CERNCOURIERV O L U M E 5 9 N U M B E R 5 S E P T E M B E R / O C T O B E R 2 0 1 9

33CERN COURIER SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2019

LEP’S ELECTROWEAK LEAPn the autumn o the arge lectron ositron collider delivered the first o several results that still dominate the landscape o particle ph sics toda .

Trailblazing events Clockwise from top left: OPAL spots the decay of a Z boson into two jets originating from a quark–antiquark pair;

a pair of Z bosons decaying into two muons and two electrons in DELPHI; an L3 candidate for pair production of excited electrons decaying into

an electron and a photon each; and a four-jet event recorded in 2000 by ALEPH that was a candidate for the associated production and decay of a Z and

a Higgs boson into quark-antiquark pairs.

neutrinos was well esta lished. everal model-dependent measurements rom astroph sics and collider ph sics at the time had pointed to the num er o light active neutrinos (Ni eing less than five ut the could in principle accommodate an higher num er.

he initial plan to measure i using the total width of the resonance was uic l discarded in avour o the visi le pea cross section where the e ect was ar more prominent and in first appro imation insensitive to new possi le detecta le channels. he e periments were there ore thrown in at the deep end needing to ma e an a solute cross-section measurement with completel new detectors in an unfamiliar environment that demanded triggers trac ing calorimetr and the luminosit monitors to all wor and ac uire data in s nchronisation.

n the evening o ugust during a first low-luminosit pilot run ust one month a ter achieved first turns

reported the first o servation o a deca see image a ove . ach e periment uic l o served a hand ul more.

he first -production run too place rom eptem er to cto er with the our e periments accumulating a out

visi le deca s each. he too data at the pea and at and 2 e either side improving the precision on the mass and allowing a measurement o the pea cross section. he results including those rom the ar col-la oration at s linear electron positron collider were pu lished and presented in R s overflowing main auditorium on cto er.

ter onl three wee s o data ta ing and deca s the num er o neutrinos was ound to e three. n the ollowing ears some million deca s were accumu-

lated and cross-section measurement uncertainties ell

OPAL fruits The OPAL logbook

entr for the first Z boson seen at LEP,

recorded late on

13 August 1989.

CCSepOct19_LEP30_v6.indd 33 29/08/2019 10:31

FEATURE LEP’S PHYSICS LEGACY

32 CERN COURIER SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2019

CERNCOURIER.COM

LEP’S ELECTROWEAK LEAPn the autumn o the arge lectron ositron collider delivered the first o several results that still dominate the landscape o particle ph sics toda .

In the earl s the term tandard odel did not et e ist ph sicists used ein erg alam model

instead. ut the discover o the wea neutral cur-rent in argamelle at R in ollowed the pre-diction and o servation o particles composed o charm uar s at roo haven and uic l shi ted the ocus

o particle ph sicists rom the strong to the electrowea interactions a sector in which trail la ing theoretical wor had uietl ta en place in the previous ears. lans or an electron positron collider at R were soon orn

with the machine first named arge lectron osi-tron collider in a R ellow report authored a distinguished stud group eaturing among others ohn

llis urt Richter arlo Ru ia and ac tein erger. s si e our times larger than an thing e ore it was

chosen rom the need to o serve -pair production and to chec that its cross section did not diverge as a unction o energ . he phenomenolog o the - oson s deca was to come under similar scrutin . t the time the num er o ermion amilies was undefined and it was even possi le

that there were so man neutrino amilies that the line-shape would e washed out. s other ph sics targets included the possi ilit o producing iggs osons. t the time the mass o the iggs oson was completel un nown and could have een an where rom around ero to e .

he R ouncil approved in cto er or centre-o -mass energies up to e . t was a remar a le vote o confidence in the tandard odel given that the and osons had not et een directl o served. rantic period ollowed with the and

detectors approved in . ased on similar geometric principles the included dri t cham ers or s or the main trac ers cr stals lead glass or lead gas sand-wich electromagnetic calorimeters and in most cases an instrumented return o e or hadron calorimetr and muon filtering. he underground caverns were finished in and the detectors were in various stages o installation the end o spring which time the storage ring had een installed in the 2 m-circum erence tunnel see p .

Expedition to the Z polehe first destination was the pole at an energ o around

e . ts location was then nown to e rom measurements o proton antiproton collisions at ermi-la s evatron. he priorit was to esta lish the num er o light neutrino amilies a num er that not onl closel relates to the num er o elementar ermions ut also impacts the chemical composition and large-scale struc-ture o the universe. the e istence o the ie i+ and io

Trailblazing events Clockwise from top left: OPAL spots the decay of a Z boson into two jets originating from a quark–antiquark pair;

a pair of Z bosons decaying into two muons and two electrons in DELPHI; an L3 candidate for pair production of excited electrons decaying into

an electron and a photon each; and a four-jet event recorded in 2000 by ALEPH that was a candidate for the associated production and decay of a Z and

a Higgs boson into quark-antiquark pairs.

THE AUTHORS

Alain Blondel LPNHE Paris, CERN and University of Geneva, Chiara Mariotti INFN Torino, Marco Pieri CERN and UC San Diego, and Pippa Wells CERN.

CCSepOct19_LEP30_v6.indd 32 29/08/2019 10:31

WWW.

LEP Electroweak Physics

From

to

R. Clare (UC Riverside) on behalf of the thousands of LEP physicists

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

10040 200mH [GeV]

Δχ2

LEPexcluded

LHCexcluded

Δαhad =Δα(5)

0.02750±0.000330.02749±0.00010incl. low Q2 data

Theory uncertaintyMarch 2012 mLimit = 152 GeV

Robert Clare LEP at 30: ElectroWeak Physics 2

The Standard Model Relations

Relationship between Z and W boson masses. In the minimal SM with just a single Higgs doublet, ρ = 1.

r =m2

Wm2

Z cos2 q treeW

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Relationship between weak and electromagnetic couplingsGF = pap

2m2W sin2 q tree

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gtreeL =

pr(T f

3 - Qf sin2 q treeW )

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gtreeR = -

prQf sin2 q tree

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gtreeV =

pr(T f

3 - 2Qf sin2 q treeW )

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gtreeA =

prT f

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or

Coupling of Z boson to fermions:

Robert Clare LEP at 30: ElectroWeak Physics

Enter Radiative Corrections...

