesticide dose resulted in different effect,
the former one caused pollution, pesticide poisoning symptoms like vomiting,
seizures, diarrhea, and respiratory problems in spray man, dying of soil
microbes, vanish of beneficial organisms, and even food poison to the
consumers. In contrast, insufficient dose will cause inefficiency in pest control
and suppress effect and loss on crop yield and farmers’ income.
Hence, the four factors that related to the calibration of pesticide
application which comprised of the suggested application rate of pesticide in kg/l
per hectare, amount of solvent for spraying per hectare, percentage of active
ingredient (A.I.) in commercial formulation, and lastly, area to be treated in
hectare needed to be calculated before application of pesticide.
6.1 Suggested application rate of pesticide in kg/l per hectare
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Based on the explanation and advices by Mr.Choo, the application rate of
pesticide in kg/l per hectare is the data that provide optimum pest suppression
effects based on experiments. Normally, he emphasize that the suggested
application rate give the suitable amount of pesticide to use that minimize the
negative adverse effected on ecology, environment and human.
Hence, the suggested application rate is important to conserve our land,
water and biodiversity. With application of optimum rate of pesticide, less
probability for pest infestation, less environmental pollution, and save more
money, which is through the reduction amount of the pesticide used per
spraying.
Besides, the suggested application rate also indicates the amount of
pesticide need per hectare to perform it strength best. The decrement from
suggested application rate will results in pesticide ineffectiveness on pest
population suppression.
6.2 Amount of solvent for spraying per hectare
Amount of solvent need to dissolve concentrated pesticide should
calculate to maintain the pesticide effectiveness on pest control. Pesticide work
best when dissolved in optimum amount of solvent.
For instance, the excess solvent with little of pesticide cannot suppress
the pest population. The inert material in pesticide is the carrier for active
ingredients to express it function. When the solvent is in excess, the A.I. and
inert material will decrease. Thus, there will not be enough need carrier and A.I.
to work on pest infected area. In a nutshell, the pesticide should be mixed with
solvent according to label for optimum effectiveness on pest control.
6.3 Percentage of active ingredient in commercial formulation
The pesticide may come in enormous of different brands but with same
active ingredients. Active ingredient determines the mode of action and the
types of pest the pesticide targeted. Sometime, the active ingredient is the same
for pesticide with different trade name. The difference between them is the
concentration of active ingredient within the pesticides. First one may has higher
concentration while second one has lower concentration of same active
ingredient.
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The percentage of active ingredient in commercial formulation is vital.
This determines the selling price, the effectiveness of pesticides and the amount
of pesticide to be mixed with solvent.
Normally, the pesticide of same active ingredient with higher A.I. sell more
expensive compared to the others with low concentration. The amount needed to
mix with solvent during preparation of pesticide also less and more effective in
pest control as compared to low concentration pesticide of same volume.
Therefore, the percentage of active ingredient is important to be known
before purchasing pesticide to prevent waste of money (when mixing same
amount of higher concentration pesticide as previous used low concentration
pesticide), solvent wastage, and the effectiveness is affected because the
pesticide did not mix with suitable solvent for optimum performances.
6.4 Area to be treated in hectare
Making an assumption or estimation on the area required to be treated
with pesticide is important. The area was count in hectare and then the workers
could prepare pesticide according to need. Therefore, the wastage of pesticide,
pollution, and overdose on particular area can be avoided.
For example, when the pesticide cannot be finished after all vegetation
area had been sprayed, a worker may pour the pesticide into drain or anywhere,
thus; the pesticide is wasted and pollution may caused to the nearby water
bodies or land. Furthermore, the overdose on particular area may happen when
the worker thinks pour away the excess pesticides is a form of wastage and they
spray the remained pesticide on treated area. This condition result in overdose in
area and killed the beneficial organism and some crop. In long term, this may
cause resurgence of pest that had developed resistance to certain types of
pesticide.
7.0 CONCLUSION
7.1 Suggestion and Recommendation
Most farmers, in order to get instant cure and prevention would apply
chemical and synthetic pesticides on their crops. Thankfully now, farmers and
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crop producers are getting aware of the negative effects brought by those
chemicals.
In practicing organic (non-chemical) pest control practice, handpicking can
often adequately control caterpillars, best done in the morning and evening
where the caterpillars are most active. Some like cutworms are best picked in
the dark. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) works quickly to kill them. The use of
predators, parasitic flies and parasitic wasps are very useful.
Meanwhile, sustainable agriculture recommends interplanting
(intercropping) techniques are also useful to confuse moths by making the
environment more complex and less favourable for pest.
8.0 REFERENCES
8.1 Abdullah, A. R. 2002. Pesticide Residues in Coastal Tropical Ecosystems.
Kota Kinabalu: CRC Press .
8.2 Grafton-Cardwell. 2005. Various novel insecticides are less toxic to
humans, more specific to key pests. California Agriculture , 29-34.
8.3 Jipanin, J. 2001. Management of Pesticide Use On Vegetable
Production.Tuaran: 6th SITE Research Seminar.
8.4 Liang, G.-M. 2003. Effects of three neem-based insecticides on
diamondback moth. Crop Protection , 333-340.
8.5 López, J. D. 2005. Effect of emamectin benzoate on mortality. Journal of
Insect Science , 57-64.
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