Leonardo Michelangelo

8/6/2019 Leonardo Michelangelo

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• Dating back to the Early Middle Ages, Vinci is centered around thecastle that belonged to the Guidi Counts from the year 1000 to 1254 , atwhich time it was subjugated by Florence and transformed into aCommune.

• The castle is popularly known as "the castle of the ship", because itselongated shape resembles the silhouette of a sailing vessel, ft housessome frescoed and sculptured coats of arms, remembrances of thePodestas, and the splendid Madonna and Child terracotta by Giovanni dellaRobbia.

• The castle has been the seat of the Leonardo Museum since 1953 .Other figures are closely bound to Vinci, such as the sculptor PierFrancesco da Vinci, known as Pierino da Vinci, Leonardo's nephew.



Monument to Bartolommeo Colleoni• Begun By Verrocchio in 1481• Completed after his death• The popularity of Equestrian monuments• Due to the influence of the Classical stature of

Marcus Aurelius stood in the Campidoglio inRome

• 1475 – Condottiero Colleoni for captain generalof the Republic of Venice

• Left an substantial amount in his will to theRepublic on condition a statue of himselfshould be erected in his memory

• Acompetition was arranged• Three sculptors competed for the contract,

Verrocchio from Florence, Alessandro Leopardifrom Venice and Bartolomeo Vellano fromPadua.

•

Verocchio was declared the winner• He then opened a workshop in Venice andmade the final clay model which was ready tobe cast in bronze, but he died in 1488, beforethis was done.

• After much delay it was completed byAlessandro Leopardi and it was erected in theCampo SS Giovanni e Paolo in Venice where itremains



Baptism of ChristAndrea Del Verrocchio

1. The angel to the left isrecorded as having beenpainted by the youthfulLeonardo, a fact which hasexcited so much specialcomment and mythology

2. Verrocchio was not himself aprolific painter and very fewpictures are attributed to hishand, his fame lying chieflyin his sculptured works.

3. According to Vasari,Leonardo collaborated withVerrocchio on his Baptism ofChrist, painting the young

angel holding Jesus' robe ina manner that was so farsuperior to his master's thatVerrocchio put down hisbrush and never paintedagain



1. Most fittingly he isthe finest example ofa genius

2. Very good looking3. Superlative singling

voice4. Magnificent

physique5. Mathematical

excellence6. Scientific daring7. Etc.8. Caused him to treat

his artistic gift toolightly

9. Seldom finished apainting

10. Made rashexperiments such asthe last supper



3 portraits of women by Leonardo.

• All have a secret wistfulness• Most appealing in Cecilia Gallarani• Most enigmatic in Mona Lisa• Most confrontational in Ginevra de Benci



Sfumato

Italian term for a painting technique whichoverlays translucent layers of colour to create

perceptions of depth, volume and form. Inparticular, it refers to the blending of colours or

tones so subtly that there is no perceptibletransition.

In Italian sfumato means "vanished" withconnotations of "smoky" and is derived from the

Italian word fumo meaning 'smoke'. Leonardo daVinci described sfumato as "without lines or

borders, in the manner of smoke or beyond thefocus plane“.

Leonardo is closely associated with thetechnique, and one of the best-known examplesis his Mona Lisa. Critics and art historians have

argued over whether or not the Mona Lisa issmiling. This debate is due to the use of sfumato

around her mouth, making it a mystery as towhether the shadows are a result of a smile or if

the smile is a result of the shadows



Cecilia Gallerani

1. Shown holding the heraldic animalof Ludovico il Moro in her arms.

2. She was his favorite and gavebirth to his child in the same yearas he married Beatrice d'Este.

3. The charming and vividimpression Cecilia makes gainedLeonardo the reputation of being atalented portrait painter.

4. The movement of this beautiful girlturning slowly from the shadowinto the light is mirrored by thesmall animal she is holding.

5. The inscription in the upper leftcorner - La Feroniere Leonardd'Awinci - is a mistaken addition atthe end of the 18th century.



Ginevra de’Benci

• Was originally

larger• The back of the

panel depicts alaurel wreath and apalm encircling ajuniper sprig

• The tree behindGinevra is a Junipersprig.