3

γ,Z/W

f

f−/f’γ,Z/W γ,Z/W

W

W/γ,Zγ,Z/W

Z/W

H

Z/WZ/W Z/W Z/W

H

e+

e−

γ/Z

t−b−

Wt

b

e+

e−

γ/Z

W

b−

tW

b

e+

e−

γ/Z

t−b−

Wt

b

e+

e−

γ/Z

W

b−

tW

b

γ,Z/W

f

f−/f’γ,Z/W γ,Z/W

W

W/γ,Zγ,Z/W

Z/W

H

Z/WZ/W Z/W Z/W

H

In the “on-shell” scheme, the form of ρ is maintained, but the couplings become “effective”:

sin2 q feff = kf sin2 q W

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gVf =p

rf(T f3 - 2Qf sin2 q f

eff)<latexit sha1_base64="fMrBFqvYZ5dK5Ji8lYWVkBtLUDE=">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</latexit>

gAf =p

rfT f3

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withkf = 1 + Dkse + Dkf

<latexit sha1_base64="vkClqJzS+u0o+7htdse8jFxUlI0=">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</latexit>

rf = 1 + Drse + Drf<latexit sha1_base64="a6JH6SPLRVXweeTXmf4SXeljtPU=">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</latexit>

propagatorself-energy

flavor-specificvertex corrections

Robert Clare LEP at 30: ElectroWeak Physics 4

Enter mt and mH!

Drse =3GFm2

W

8p

2p2

"m2

t

m2

W

- sin2 q W

cos2 q W

✓ln

m2

H

m2

W

- 5

6

◆+ ...

#

<latexit sha1_base64="kpumHZZJ6cvNNGvQKwSl+K8eQZc=">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</latexit>

Dkse =3GFm2

W

8p

2p2

m2

t

m2

W

cos2 q W

sin2 q W

- 10

9

✓ln

m2

H

m2

W

- 5

6

◆+ ...

�

<latexit sha1_base64="fr1+G5WkuYhQkyxOaFGJnG1VB+4=">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</latexit>

Dkb = GFm2t

4p

2p2+ ...

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Drb = - GFm2t

2p

2p2+ ...

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The flavor-specific vertex corrections are all small except for the b quark (due to the large mt - mb mass splitting):

Robert Clare LEP at 30: ElectroWeak Physics 5

Effective Z couplings and measurements

gV f =p

rf

⇣T f

3 - 2Qf sin2 q feff

⌘

gAf =p

rf T f3

Af = 2gV f gAf

g2V f + g2

Af= 2

gV f/gAf

1 + (gV f/gAf)2

A0,fFB = 3

4AeAf

Gff̄ =GF m3

Z

6pp

2(g2

V f + g2Af)

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Robert Clare LEP at 30: ElectroWeak Physics

mH = 60 - 1000 GeV

αs = 0.123 ± 0.006

mZ = 91 186 ± 2 MeV

100

150

200

250

2480 2490 2500

ΓZ [MeV]

mt [

GeV

]

6

Some mt dependencies...

mH = 60 - 1000 GeV

α-1 = 128.90 ± 0.09

mZ = 91 186 ± 2 MeV

100

150

200

250

0.0125 0.015 0.0175 0.02

A0FB

mt [

GeV

]

mZ = 91 186 ± 2 MeV

mH = 60 - 1000 GeV

α-1 = 128.90 ± 0.09

mt [

GeV

]

100

150

200

250

0.228 0.23 0.232 0.234sin2θlept

eff

100

200

0.215 0.22Rb

mt [

GeV

]

RSMb RSM

d

100

200

0.09 0.1AFB

0,b

100

200

0.16 0.18Rc

mt [

GeV

]

100

200

0.06 0.08AFB

0,c

mt [

GeV

]

100

200

0.23 0.2325 0.235sin2Θlept from <Q >

mt [

GeV

]

Rb = Γbb/Γhadpicks out the Δρb vertex corrrection

Robert Clare LEP at 30: ElectroWeak Physics

What we would like to have measured

7

E cm [GeV ]

σha

d [nb

]

σ0

ΓZ

M Z

10

20

3 0

40

86 88 90 92 94

Robert Clare LEP at 30: ElectroWeak Physics

Ecm [GeV]

σha

d [nb]

σ from fitQED corrected

measurements (error barsincreased by factor 10)

ALEPHDELPHIL3OPAL

σ0

ΓZ

MZ

10

20

30

40

86 88 90 92 94

What we really measured

8

Handled with a QED radiator function (3rd order):

Estimated error: 0.3 MeV on mZ0.2 MeV on ΓZ0.02% on σhad

Behrends, van Neerven, Burgers; Montagna, Nicrosini, Piccinni; Jadach, Skryzpek, Pietrzyk,

0

(Just recently: new calculations with possibly a dramatic effect on ΓZ) Blümlein et al.

Robert Clare LEP at 30: ElectroWeak Physics

Ditto for forward-backward Asymmetries

9

Ecm [GeV]

A FB(

)AFB from fitQED correctedaverage measurements

ALEPHDELPHIL3OPAL

MZ

AFB0

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

88 90 92 94

μ Residual uncertainty:0.0001 on AFB

0

Robert Clare LEP at 30: ElectroWeak Physics 10

The LEP Data SetIn total, before making room for the LHC, the 4 LEP experiments collected:

about 17M Z

about 40k W

about 0 H, probably…

Robert Clare LEP at 30: ElectroWeak Physics 11

Hadronic cross section measurements

peak-2

9.9

10

10.1

10.2

89.44 89.46 89.48Ecm [GeV]

σ had

[nb]

ALEPH

DELPHI

L3

OPAL

1990-1992 data

1993-1995 datatypical syst. exp.luminosity error

theoretical errors:QEDluminosity

peak

30

30.2

30.4

30.6

30.8

91.2 91.25 91.3Ecm [GeV]

peak+2

14

14.25

14.5

14.75

92.95 92.975 93 93.025Ecm [GeV]

Peak −2 GeV Peak Peak +2 GeV

Hadronic Cross-section

Robert Clare LEP at 30: ElectroWeak Physics

Typical lepton cross-section and asymmetries

12

Beenakker, Passarino

Special care needed for e+e−final states: t-channel and s-t interference… Additional uncertainty of ~1.1 pb for σF; ~0.3 pb for σB

cos θ

d σ

/ d c

os θ

[nb]

e+e− → e+e−(γ)

peak−2

peak

peak+2

0

0.5

1

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

L3

cos θ

d σ

/ d c

os θ

[nb]

e+e− → e+e−(γ)

peak−2

peak

peak+2

0

0.5

1

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

L3

Robert Clare LEP at 30: ElectroWeak Physics

Once upon a time, there were 4 experiments at LEPAleph, Delphi, L3 and Opal

They took their data, analyzed it, and published it:

