Lentil Project Sec2-Group 5- Nutrition Map of India(Calorie on

8/8/2019 Lentil Project Sec2-Group 5- Nutrition Map of India(Calorie on

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Calorie intake at different expenditure level

(1999-2000)

Rural Urban

Expenditureclass

Calorieintake

%Expenditure

on food

Expenditureclass

Calorieintake

%Expenditure

on food

0-225 1383 67% 0-300 1398 64%

225-255 1609 67% 300-350 1654 64%

255-300 1733 66% 350-425 1729 62%

300-340 1868 65% 425-500 1912 60%

340-380 1957 65% 500-575 1968 58%

380-420 2054 64% 575-665 2091 56%

420-470 2173 63% 665-775 2187 54%470-525 2289 62% 775-915 2297 52%

525-615 2403 60% 915-1120 2467 49%

615-775 2581 58% 1120-1500 2536 45%

775-950 2735 55% 1500-1925 2736 41%

950-more 3778 46% 1925-more 2938 32%

Consumption Pattern in Rural India

Per capita Monthly Expenditure in Rs.

Item Expenditure Groups

300-340 525-615

Cereals 99.25 117.77

Gram 0.35 0.79

Cereal substitutes 0.17 0.41

Pulses & their products 14.18 22.12

Milk & Milk products 16.29 57.68



then spends around Rs.130 on fuel and light. Around Rs. 70 is spent on firewood and chips. Thehousehold consumes only 10 units of electricity in the whole month. The amount spent on

clothing per person per month is Rs.23.92, which amounts to Rs 290 in the whole year. Rs. 290include expenditure on bedding, woolens and every day clothes. The expenditure on education is

Rs.3.69 per capita per month. Again if it is a household of 5 with 2 school going children the

amount spent per month per child is Rs10. Can these be the norms for dignified living in anysociety?

The expenditure at poverty line corresponding to calorie norms is only slightly better. It enables13.45 kgs of grain. Monthly per capita consumption of milk is 5.15 litres. The group can afford

1.41 eggs and 3 bananas per person per month. The household spends Rs.218 on fuel and light.Apart from firewood and chips, the household also spends a little bit on kerosene. The

consumption of electricity is around 28 units per month. The annual expenditure on clothing isaround Rs.470, which allows a little amount to spent on bedding, towel and woolens. Similarly

expenditure on education is slightly more respectable. It may amount to Rs. 25 per school goingchild.(The consumption in quantity terms is obtained from NSSO report no. 461).

Thus, even the expenditure group conforming to the calorie norms does not conform to other

norms of dignified living and does not ensure fulfillment of the basic minimum. Therefore, therecan be no justification for lowering the poverty line below the average expenditure of this

expenditure group.

If it is officially recognized that rural poverty in India is in the range of 75% and urban poverty

55% then it changes the policy perspective drastically. When 75% of the rural population belongs to the poverty group then poverty cannot be alleviated through targeted PDS or mid-day

meal programme or Rozgar Yojanas announced afresh every year. Seventy-five percent rural poverty demands major restructuring in land ownership and land use pattern. According to the

same 55

th

round NSSO data on employment & unemployment, 40.9% of the rural households arelandless. Another 22.3% cultivate 0.01 to 0.4 hectares of land and 16.8% cultivate 0.41 to 1.00

hectares of land. Thus effectively 80% of the rural households do not have access to adequatelivelihood resource base. The 55

thround data also tells us about a drastic squeeze on employment

possibilities in agriculture. The growth rate of agricultural employment fell from 2.08 percent between 1987-88 to1993-94 to 0.80 percent during the period 1993-94 to 1999-2000. People

debouched out of agriculture have no working or living space outside. They migrate in hugenumbers from one village to another or from village to the town in search of food and work.

Seventy-five percent rural poverty originates from a deep-rooted crisis in Indian agriculture.

Similarly 55% urban poverty results from a crisis in Indian industry.

new nutritional data on the calorie intake per person per day in India's 17 most populous Stateshave recently been released by the National Sample Survey (NSS) Organisation. The mostsalient feature of the new data is the deeply disturbing finding that, at the all-India level, average

calorie intake declined steadily in rural and urban areas between 1972-73 and 1993-94.

In rural India, average calorie intake fell from 2,266 Kcals in 1972-73 to 2,221 in 1983 and to2,153 in 1993-94. In urban India, the average intake was lower than in rural India. At the same



time, the reduction in intake was smaller in urban India than in rural India; intake went downfrom 2,107 Kcals in 1972-73 to 2,089 in 1983 and 2071 in 1993-94.