• The three areconnected by ascroll saying

• She adorns herbeauty with virtue



Her rose-pink cheek•

and lips paintedwith extremerestraint

• It conveys herpersonality showingher inner restraint

• And control overher emotions

• Her heavy liddedeyes cast a shadowover her iris

• This furtherremoves her fromus

• Her gaze appears tolack of focus on theviewer she appears

to look beyond us.



Genevra

• The name is relatedto the name of theJuniper tree.

• The dark spikyJuniper leavesseem to suggest aspiky nature to herpersonality

• The juniper berryalso is used for themaking of gin.



Skin under thebodice•

Smooth surface ofher bodice paintedwith a soft wet oilon oil technique

• The bodice istransparent and

only suggested• If not for the gilt pin

holding it in place itwould not benoticeable.

• In the distance

Leonardo paints anatmosphericlandscape

• This is contrastedwith the solidity ofher form



THE LAST SUPPER



• Leonardo da Vinci paintedThe Last Supper

dry wall rather than onwet plaster• not a true fresco.• Because a fresco cannot bemodified as the artist works,

Leonardo instead chose to sealthe stone wall with a layer ofpitch, gesso and mastic, thenpaint onto the sealing layerwith tempera.

• Because of the method used,the piece began to deteriorate afew years after Leonardofinished it.

• Two early copies of The LastSupper are known to exist,presumably the work ofLeonardo's assistant. Thecopies are almost the size ofthe original, and have survivedwith a wealth of original detailstill intact.

http://www.universalleonardo.org/work.php?id=572



• Last Supper (copy after Leonardo) c1515-20• This is one of two large- scale early copies on canvas of Leonardo’s Last Supper,

which is almost the width of the original fresco.• In 1821, the Royal Academy in London purchased it for 600 guineas as a work by

Marco d’Oggiono but the current attribution to Giampetrino (Giovanni Pietro Rizzoli),who was a talented assistant of Leonardo’s in Milan, is now generally accepted.

Two dramatic moments are the main

http://www.universalleonardo.org/work.php?id=572



Two dramatic moments are the mainfeatures of representations of the lastsupper

1. either Christ’s institution of the HolyCommunion, or

2. His statement that one of the

disciples would betray him.In an early Christian mosaic’s (520 AD) thetheme centres on the communion,Judas is not singled out and thefigures recline in Roman fashion at asemicircular table with Christ in thehonoured position at the left.

A late 13th C Spanish altar again stressesthe communion.



Pietro Lorenzettibefore 1348

– The hexagonal pavilionrecalls Nicola Pisano'spulpit in SienaCathedral.

– Here the artist hasfocused on the betrayal

– Christ stares at Judasthe only disciple withouta halo here also the

introduction for the firsttime of animals andservants.

– On the left side, there isan unprecedented genrescene: fireplace, shelfand wooden beams aredepicted. One complexline of interpretation hascentered around thekneeling servant, whomay be using a tallith (aJewish prayer shawl) to

wipe away the Old Law.



Castagno 1447 – In the Quattrocento the betrayal of Christ was the moment most commonly chosen

for emphasis in the Last supper as in Castagno’s version. –

Judas sits isolated with a heavily mottled panel above his head suggesting a darksky lanced with thunderbolts. – The room is built in the austere style of Alberti, with the lavish coloured marble

panels functioning as a backdrop to the heavy and solemn scene of the banquet. – The other extraordinary element of this fresco is the remarkable balance of gestures

and expressions, particularly in the group of figures in the centre of thecomposition, where the innocent sleep of St John to the left of Jesus is contrastedto the tense, rigid figure of Judas sitting opposite.



•

For what reason was it commissioned? – After Ludovico il Moro was made duke of Milan in 1494, he decided to make the

monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie his family's burial place. – This is the context within which Leonardo was probably commissioned to decorate

the monks' dining room, the refectory, with a depiction of the Last Supper. – It cannot be determined exactly when the commission went to Leonardo; however,

the completion of the painting in 1498 is documented.