And then they did what all previous experiments did …

They let the PDG combine the results, which the PDG did, as they’ve always done:

13

In the beginning... way back in 1989

Experiment mZ (GeV) ΓZ (GeV)Aleph 91.182 ± 0.026 ± 0.030 2.541 ± 0.056

Delphi 91.171 ± 0.030 ± 0.030 2.511 ± 0.065

L3 91.160 ± 0.024 ± 0.030 2.539 ± 0.054

Opal 91.154 ± 0.021 ± 0.030 2.536 ± 0.045

V.2 Gauge & Higgs Bosun Full Listings W,Z

W B R A N C H I N G R A T I O S

r(e%,)/rtotal r l / r VALUE EVT5 DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT

0.104-0.014_4-0:8 ] 248 19 ANSARI 87E UA2 E~m p = 546,630 GeV

• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •

seen 299 20 ALBAJAR 89 UA1 F~m p = 546,630 GeV I seen 119 APPEL 86 UA2 F . ~ = 546,630 GeV seen 172 ARNISON 86 UA1 Repl. by ALBAJAR 89

19 The first error was obtained by adding the statistical and systematic experimental uncer- tainties in quadrature. The second error reflects the dependence on theoretical prediction of total W cross section: ~(546 GeV) = 4.7_+ 0.714 nb and 0~(630 GeV) = 5.~_R+ 1.018 nb. See ALTARELL1858.

20ALBAJAR 89 experiment determines values of branching ratio times production cross I section.

r (e +,,-y)/r (e +,,) r2/r l VALUE EL% EVT5 DOCUMENT IO TEEN COMMENT

<0.1 90 1 21 ARNISON 84 UA1 F_~.mP= 546 GeV

• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •

none in 119 0 APPEL 86 UA2 EcPm p 546,630 GeV W ~ ew evts

21 After accounting for selection efficiency and geometric acceptance, and requiring E T (?) > 10 GeV. ARNISON 84 W - - eu7 one event in 52 W - - ev events is consistent with QED Bremsstrahlung. Mass not restricted to W mass.

r ( .+ . l / r (e+~) r3/r l VALUE EVT5 DOCUMENT ID TEEN COMMENT

1.004-0.144-0.08 67 ALBAJAR 89 UAI ~ P = 546,630 GeV J • • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •

I ~4 +0 '6 14 ARNISON 84D UAI Repl. by ALBAJAR 89 '~ - 8 . 4

r(.+.~)/rtotal r4/r VALUE EVTE DOCUMENT IO TEEN COMMENT • • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •

none in 18 W ~ # u evts 0 22 ARNISON 84 UA1 F~ p = 546 GeV

22Mass not restricted to W mass.

r(~+ ~)/r(e +.) rs/rl VALUE EVT5 DOCUMENT ID TEEN COMMENT

I 1.024-0.~0.12 32 ALBAJAR 89 UA1 ~ P = 546,630 GeV • • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •

1 0 2 4 - 0 . 2 0 ± 0 1 0 32 ALBAJAR 87 UA1 Repl. by ALBAJAR 89

R E F E R E N C E S F O R W

ABE 90 PRL 64152 ALITTI 908 PL B (to be pub.)

CERN EP/9022 ALITTI 90C ZPHY C (to be pub.)

CERN EP/9(T20 ABE 891 PRL 621005 ALBAJAR 89 ZPHY C4415 GRIFOLS 88 IJMP A3 225

Also 87 PL B197 437 ALBAJAR 87 PL B185 233 ANSARI 87 PL B186 440 ANSARI 87C PL 8194 158 GROTCH 87 PR 036 2153 VANDERBU 87 PR D35 1088 APPEL 86 ZPHY C30 1 ARNI5ON 86 PL 1668 484 ALTABELLI 85B ZPHY C27 617 GRAU 85 PL 154B 283 SUZUKi 85 eL ]53B 289 ARNISON 84 PL 135B 250 ABNISON 84D eL 134B 469 BAGNAIA 84 ZPHY C24 1 HERZOG 84 PL 148B 355

Also 84B eL 155B 468 e~[atum ABNISON 83 PL 12aB 103 ARNISON 83D PL 1298 273 BAGNAIA 83 PL 129B 130 BANNER 83B PL 122B 476

+Amidel, Apolllnari, Atac, Auchincloss~ (CDF CoHab) +Ansari, Ansorge, Autiero+ (UA2 Collab )

+Ansari, Ansorge. Bagnaia- (UA2 Collab 1

{Arnidei, Apoll]nari, Ascoli, Atac+ (cog Collab) *Albrow, Allkofer, Am±son, Astbury ~ (UAI Collab ) -Per±s, Sola (BARC, DESY)

Grifols, Per±s, Sola [BARE, OEBY} #Albrow, Allkofer, Arnison, Astbury~ (UAI Coliab ) +Bagnaia, Banner, Battiston+ (UA2 Collab } +8agnaia, 8anneq Battiston- (UA2 Collab ) +Bobinett (PSU)

van der 8ij (FNAL) +Bagnaia, Banner, 8attiston4 (UA2 CoBab.} +Albrow, AIIkofer, Astburyt (UA1 Collab )J +Ellis, Martinell] (CERN. FNAL, FBAS) +Grifohs (BABE)

(LBL) ~Astbury, Auber[, Bacci+ (UAI Co±lab.) +Astbury, Aubert, Bacci+ (UA1 Collab) --Banner, Battiston Blech* (UA2 Collab )

(W~SC) Herzog (WISE}

+Astbury, Aubert, 8acci- (UAI Collab ) +Astbury, AuberC 8acci* (UA1 Collab) +8anneL 8attiston, Bloch+ (UA2 Colla8) +Battiston, 81och, 8onaud]~ (UA2 Collab ~

El J = 1

Z M A S S

The fit uses the W and Z mass and mass difference (see below) measurements.