There were, however, exceptions to the overall trend of decline in calorie intake. There were

only two States in which the calorie intake per person increased between 1972-73 and 1993-94 in

ruraland urban areas: Kerala and West Bengal. West Bengal's performance was noteworthy intwo respects. First, calorie intake per person improved in rural and urban areas between 1983 and

1993-94 and over the longer period 1972-1993. Secondly, calorie intake per person in West

Bengal, which was below the national average in 1972-73, moved to a position above thenational average in 1993-94.

SUSHANTA PATRONOBISH In West Bengal, land reform and a democratic system of

panchayats - one that actually represents the rural poor -

triggered the highest levels of agricultural growth in India in

the 1980s and early 1990s.

The new data on nutritional intakes are from a paper titled "A Note on Nutritional Intake in India: NSS-50th Round (July 1993 to June 1994)", published in

Sarvekshana, the journal of the NSS Organisation (Vol. XXI, No. 2, 73rd Issue; dated October-

December 1997, although recently released). The paper provides data from the 50th Round of the NSS as well as comparative material from the 27th Round, conducted in 1972-73, and the 38th

Round, conducted in 1983.Sarvekshana also contains information on the components of consumption and disparities in consumption across income classes. The data on average calorie

intakes and changes in intakes are illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 and Figures 3 and 4 respectively.

Between 1972-73 and 1983, the only States in which the average calorie intake per person in

rural areas rose were Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa and West Bengal. In the nextdecade, 1983 to 1993-94, the average calorie intake in rural areas rose in only three States -

Kerala, West Bengal and Orissa. If the entire period (that is, 1972-73 to 1993-94) is considered,calorie intake per person rose in the rural areas of four States - Kerala, West Bengal, Orissa and

Maharashtra. The largest absolute increase in calorie consumption per person per day was inKerala (406 Kcal); Kerala was followed by West Bengal (290 Kcal), Orissa (204 Kcal) and



Maharashtra (44 Kcal). In West Bengal and Orissa, the average intake per person moved from below the all-India average in 1972-73 and 1983 to a level above the all-India average in 1993-

94. The average intakes in Kerala and Maharashtra were, however, below the national average inall years.

In urban India too, average calorie intake fell between 1972-73 and 1983 and fell again between1983 and 1993-94. Between 1972-73 and 1983, the only States for which NSS data showed a risein average urban calorie intake were Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. NSS data

record an increase in calorie intakes between 1983 and 1993-94 in the urban areas of a larger number of States, including Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Jammu and Kashmir, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh

and West Bengal. With respect to the period 1972-73 to 1993-94 as a whole, however, calorieintake per person in urban areas rose in only five States, namely, Kerala, Karnataka, West

Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra. Again, the largest absolute increase in calorieconsumption per person per day was in Kerala (243 Kcal); Kerala was followed by Karnataka

(101 Kcal) and West Bengal (51 Kcal).

Another noteworthy feature of the NSS data is that in the rural areas of four States - Punjab,

Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir - average calorie intake fell by more than600 Kcal per person per day (in Punjab, the fall was actually of the magnitude of 1,075 Kcal per

person per day). The decline in nutritional intake was thus steepest in States where initial levelsof calorie consumption were the highest in India.

The data on urban areas also shows a sharp reduction in nutritional intake in the States where

initial consumption levels were highest (including Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh).



THE KER ALA "PAR ADOX"

NSS data show Kerala as being a State where average intakes are low and below the nationalaverage. Data from the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB), another important

source of information on nutritional intakes in certain States of India, also suggest that actualconsumption in Kerala is low. (The NNMB data also corroborate the NSS finding that actual

consumption in Kerala has, in contrast with other States, risen.)

At the same time, an unfailing feature of the data on nutritional outcomes in India is that, by

almost any nutritional criterion, the people of Kerala are better nourished than people elsewherein India. The National Family Health Survey of 1992-93, for example, estimated the extent of

child malnutrition among children in the age group 0-4 years. As can be seen from Figure 5, theincidence of severe child malnutrition is clearly the lowest in Kerala. According to NNMB data,

Kerala does better than other States with respect to age-wise mean anthropometric evidence

(height, weight, arm circumference, and related measures) and clinical signs of nutritionaldeficiency in children.



There have been different attempts to explain this apparent paradox between low intakes andrelatively favourable nutritional outcomes. One expert, C. R. Soman, has suggested that in

Kerala, "nutrients are better utilised, quite possibly because of the positive interaction betweenhealth care and nutrition." In addition, high levels of education enhanced health-seeking

behaviour and nutrition information among the people.