• a new technique



a new technique – As in all his major undertakings, Leonardo sought a new technical solution for the

process of painting. – He decided in favour of mixed media and painted over two ground layers using oil and

tempera paints, as was done in panel painting. – This particular technique is partially responsible for the fact that the disintegration of the

work set in so early, given the unfavorable climatic conditions. –

Scarcely 20 years after the completion of the work, it was already starting to come topieces, – Possibly because the wall had absorbed water. Ever since, every generation has worried

and made efforts to a greater or lesser degree to preserve this work.• In 1943, during an air raid, a bomb exploded in the refectory of the monastery of Santa Maria

delle Grazie and destroyed the roof and the wall to the right of the Last Supper right down tothe foundations; the work of art, protected by sand bags, fortunately survived thiscatastrophe largely unscathed.



• Judas – Judas above all was clearly

characterized by Leonardo,for he was not, as wascustomary, placed in thecenter of the picture in frontof the table, but placedamongst the row ofdisciples.

– He is identified by means ofseveral motifs such as hisreaching for the bread, thepurse containing the rewardfor his treachery and theknocking over of a saltcellar,a sign of misfortune.

– Leonardo even formallyexpressed his isolation fromthe group by depicting himas the only one whose upperbody is leaning against thetable, shrinking back fromJesus .


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/leonardo-michelangelo 29/66Two versions Of the Madonna of the Rocks one in National aller in London other in Louver, Paris



1. Leonardo is characterised by histreatment of hair

2. Also the angelic expression on theface

3. And the lack of rigidity in thecontour

4. One form glides imperceptibly intothe other

5. The face shows an interior ofwisdom, an artistic wisdom that noother artist has equalled

6. Towards the end of his life heaccepted the French Kings invite tolive in France

7. As a consequence he has fewimitators

8. Bernardino Luini of Milan (1485-1532) caught only the outer mannerof the half smile.

9. There is something in the work ofLeonardo that is too deep, too dark,too overpowering.

Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli



Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli1469 - 1527

1. The Florentine Statesman

2. Remembered chiefly as the author of

IL Principe (the prince)3. A rational analysis of political power

4. His main argument, a ruler must beprepared to do evil if he judges thatgood with come of it.

5. After he died he was judged an‘amoral cynic’ a view reinforced byhis enemies

1. In about 370, St Jerome, later



St Jerome Leonardo da Vinci1. In about 370, St Jerome, later

a Father of the Church, is saidto have withdrawn to live as ahermit in the desert of Chalcisnear Antioch, in order toproduce a translation of theBible and live as an ascetic.

2. Leonardo depicts the Fatherof the Church as a penitent,not a scholar.

3. St Jerome is kneeling in a

humble posture that arousesour sympathy, in front of thesketched cross of Christ onthe right, and before him liesthe lion, his attribute.

4. In his right hand he is holding

a stone with which he isstriking his breast.5. The head section of the

unfinished panel was sawnout in the 18th century and notreplaced and restored until the

19th century.



Ott



• The "Ottomans" became first known to the West in 1227 when they migrated westward

into the Seljuk Empire, in Anatolia. However, the Ottoman Turks would create a state inWestern Anatolia under Ertugrul,

• Ertugrul established a principality, as part of the decaying Seljuk empire. His sonOsman expanded the principality; and for him, both the empire and the people werenamed by Europeans as "Ottomans".

• Osman's son Orhan expanded the growing empire, taking Nicaea, present-day Iznik, andcrossed the Dardanelles strait, in 1362. But the Ottoman Empire came into its own when

Mehmed II captured the Byzantine Empire's capital, Constantinople (subsequently to beknown as Istanbul), in 1453.

Ottoman



• Michelangelo di LodovicoBuonarroti Simoni (1475 –1564),

• The second of five brothers,Michelangelo was born on March 6,1475, at Caprese, in Tuscany, toLudovico di Leonardo di Buonarotto Simoni and Francesca Neri .

• The same day, his father noteddown: "Today March 6, 1475, a child of the male sex has been born to me and I have named him

Michelangelo.• He was born on Monday between 4

and 5 in the morning, at Caprese,where I am the Podestà."

• Although born in the small villageof Caprese, Michelangelo alwaysconsidered himself a "son ofFlorence," as did his father, "aCitizen of Florence."