VALUE (GeV) EVTS DOCUMENT ID TEEN COMMENT 91.1614-0.031 OUR FIT 91.1604-0.031 OUR AVERAGE 91.171d-0.030±0.030 l l k 1 ABREU 90 DLPH F.~e= 88,3-95.0 GeV 91.160± 0024:=0.030 17k 1 ADEVA 90E L3 ~ e = 88.28-95.04 GeV 91154± 0 .021± 0 .030 28k 1 AKRAWY 90£ OPAL ~ = 88.28-95.04 GeV 91.182± 0.026± 0.030 20k 1 DECAMP 90D ALEP E~em = 88.28-95.04 GeV

90.9 ± 0 .3 =0.2 188 2 ABE 89c CDF F..~ p = 1800 GeV 91.14 = 0 1 2 480 3 ABRAMS 898 MRK2 F_..~em = 89.2-93.0 GeV

88.6 + 2 0 4 MORI 89 RVUE Ec ee < 57 GeV 18

• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •

91.49 ± 0 3 5 ± 0 .93 5 ALITTI 90B UA2 ~ ) ~ = 546,630 GeV I 91.06 =0.09 ± 0.045 1066 6 AARNIO 89 DLPH F..~em = 89.26-93.27 GeV 91.11 4-0.23 106 ABRAMS 89 MRK2 Repl. by ABRAMS 898 |

m

91132± 0 .057± 0 .046 2538 6 ADEVA 89 L3 Repl. by ADEVA 90C I 91.01 ± 0 0 5 ± 0.045 4350 6 AKRAWY 89 OPAL Re]~l. by AKRAWY 90E 93.1 ± 1 0 ± 3 0 24 7.8 ALBAJAR 89 UA1 ~Pm = 546,630 GeV

+5.2 ± 3 .2 14 9 ALBAJAR 89 UA1 E~?n= 546,630 GeV J 907 - 48 91.174± 0.055± 0.045 3320 6 DECAMP 89 ALEP RepL by DECAMP 90D J 91.5 ± 1.2 = 1.7 25 7 ANSARI 87 UA2 Repl. by ALITTI 90B 92,5 = 1 3 ± 1 .5 13 APPEL 86 UA2 Repl. by ANSARI 87 930 i 1 4 4-3.0 14 ARNISON 86 UA1 Repl. by ALBAJAR 89

7 0 10 ARNISON 84E UA1 Rept. by ALBAJAR 89 85.8 - 5 4 92 7 = 17 ± 1 4 4 11 BAGNAIA 84 UA2 Repl. by ALITTI 908 952 ± 2 .5 5 ARNISON 83E UA1 Repl. by ARNISON 83D 956 4-3.2 5 ARNISON 83D UA1 Repl. by ARNISON 86 91 9 ± 19 4 BAGNAIA 83 UA2 Repl. by ALITTI 908

1 The systematic error (0.03) is an error in common to the 4 LEP experiments. 2 First error of ABE 89 is combination of statistical and systematic contributions; second I

is mass scale uncertainty. 3ABRAMS 89B uncertainty includes 35 MeV due to the absolute energy measurement. 4 MORI 89 result is from all existing measurements of R below the Z region including

AMY, VENUS, and TOPAZ at TRISTAN plus data from PEP, PETRA, CESR, and DORIS. Assuming F(Z) - 2.5 GeV and A r _ 0070.

5Enters fit through W / Z mass ratio below. 6The systematic error (0.045) is an error in common to the 4 LEP experiments, 7 Enters fit through Z - W mass difference below. 8 ALBAJAR 89 result is from a total sample of 33 Z ~ e + e events. 9 ALBAJAR 89 result is from a total sample of 19 Z ~ #+ Iz events. I

10 ARNISON 84E is from 4 i~+ ~ , 1#+ # - ~,. 11 BAGNAIA 84 is a reanalysis of BAGNAIA 83 after recalibration of calorimeter.

W / Z M A S S R A T I O

VALUE DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT 0.884 ~:B.OOB OUR FIT Error includes scale factor of 1.1. 0.8831::E0,00484-0.0026 12 ALITTI 908 UA2 ~ n = 546,630 GeV

I2AL ITT I 90B scale error cancels in this ratio.

Z - W M A S S D I F F E R E N C E

The fit uses the W and Z mass and mass difference measurements.

VALUE IGeV) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT 10.54-0.4 OUR FIT Error includes scale factor of 1.1. 10.4=t=1.4/:0.8 ALBAJAR 89 UA1 E ~ n = 546,630 GeV • • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •

1 1 3 ± 1 . 3 ± 0 . 9 ANSARI 87 UA2 F~P= 546,630 GeV

Z W I D T H

VALUE (GeV I EL% EVT5 DOCUMENT ID TEEN COMMENT 2.534t:0.027 OUR AVERAGE 2.511±0.065 11k ABREU 90 DLPH F~em=883-95.0 I

GeV 2 839± 0,054 17k ADEVA 90c L3 F ~ e = 88.28-95,04 l

GeV 2.53610.045 28k AKRAWY 90E OPAL F..~em = 88.28 95.04 I

GeV 2 5 4 1 ± 0 0 5 6 20k DECAMP 90D ALEP F..~em = 88.28-95.04 I p~eV ! 3.8 ± 0 8 ± i 0 188 ABE 89C CDF E~m= 1800 GeV , |

+ 0 4 5 480 13 ABRAMS 89B MRK2 E~ e = 892-93,0 | 242 035 GeV |

+ 12 ± 1 3 24 14 ALBAJAR 89 UA1 E~m p = 546,630 GeV I 27 10 2 7 ± 2 .0 ± 1 0 25 15 ANSARI 87 UA2 F ~ n = 546,630 GeM

V.2 Gauge & Higgs Bosun Full Listings W,Z

W B R A N C H I N G R A T I O S

r(e%,)/rtotal r l / r VALUE EVT5 DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT

0.104-0.014_4-0:8 ] 248 19 ANSARI 87E UA2 E~m p = 546,630 GeV

• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •

seen 299 20 ALBAJAR 89 UA1 F~m p = 546,630 GeV I seen 119 APPEL 86 UA2 F . ~ = 546,630 GeV seen 172 ARNISON 86 UA1 Repl. by ALBAJAR 89

19 The first error was obtained by adding the statistical and systematic experimental uncer- tainties in quadrature. The second error reflects the dependence on theoretical prediction of total W cross section: ~(546 GeV) = 4.7_+ 0.714 nb and 0~(630 GeV) = 5.~_R+ 1.018 nb. See ALTARELL1858.