There could be other explanations as well. One is that the paradox may, in fact, be an illusion. NSS questionnaires may underestimate consumption in Kerala because they do not capture

adequately the very diverse components of diets in the State. Another explanation is that theallocation of food within the household can be assumed to be less inequitable in Kerala than

elsewhere. Nutritional outcomes may thus be better than average intake data suggest.

FOR all the problems of the data, the unambiguous trend in Kerala and West Bengal in respect of food intake has been one of progress and not regression. The new material from the NSS adds to

the growing body of evidence on how public policy initiated by the Left in Kerala and WestBengal has helped make life "a little better" for the poor and very poor and to have done so

despite the fact that incomes in these States are low.

Land reform was implemented relatively early in Kerala. The State also has India's most

effective system for the public distribution of food as well as high levels of school education anda widespread public health system. These are among the factors that have helped create mass

health and nutritional outcomes in the State that are better and better distributed than elsewherein the country.

In West Bengal, land reform and a democratic system of panchayats - one that actuallyrepresents the rural poor - triggered the highest levels of agricultural growth in India in the 1980s

and early 1990s. As a consequence of these policies, there was a reduction in income poverty inrural West Bengal. Economists C.P. Chandrasekhar and Abhijit Sen have shown that, among the

15 most populous States of India, the decline in the proportion of the rural population under the poverty line between 1977-78 and 1993-94 was the highest in West Bengal ( F r ontline, February

23, 1996). The new NSS data now show that the results of rural change in West Bengal are beingfelt in the sphere of actual food consumption as well.



Calories Consumption of Urban rich Indian in a day

Here is the calorie chart of Urban rich society can consume,

Calories in Fruits per 100 Grams

Calories in Apple 56Calories in Avocado Pear 190Calories in Banana 95

Calories in Chickoo 94Calories in Cherries 70

Calories in Dates 281Calories in Grapes Black 45

Calories in Guava 66Calories in Kiwi Fruit 45

Calories in Lychies 61Calories in Mangoes 70

Calories in Orange 53Calories in Orange juice 100ml 47

Calories in Papaya 32Calories in Peach 50

Calories in Pears 51Calories in Pineapple 46

Calories in Plums 56Calories in Strawberries 77

Calories in Watermelon 26Calories in Pomegranate 77

Calories in Vegetables per 100 Grams Calories in Broccoli 25Calories in Brinjal 24

Calories in Cabbage 45Calories in Carrot 48

Calories in Cauliflower 30Calories in Fenugreek (Methi) 49

Calories in French beans 26Calories in Lettuce 21

Calories in Mushroom 18Calories in Onion 50Calories in Peas 93

Calories in Potato 97Calories in Spinach 100g

Calories in Spinach 1 leaf Calories in Tomato 21

Calories in Tomato juice 100ml 22Calories in Cereals per 100 Grams

Calories in Bajra 360



Calories in Maize flour 355Calories in Rice 325

Calories in Wheat flour 341Calories in Breads per piece

1 medium chapatti 119

1 slice white bread 601 paratha (no filling) 280

Calories in Milk & Milk Products per cup Calories in Butter 100gms. 750

Calories in Buttermilk 19Calories in Cheese 315

Calories in Cream 100gms. 210Calories in Ghee 100gms 910

Calories in Milk Buffalo 115Calories in Milk Cow 100

Calories in Milk Skimmed 45Calories in Other Items

Calories in Sugar 1 tbsp 48Calories in Honey 1 tbsp 90

Calories in Coconut water 100 ml 25Calories in Coffee 40

Calories in Tea 30

Food Nutrition Pyramid

Food nutrition pyramid lays down some basic guidelines regarding the kind of food that the kidsshould consume. Nutrition pyramid guide for kids basically focuses on five distinctive food

groups. Each food group is indicated by a different color in the nutrition pyramid, like orangecolor is for grains, red indicates fruits, purple represents proteins, yellow is for fats and oil, blue

stands for dairy and the other calcium products and finally green is meant for vegetables. Everyfood item that is mentioned in the food pyramid consists of some different nutrients mix. So, it

becomes of prime importance to cook different kinds of foods for your kids, so that they get allessential nutrients required by the body. Regular exercise and healthy and balanced food is what

is required to ensure their health fitness.

Lentil Project Sec2-Group 5- Nutrition Map of India(Calorie on

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