Portrait of a young boy early drawing by Michelangelo

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His father was a minorFlorentine officialHe had some connections to theMedici family and had high hopesfor Michelangelo to become asuccessful merchant orbusinessman and thus raise thestatus of the Buonarroti family.When Michelangelo turned 13 hedecided he wanted to join the‘Bottega’ Of Domenico GhirlandaioAfter learning the art of fresco hewas spotted by the sculptureschool in the Medici gardens andshortly thereafter invited intohousehold of Lorenzo de MediciThere he had an opportunity toconverse with the younger Medici,two of whom later became popes(Leo X and Clement VII). He alsobecame acquainted with suchhumanists as Marsilo Ficino and thepoet Angelo Poliziano , frequentvisitors to the Medici court.

Italian Bottega

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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Girolamo.Savonarola.jpg



• In the same year, the Medici wereexpelled from Florence as theresult of the rise of a religiousextremist Savonarola.Michelangelo left the city beforethe end of the political upheaval,

moving to Venice and then toBologna• Michelangelo returned to

Florence but received nocommissions from the new citygovernment under Savonarola.

• After a time it became safe forMichelangelo to return to theemployment of the Medici.

• During the half year he spent inFlorence he worked on two smallstatues, a child St. John theBaptist and a sleeping Cupid.

• This was actually an attempt tomake money by selling it as anancient Roman antique.

• Cardinal Raffaele Riario, to whomLorenzo had sold it, discoveredthat it was a fraud.

• He was so impressed by thequality of the sculpture that heinvited the artist to Rome.

Michelangelo Buonarroti 1475 1564

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Michelangelo Buonarroti. 1475-1564.

1. Resisted the paint brush vowing thechisel his only tool.

2. Only the Pope (Julius II) could coerce

him into painting the Sistene Chapel.3. terribilita ’ means not so much beingterrible but rather ‘awesome’

4. Michelangelo is awesome in scopeand in imagination.

5. His teacher Domenico Ghirlandaio(1448-94)

6. His handling of the claw chisel and inhis hatching technique in drawings.

7. An example of Ghirlandaio's workThe ‘Birth of John the Baptist’ isgentle and harmonious bear more incommon with Botticelli and not thehuge intelligence of Michelangelo’s

8. Doni Tondo.This is an early painting notattractive in its muscularangularisation. It has a remotechilly beauty, and a stark power.



Ghirlandaio birth of John the Baptist

1499 - Pieta



1499 Pieta

1. Michelangelo’s first major work he is 23 2. In November of 1497, the French

ambassador in the Holy Seecommissioned a Pietà

3. The result of which was summarized byVasari: "It is certainly a miracle that aformless block of stone could ever havebeen reduced to a perfection that natureis scarcely able to create in the flesh."

4. The divinity of Mary the mother of Godwho is ageless

5. Her face leans over a lifeless body thatis perfect in anatomical detail.

6. Divine quality echoed in earthly beauty,perfect human standards thereforedivine.

7. Idea of redemption through suffering isthe theme.

8. The more perfect the sacrifice, the moreperfect the divinity.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Michelangelos_David.jpg



1. 1501 – The Medici are restored and therepublic of Florence is once again declared

2. 12 days after the declaration of the republic – the Arte della Lana or Wool Guild, the

wealthy corporation responsible for themaintenance and ornamentation of theCathedral, commissioned him to sculpt astatue of David.

3. The high point of Michelangelo's early styleis the gigantic (4.34 m) marble David

(Accademia, Florence),4. He is the model of heroic courage and hissling is the weapon with which he overcamethe Giant Goliath

5. It is a neo-platonic idea of David as a Greekhero with biblical overtones

6. Each Florentine would be aware of theirown significance in the maintenance of theFlorentine independence in the face of theheavy weights surrounding themepitomised by the Pope and French andGerman interests in Italy

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The Sistine Chapel – The present chapel, on the site of the Cappella Maggiore,was designed by Baccio Pontelli for Pope Sixtus IV, for whom it is named, andbuilt under the supervision of Giovannino de Dolci between 1473 and 1484.