20ALBAJAR 89 experiment determines values of branching ratio times production cross I section.

r (e +,,-y)/r (e +,,) r2/r l VALUE EL% EVT5 DOCUMENT IO TEEN COMMENT

<0.1 90 1 21 ARNISON 84 UA1 F_~.mP= 546 GeV

• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •

none in 119 0 APPEL 86 UA2 EcPm p 546,630 GeV W ~ ew evts

21 After accounting for selection efficiency and geometric acceptance, and requiring E T (?) > 10 GeV. ARNISON 84 W - - eu7 one event in 52 W - - ev events is consistent with QED Bremsstrahlung. Mass not restricted to W mass.

r ( .+ . l / r (e+~) r3/r l VALUE EVT5 DOCUMENT ID TEEN COMMENT

1.004-0.144-0.08 67 ALBAJAR 89 UAI ~ P = 546,630 GeV J • • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •

I ~4 +0 '6 14 ARNISON 84D UAI Repl. by ALBAJAR 89 '~ - 8 . 4

r(.+.~)/rtotal r4/r VALUE EVTE DOCUMENT IO TEEN COMMENT • • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •

none in 18 W ~ # u evts 0 22 ARNISON 84 UA1 F~ p = 546 GeV

22Mass not restricted to W mass.

r(~+ ~)/r(e +.) rs/rl VALUE EVT5 DOCUMENT ID TEEN COMMENT

I 1.024-0.~0.12 32 ALBAJAR 89 UA1 ~ P = 546,630 GeV • • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •

1 0 2 4 - 0 . 2 0 ± 0 1 0 32 ALBAJAR 87 UA1 Repl. by ALBAJAR 89

R E F E R E N C E S F O R W

ABE 90 PRL 64152 ALITTI 908 PL B (to be pub.)

CERN EP/9022 ALITTI 90C ZPHY C (to be pub.)

CERN EP/9(T20 ABE 891 PRL 621005 ALBAJAR 89 ZPHY C4415 GRIFOLS 88 IJMP A3 225

Also 87 PL B197 437 ALBAJAR 87 PL B185 233 ANSARI 87 PL B186 440 ANSARI 87C PL 8194 158 GROTCH 87 PR 036 2153 VANDERBU 87 PR D35 1088 APPEL 86 ZPHY C30 1 ARNI5ON 86 PL 1668 484 ALTABELLI 85B ZPHY C27 617 GRAU 85 PL 154B 283 SUZUKi 85 eL ]53B 289 ARNISON 84 PL 135B 250 ABNISON 84D eL 134B 469 BAGNAIA 84 ZPHY C24 1 HERZOG 84 PL 148B 355

Also 84B eL 155B 468 e~[atum ABNISON 83 PL 12aB 103 ARNISON 83D PL 1298 273 BAGNAIA 83 PL 129B 130 BANNER 83B PL 122B 476

+Amidel, Apolllnari, Atac, Auchincloss~ (CDF CoHab) +Ansari, Ansorge, Autiero+ (UA2 Collab )

+Ansari, Ansorge. Bagnaia- (UA2 Collab 1

{Arnidei, Apoll]nari, Ascoli, Atac+ (cog Collab) *Albrow, Allkofer, Am±son, Astbury ~ (UAI Collab ) -Per±s, Sola (BARC, DESY)

Grifols, Per±s, Sola [BARE, OEBY} #Albrow, Allkofer, Arnison, Astbury~ (UAI Coliab ) +Bagnaia, Banner, Battiston+ (UA2 Collab } +8agnaia, 8anneq Battiston- (UA2 Collab ) +Bobinett (PSU)

van der 8ij (FNAL) +Bagnaia, Banner, 8attiston4 (UA2 CoBab.} +Albrow, AIIkofer, Astburyt (UA1 Collab )J +Ellis, Martinell] (CERN. FNAL, FBAS) +Grifohs (BABE)

(LBL) ~Astbury, Auber[, Bacci+ (UAI Co±lab.) +Astbury, Aubert, Bacci+ (UA1 Collab) --Banner, Battiston Blech* (UA2 Collab )

(W~SC) Herzog (WISE}

+Astbury, Aubert, 8acci- (UAI Collab ) +Astbury, AuberC 8acci* (UA1 Collab) +8anneL 8attiston, Bloch+ (UA2 Colla8) +Battiston, 81och, 8onaud]~ (UA2 Collab ~

El J = 1

Z M A S S

The fit uses the W and Z mass and mass difference (see below) measurements.

VALUE (GeV) EVTS DOCUMENT ID TEEN COMMENT 91.1614-0.031 OUR FIT 91.1604-0.031 OUR AVERAGE 91.171d-0.030±0.030 l l k 1 ABREU 90 DLPH F.~e= 88,3-95.0 GeV 91.160± 0024:=0.030 17k 1 ADEVA 90E L3 ~ e = 88.28-95.04 GeV 91154± 0 .021± 0 .030 28k 1 AKRAWY 90£ OPAL ~ = 88.28-95.04 GeV 91.182± 0.026± 0.030 20k 1 DECAMP 90D ALEP E~em = 88.28-95.04 GeV

90.9 ± 0 .3 =0.2 188 2 ABE 89c CDF F..~ p = 1800 GeV 91.14 = 0 1 2 480 3 ABRAMS 898 MRK2 F_..~em = 89.2-93.0 GeV

88.6 + 2 0 4 MORI 89 RVUE Ec ee < 57 GeV 18

• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •

91.49 ± 0 3 5 ± 0 .93 5 ALITTI 90B UA2 ~ ) ~ = 546,630 GeV I 91.06 =0.09 ± 0.045 1066 6 AARNIO 89 DLPH F..~em = 89.26-93.27 GeV 91.11 4-0.23 106 ABRAMS 89 MRK2 Repl. by ABRAMS 898 |

m

91132± 0 .057± 0 .046 2538 6 ADEVA 89 L3 Repl. by ADEVA 90C I 91.01 ± 0 0 5 ± 0.045 4350 6 AKRAWY 89 OPAL Re]~l. by AKRAWY 90E 93.1 ± 1 0 ± 3 0 24 7.8 ALBAJAR 89 UA1 ~Pm = 546,630 GeV

+5.2 ± 3 .2 14 9 ALBAJAR 89 UA1 E~?n= 546,630 GeV J 907 - 48 91.174± 0.055± 0.045 3320 6 DECAMP 89 ALEP RepL by DECAMP 90D J 91.5 ± 1.2 = 1.7 25 7 ANSARI 87 UA2 Repl. by ALITTI 90B 92,5 = 1 3 ± 1 .5 13 APPEL 86 UA2 Repl. by ANSARI 87 930 i 1 4 4-3.0 14 ARNISON 86 UA1 Repl. by ALBAJAR 89

7 0 10 ARNISON 84E UA1 Rept. by ALBAJAR 89 85.8 - 5 4 92 7 = 17 ± 1 4 4 11 BAGNAIA 84 UA2 Repl. by ALITTI 908 952 ± 2 .5 5 ARNISON 83E UA1 Repl. by ARNISON 83D 956 4-3.2 5 ARNISON 83D UA1 Repl. by ARNISON 86 91 9 ± 19 4 BAGNAIA 83 UA2 Repl. by ALITTI 908

1 The systematic error (0.03) is an error in common to the 4 LEP experiments. 2 First error of ABE 89 is combination of statistical and systematic contributions; second I

is mass scale uncertainty. 3ABRAMS 89B uncertainty includes 35 MeV due to the absolute energy measurement. 4 MORI 89 result is from all existing measurements of R below the Z region including

AMY, VENUS, and TOPAZ at TRISTAN plus data from PEP, PETRA, CESR, and DORIS. Assuming F(Z) - 2.5 GeV and A r _ 0070.

5Enters fit through W / Z mass ratio below. 6The systematic error (0.045) is an error in common to the 4 LEP experiments, 7 Enters fit through Z - W mass difference below. 8 ALBAJAR 89 result is from a total sample of 33 Z ~ e + e events. 9 ALBAJAR 89 result is from a total sample of 19 Z ~ #+ Iz events. I

10 ARNISON 84E is from 4 i~+ ~ , 1#+ # - ~,. 11 BAGNAIA 84 is a reanalysis of BAGNAIA 83 after recalibration of calorimeter.

W / Z M A S S R A T I O

VALUE DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT 0.884 ~:B.OOB OUR FIT Error includes scale factor of 1.1. 0.8831::E0,00484-0.0026 12 ALITTI 908 UA2 ~ n = 546,630 GeV

I2AL ITT I 90B scale error cancels in this ratio.

Z - W M A S S D I F F E R E N C E

The fit uses the W and Z mass and mass difference measurements.

VALUE IGeV) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT 10.54-0.4 OUR FIT Error includes scale factor of 1.1. 10.4=t=1.4/:0.8 ALBAJAR 89 UA1 E ~ n = 546,630 GeV • • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •

1 1 3 ± 1 . 3 ± 0 . 9 ANSARI 87 UA2 F~P= 546,630 GeV

Z W I D T H

VALUE (GeV I EL% EVT5 DOCUMENT ID TEEN COMMENT 2.534t:0.027 OUR AVERAGE 2.511±0.065 11k ABREU 90 DLPH F~em=883-95.0 I

GeV 2 839± 0,054 17k ADEVA 90c L3 F ~ e = 88.28-95,04 l

GeV 2.53610.045 28k AKRAWY 90E OPAL F..~em = 88.28 95.04 I

GeV 2 5 4 1 ± 0 0 5 6 20k DECAMP 90D ALEP F..~em = 88.28-95.04 I p~eV ! 3.8 ± 0 8 ± i 0 188 ABE 89C CDF E~m= 1800 GeV , |

+ 0 4 5 480 13 ABRAMS 89B MRK2 E~ e = 892-93,0 | 242 035 GeV |

+ 12 ± 1 3 24 14 ALBAJAR 89 UA1 E~m p = 546,630 GeV I 27 10 2 7 ± 2 .0 ± 1 0 25 15 ANSARI 87 UA2 F ~ n = 546,630 GeM

Robert Clare LEP at 30: ElectroWeak Physics

We, the experiments, should do the combination!

We understand better the systematics

And we can use the power of Four to get the most out of the data

And maybe do interesting things

Such as figure out where the top quark might be …

14

But then ... a wise man named Jack came along

Robert Clare LEP at 30: ElectroWeak Physics

The next year’s data (1990 Z peak scan) was even bigger and better than 1989.

Now 650k Z events summed from all experiments

Pretty straight-forward average (it was still early days, after all):

And, more importantly …

15

The power of four ...

mZ = 91.175 ± 0.021 GeV (20 MeV common)<latexit sha1_base64="iQOOJqbLNXnFfoo/IMzhgyi0+Bo=">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</latexit>

GZ = 2.487 ± 0.010 GeV<latexit sha1_base64="5O2liGEC7fPTPUmIprDRxBiF3BE=">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</latexit>

Experimental 50 GeV < mH < 1000 GeV

Of course, we used other measurements, such as lepton asymmetries, which also depend on mt, but this is a story!

And the LEP ElectroWeak Working Group (LEPEWWG) was born!

mt = 124 +40-56 ± 21 GeV

<latexit sha1_base64="GBLaTZ2q3flds+z1Flx3JM01ZXI=">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</latexit>

Robert Clare LEP at 30: ElectroWeak Physics

In Summer 1993, we had 3 scans (1989, 1990, 1991) and one year of peak-only data (1992). We now had 5 million Z events in the 4 experiments.

Other measurements were getting interesting:Rb = Γbb/Γhad, AFB and Pτ (τ polarization from parity violating Z decays)

And the Z mass and width kept getting better:

And the top mass got better:

16

A couple of years later ...

b

mZ = 91.187 ± 0.007 GeV (6 MeV common)<latexit sha1_base64="xN0KaKXahII0jBhp6xP8C9UPIWg=">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</latexit>

GZ = 2.489 ± 0.007 GeV<latexit sha1_base64="yTJSH2ausHG7Al7laGMzjaj6glc=">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</latexit>

mt = 164 +16-17

+19-21 GeV

<latexit sha1_base64="VkZ/WJJqJGbRN5dQSpR5Ae7nLeo=">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</latexit>

But, a caveat:

50

100

150

200

250

300

0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14AFB

0, b

Mt [

GeV

]

50

100

150

200

250

300

0.06 0.08 0.1AFB

0, c

Mt [

GeV

]

50

100

150

200

250

300

0.225 0.23 0.235sin2θeff

lept from <QFB>

Mt [

GeV

]

50

100

150

200

250

300

0.21 0.215 0.22Γbb/Γhad

Mt [

GeV

]

Γdd/Γhad

Γbb/Γhad

LEP

Robert Clare LEP at 30: ElectroWeak Physics

The next big scan from 1993 was analyzed. By now 8M Z’s. And another huge improvement on the LEP energy uncertainty:

And the top is also better predicted:

Later that year, CDF, quoting this result, announced evidence for the top quark, based on 12 events, with a mass

Right where LEP said it should be!!!17

The next Winter, Moriond 1994

mZ = 91.1895 ± 0.0044 GeV (4.0 MeV common)<latexit sha1_base64="GChOBfokWiHc8yyW4aTpiMCLKhA=">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</latexit>