Pope Julius II (December 5, 1443 – February 21, 1513), born Giulianodella Rovere, was Pope from 1503to 1513.

1. He is commonly known as the"Warrior Pope".

2. Became Pope in 1503

3. Reasserted Papal authority over

the Roman Barons andsuccessfully backed thereinstatement of the Medic’s inFlorence.

4. Liberal Patron of the Artscommissioning Bramante tobuild the new St. Peters Church.

5. Michelangelo to Paint theSistine Chapel

6. Raphael to paint the Papalapartments



Sistine Chapel

1. The Sistine Chapel(Italian: Cappella Sistina)is a chapel in the

Apostolic Palace, theofficial residence of thePope, in the Vatican City.

2. Its fame rests on itsarchitecture, whichevokes Solomon's Temple

of the Old Testament,3. its decoration, frescoed

throughout by thegreatest Renaissanceartists, includingMichelangelo

4. and its purpose, as a siteof papal religious andfunctionary activity,

5. notably the conclave, atwhich a new Pope isselected.



h b l



The sibyls

1. prophetic women whowere resident at shrinesor temples throughoutthe Classical World.

2. The five depicted hereare each said to haveprophesied the birth ofChrist.

The Cumaean Sibyl

1. Quoted by Virgil asdeclaring that "a newprogeny of Heaven"would bring about a

return of the "GoldenAge".

2. This was interpreted asreferring to Jesus.



biblical and pagan figures a. Michelangelo was a heavyweight intellectual and poet.b. He was profoundly educated and a man of utmost faith.c. His vision of God is of ‘fire and ice’ terrible august in his severe purity. d. The prophets and seers who look upon the countenance of the almighty

have an appropriate largeness of spirit.prophets and ‘seers’

a. The same power in more comprehensible form in the prophets and Sybil’s. b. Sybil’s were the oracles of Greece and Rome. c. One of the most famous the Cumaean Sybil whod. In the ‘Aeneid’ gives guidance to Aeneas on his journey to the underworld.

Ezekiel the prophet Creation of Eve Cumaean sibyl



1. In the Church of Rome, where there was an



increasing interest in the remains of the city'spagan past,

a. where scholars turned from readingMedieval Church Latin to Classical Latin

b. The philosophies of the Classical world werestudied along with the writings of StAugustine, the presence, in the SistineChapel of five pagan prophets is notsurprising.

2. five particular sibyls that were depicted,

a. given that, as with the Minor Prophets, therewere ten or twelve possibilities. It is that thechoice was made for a wide geographiccoverage, with the sibyls coming from Africa,Asia, Greece and Ionia.

3. Erythraean sibyl "Many aspects of this figure are ofexceptional loveliness: the expression of her face,her headdress and the arrangement of herdraperies: and her arms, which are bared, are as

beautiful as the rest.“ Vasari



Erythraean Sibyl

Erythraean Sibyla. The Sybil’s are ‘twinned’ with Old testament



a. The Sybil s are twinned with Old testamentprophets

b. The Sybil’s were wise women with superior spiritual inspiration capable of explaining God’smessage to humanity.

c. O.T. Prophets spoke to the Jews, the sibyls spoketo the Greeks.d. She lived in Erythrae which is in Iona, southwest

Turkey.1. torch and light

a. The Cherub holds a lit torch, and the flame is a prePentecostal manifestation of the Holy Spirit or

divine revelation.b. She has not needed to wait for the lamp to belighted. Her light is from within.

c. Her sureness is contrasted with the little cherubrubbing his eyes.

2. posture and head of the sibyla. She leans forward lost in her book

b. Turns the page with calm deliberation.c. One, who sees, gifted with clairvoyance.d. She turns the book as an illuminator who brings

good tidings to all mankind.3. The pages of time

a. She needs only one languid arm to turn the pagesb. She is poised to act and is realaxed yet full of

latent energy .



Maarten van Heemskerck1564

Left wing of a triptych with the Erythraean Sibyl (back) andMatelief Dammasz (front)

The Ghent Altarpiece - Erythraean Sibyl

Year: unknownAuthor:Jan van Eyck



Libyan sibyl



Delphic Sybil



Persian Sibyl

Leonardo Michelangelo

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