GZ = 2.4969 ± 0.0038 GeV (2.7 MeV common)<latexit sha1_base64="DLCseonWUw0IDWvrHgf2n8PA8UM=">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</latexit>

mt = 172 +13-14

+18-20 GeV

<latexit sha1_base64="H1ysQnGL0U1uoR08tXOgMIm0GRM=">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</latexit>

mt = 174 ± 10 +13-14 GeV

<latexit sha1_base64="rVray95c66KFNFjgW/uBrso4tUA=">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</latexit>

Robert Clare LEP at 30: ElectroWeak Physics

Of course, it wasn’t just ΓZ that was driving the LEP top mass results…

18

LEP, Winter 1994

50

100

150

200

250

300

2.475 2.5 2.525 2.55ΓZ [GeV]

Mt [

GeV

]

50

100

150

200

250

300

41.4 41.5 41.6σh

0 [nb]

Mt [

GeV

]

50

100

150

200

250

300

20.7 20.8Rl

Mt [

GeV

]50

100

150

200

250

300

0.01 0.02 0.03AFB

0, l

Mt [

GeV

]50

100

150

200

250

300

0.15 0.2Ατ

Mt [

GeV

]

50

100

150

200

250

300

0.1 0.15 0.2Αe

Mt [

GeV

]

LEP

50

100

150

200

250

300

0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14AFB

0, b

Mt [

GeV

]

50

100

150

200

250

300

0.21 0.215 0.22Γbb/Γhad

Mt [

GeV

]

Γdd/Γhad

Γbb/Γhad

50

100

150

200

250

300

0.225 0.23 0.235sin2θeff

lept from <QFB>

Mt [

GeV

]

50

100

150

200

250

300

0.06 0.08 0.1AFB

0, c

Mt [

GeV

]

50

100

150

200

250

300

0.16 0.17 0.18Γcc/Γhad

Mt [

GeV

]

LEP

Robert Clare LEP at 30: ElectroWeak Physics

Armed with the CDF evidence and mass, we were now able to say something about the Higgs! The first “blue” band plot was born!

19

LEP, Summer 1994

0

2

4

6

10 102

103

MH [GeV]

∆ χ2

Well, it wasn’t blue, and it didn’t say much about the Higgs mass, but it was a start

Robert Clare LEP at 30: ElectroWeak Physics 20

LEP, Summer 1996

mH < 550 GeV0

2

4

6

10 102

103

mH [GeV]

∆χ2

Preliminary

theory uncertainty

mZ = 91.1863 ± 0.0020 GeV (1.5 MeV common)<latexit sha1_base64="EFCCMvmNQeILrmoS1eaej7ntwKc=">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</latexit>

GZ = 2.4946 ± 0.0027 GeV (1.7 MeV common)<latexit sha1_base64="4d+Ev7+70ZByiEI3wrrPSeLA3TM=">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</latexit>

The last energy scan (1995) in the bag; the first “real” blue band plot made it’s appearance:

Robert Clare LEP at 30: ElectroWeak Physics

The LEP Z data are final:

21

Fast forward to 2012...

10 2

10 3

0.137 0.147 0.157Al(A

0,lFB )

mH [

GeV

]

10 2

10 3

0.096 0.102 0.108A0,b

FB

mH [

GeV

]

10 2

10 3

0.137 0.147 0.157Al(Pτ)

mH [

GeV

]

10 2

10 3

0.06 0.07 0.08A0,c

FB

mH [

GeV

]

10 2

10 3

0.137 0.147 0.157Al (SLD)

mH [

GeV

]

Measurement

∆αhad= 0.02758 ± 0.00035∆α(5)

αs= 0.118 ± 0.003

mt= 178.0 ± 4.3 GeV

Note: now mH!ΓZ [GeV]

MH [G

eV]

Total Z Width

Mt = 178.0±4.3 GeV

linearly added toαS = 0.118±0.003

Experiment ΓZ [MeV]

ALEPH 2495.9 ± 4.3

DELPHI 2487.6 ± 4.1

L3 2502.5 ± 4.1

OPAL 2494.7 ± 4.1

χ2 / dof = 7.3 / 3

LEP 2495.2 ± 2.3

common error 1.2

10

10 2

10 3

2.483 2.495 2.507

MZ [MeV]

Mass of the Z BosonExperiment MZ [MeV]

ALEPH 91189.3 ± 3.1

DELPHI 91186.3 ± 2.8

L3 91189.4 ± 3.0

OPAL 91185.3 ± 2.9

χ2 / dof = 2.2 / 3

LEP 91187.5 ± 2.1

common error 1.7

91182 91187 91192

Robert Clare LEP at 30: ElectroWeak Physics

The incredible work at LEP2 and W boson physics is done...

22

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

80 80.280.480.680.8 81

Entries 0

80.0 81.0

MW[GeV]

LEP EWWGχ2/dof = 49 / 41

ALEPH [final] 80.439±0.050

DELPHI [final] 80.333±0.063

L3 [final] 80.263±0.058

OPAL [final] 80.415±0.052

LEP 80.376±0.033

Summer 2006 - LEP Preliminary

W-Boson Mass [GeV]

mW [GeV]80 80.2 80.4 80.6

χ2/DoF: 0.1 / 1

TEVATRON 80.387 ± 0.016

LEP2 80.376 ± 0.033

Average 80.385 ± 0.015

NuTeV 80.136 ± 0.084

LEP1/SLD 80.362 ± 0.032

LEP1/SLD/mt 80.363 ± 0.020

March 2012

And combinedwith CDF/D0:

And the state of the art mt = 173.2 ± 0.9 GeV

Robert Clare LEP at 30: ElectroWeak Physics 23

The final LEP blue band plot is created

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

10040 200mH [GeV]

Δχ2

LEPexcluded

LHCexcluded

Δαhad =Δα(5)

0.02750±0.000330.02749±0.00010incl. low Q2 data

Theory uncertaintyMarch 2012 mLimit = 152 GeV

Shortly thereafter, an enormous triumph for the LHC…But, predicted by LEP (with the help of others!), and the amazing Standard ModelAnd the power of a whole community working together

Robert Clare LEP at 30: ElectroWeak Physics 24

A huge collaborative effort: experimentalists and theorists

Robert Clare LEP at 30: ElectroWeak Physics

LEP was an amazing success

It’s sometimes difficult to remember (for those of us who were there!) or to even fathom (for those more recent additions to the HEP community) just how much changed with LEP…

25

LEP’s Impact

Robert Clare LEP at 30: ElectroWeak Physics

PDG 1990

26

Impact of LEP: Z mass...

13

S U M M A R Y TABLES OF PARTICLE PROPERTIES

April 1988

Particle Data Group

M Agullar-Benltez, R M Barnett, B Cabrera, G Conforto, R L Crawford, R A Elchler, K Haglwara, K G Hayes, J J Hernandez, I Hlnchllffe, G Hohler, S Kawabata, G R Lynch,

D M Manley, L Montanet, K A Olive, F C Porter, A Rlttenberg, M Roos, L D Roper, R R Ross, R H Schlndler, K R Schubert, R E Shrock, M Suzuki, N A Tornqvlst, T G Tnppe,

W P Trower, C G Wohl, and G P Yost, and Technical Associates B Armstrong and G S Wagman

(Approximate closing date for data January 1, 1988)

Particle

Stable Particle Summary Table (stable under strong decay)

For additional parameters, see the Addendum to this Table Quantt tws tn ttahcs are new or have changed by more than one (old) standard deviation since our 1986 edition

Mean life b Decay modes r (sec) Fraction b F~jec) a Mass b cr (cm) Mode [Limits are 90% CL] p (MeV/c) c

G A U G E B O S O N S

')" 0 ,1 (1 - - ) ( < 3× 10 -33 MeV) .. . . . . . stable

+24 W J = l 810 F < 6 5 G e V ev ( 100 - 3 3 )% 405x103 _+ 1 3 GeV ~v ( 1 2 +~ )% 40 5x103

+33 rv ( 102 - 4 1 )% 405x103 "f[euy d( <1 0 )%] 40 5x103

Z 92 4 F < 5 6 GeV _+1 8 GeV e+e ( 46 +11~ )% 462x103

+ -- # # seen 46 2x 10 3

m z - - m W = 11 4 ___ 1 4 GeV

LEPTONS Pe j = L < 18 eV stable stable

2

(CL=95%) [r> 300 m Ve sec (roVe in eV) CL=90% l

P# J = ±2 < 0 25 MeV stable stable (CL=90%) [z> 1 I x 105mvu sec (mvu in MeV)

Pr j = L < 35 MeV 2 (CL=95%)

CL=90% ]

Searches for massive neutnnos and lepton mixing Limits on number of light v types v bounds from astrophysics and cosmology Heavy lepton searches

See the Stable Particle Search Limits Summary Table and Full Listings

13

S U M M A R Y TABLES OF PARTICLE PROPERTIES

April 1988

Particle Data Group

M Agullar-Benltez, R M Barnett, B Cabrera, G Conforto, R L Crawford, R A Elchler, K Haglwara, K G Hayes, J J Hernandez, I Hlnchllffe, G Hohler, S Kawabata, G R Lynch,

D M Manley, L Montanet, K A Olive, F C Porter, A Rlttenberg, M Roos, L D Roper, R R Ross, R H Schlndler, K R Schubert, R E Shrock, M Suzuki, N A Tornqvlst, T G Tnppe,

W P Trower, C G Wohl, and G P Yost, and Technical Associates B Armstrong and G S Wagman

(Approximate closing date for data January 1, 1988)

Particle

Stable Particle Summary Table (stable under strong decay)

For additional parameters, see the Addendum to this Table Quantt tws tn ttahcs are new or have changed by more than one (old) standard deviation since our 1986 edition

Mean life b Decay modes r (sec) Fraction b F~jec) a Mass b cr (cm) Mode [Limits are 90% CL] p (MeV/c) c

G A U G E B O S O N S

')" 0 ,1 (1 - - ) ( < 3× 10 -33 MeV) .. . . . . . stable

+24 W J = l 810 F < 6 5 G e V ev ( 100 - 3 3 )% 405x103 _+ 1 3 GeV ~v ( 1 2 +~ )% 40 5x103

+33 rv ( 102 - 4 1 )% 405x103 "f[euy d( <1 0 )%] 40 5x103

Z 92 4 F < 5 6 GeV _+1 8 GeV e+e ( 46 +11~ )% 462x103

+ -- # # seen 46 2x 10 3

m z - - m W = 11 4 ___ 1 4 GeV

LEPTONS Pe j = L < 18 eV stable stable

2

(CL=95%) [r> 300 m Ve sec (roVe in eV) CL=90% l

P# J = ±2 < 0 25 MeV stable stable (CL=90%) [z> 1 I x 105mvu sec (mvu in MeV)

Pr j = L < 35 MeV 2 (CL=95%)

CL=90% ]

Searches for massive neutnnos and lepton mixing Limits on number of light v types v bounds from astrophysics and cosmology Heavy lepton searches

See the Stable Particle Search Limits Summary Table and Full Listings

31 MeV in 19902.1 MeV final

Robert Clare LEP at 30: ElectroWeak Physics

1987

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

1.0

ν µe-

e+e-µ µ+ -

–ν µe-

–ν e-e eν -e

gA

gV

–ν e-e

1987

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

1.0

νµe-

e+e-→µ µ+ -

–νµe-

–ν e-e eν -

e

gA

gV

–ν e-e

-0.041

-0.038

-0.035

-0.032

-0.506 -0.503 -0.5 -0.497gAl

g Vl

68% CL

l+l−e+e−

µ+µ−

τ+τ−

mt

mH

∆α

2002

27

Impact of LEP: effective couplings...

1987

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

1.0

νµe-

e+e-→µ µ+ -

–νµe-

–ν e-e eν -

e

gA

gV

–ν e-e

-0.041

-0.038

-0.035

-0.032

-0.506 -0.503 -0.5 -0.497gAl

g Vl

68% CL

l+l−e+e−

µ+µ−

τ+τ−

mt

mH

∆α

2002

-0.041

-0.038

-0.035

-0.032

-0.503 -0.502 -0.501 -0.5gAl

g Vl

68% CL

l+l−e+e−

µ+µ−

τ+τ−

mt

mH

mt= 178.0 ± 4.3 GeVmH= 114...1000 GeV

∆α

Robert Clare LEP at 30: ElectroWeak Physics

LEP changed the face of the Standard ModelExtraordinarily precise measurements coupled with extraordinarily precise theoretical calculations coupled with extraordinarily collaborative efforts produced extraordinarily amazing results!Before LEP we didn’t have a clue where the top quark or Higgs boson were.While they would have eventually been found without our help, there is no question that LEP pointed the way.

LEP determined the masses of the top and the Higgs without a single top quark or Higgs boson produced at LEP!

28

The EW Heritage of LEP (and the LEPEWWG)