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Leninism

Vladimir Lenin in 1920.

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The elements of Leninism that include the no-

tion of the disciplined revolutionary, the

more dictatorial revolutionary state and of a

war between the various social classes is of-

ten attributed to the influence of

Nechayevschina and of the 19th century nar-

odnik movement (of which Lenins older

brother was a member) - "The morals of [the

Bolshevik] party owed as much to Nechayev

as they did to Marx" writes historian Orlando

Figes.[3] This would help explain the traces of

class bigotry (e.g. Lenins frequent descrip-

tion of the bourgeoisie as parasites, insects,

leeches, bloodsuckers etc[4] and the creation

of the GULAG system of concentration camps

for former members of the bourgeois and ku-

lak classes[5]) detectable in Leninism but for-

eign in Marxism.

ImperialismIn his Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Cap-

italism (1916) Lenin advanced the view that

imperialism is the highest stage of the capit-

alist economic system. Lenin developed a

theory of imperialism aimed to improve and

update Marxs work by explaining a phe-

nomenon which Marx predicted: the shift of

capitalism towards becoming a global system

(hence the slogan "Workers of the world,

unite!"). At the core of this theory of imperi-

alism lies the idea that advanced capitalist in-

dustrial nations increasingly come to export

capital to captive colonial countries. They

then exploit those colonies for their re-

sources and investment opportunities. This

superexploitation of poorer countries allows

the advanced capitalist industrial nations to

keep at least some of their own workers con-

tent, by providing them with slightly higher

living standards. (See labor aristocracy;

globalization.)For these reasons, Lenin argued that a

proletarian revolution could not occur in the

developed capitalist countries as long as the

global system of imperialism remained intact.

Thus, he believed that a lesser-developed

country would have to be the location of the

first proletarian revolution. This was an open

revision of Marxs thesis that such a revolu-

tion could only occur in a developed capital-

ist country. A particularly good candidate, in

his view, was Russia - which Lenin con-sidered to be the "weakest link" in global

capitalism at the time.[6]At the time, Russias

economy was primarily agrarian (outside of

the large cities of St. Petersburg and Mo-

scow), still driven by peasant manual and an-

imal labor, and very underdeveloped com-

pared to the industrialized economies of

western Europe and North America.

SuccessorsAfter Lenin died, there was a fierce power

struggle in the Soviet Union. The two main

contenders were Joseph Stalin and Leon Trot-

sky. In 1924, Stalin advanced a line which is

usually called "Socialism in one country",

which taught that the Soviet Union should

aim to build socialism by itself while support-

ing revolutionary governments across the

world. Trotsky argued that socialism in one

country was impossible and that the USSR

should have supported revolution in the de-veloped countries: Stalin and his supporters

termed this view as "Trotskyism", in order to

suggest that their policy was Leninisms

political continuation. Later described as

Marxism-Leninism (or as Stalinism by its op-

ponents), Stalins view was adopted, and

Trotsky was expelled from the country.

In the Peoples Republic of China, the

Communist Party of China described its or-

ganizational structure as Leninist. Later, the

Chinese Communists developed Marxism-

Leninism into the theory of Mao Zedong

Thought or Maoism, which remains popular

in many third world revolutionary

movements.

Present-day Leninists often see globaliza-

tion as a modern continuation of imperialism

in that capitalists in developed countries ex-

ploit the working class in developing and un-

derdeveloped countries, maintaining higher

profits by lowering the costs of production

through lower wages, longer working time,

and more intensive working conditions.

See also Marxism-Leninism

He who does not work neither shall he eat

An equal amount of products for an equal

amount of labor

Lenins national policy

New Economic Policy

Democratic centralism

Anti-Leninism

Marxism

The Communist Manifesto

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Leninism

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Notes[1] Faces Of Janus 133

[2] Harding, Neil (ed.). The State in Socialist

Society. St. Antonys College, Oxford,

1984. 2nd. Edition, 1985. Pp. 189

[3] Figes, O: A Peoples Tragedy. Page 133.

Pimlico 1997

[4] Solzhenitsyn, A: The Gulag Archipelago.

Page 27. Collins 1974

[5] Volgovonov, D: Lenin, A New Biography.

Page 243. The Free Press

[6] Tomasic, D 1953, "The Impact of Russian

Culture on Soviet Communism", The

Western Political Quarterly, vol. 6, no. 4

December, pp. 808-9

Further reading Marcel Liebman. Leninism Under Lenin.The Merlin Press. 1980. ISBN

0-85036-261-X

Roy Medvedev. Leninism and Western

Socialism. Verso Books. 1981. ISBN

0-86091-739-8

Neil Harding. Leninism. Duke University

Press. 1996. ISBN 0-8223-1867-9

Joseph Stalin. Foundations of Leninism.

University Press of the Pacific. 2001. ISBN

0-89875-212-4

CLR James. Notes on Dialectics: Hegel,

Marx, Lenin. Pluto Press. 2005. ISBN

0-7453-2491-6

Edmund Wilson. To the Finland Station: A

Study in the Writing and Acting of History.

Phoenix Press. 2004. ISBN 0-7538-1800-0

Non-Leninist Marxism: Writings on the

Workers Councils (texts by Gorter,

Pannekoek, Pankhurst and Ruhle), Red

and Black Publishers, St Petersburg,

Florida, 2007. ISBN 978-0-9791813-6-8

Paul Le Blanc. Lenin and the

Revolutionary Party. Humanities Press

International, Inc. 1990. ISBN

0-391-03604-1.

A. James Gregor. The Faces of Janus. Yale

University Press. 2000. ISBN

0-300-10602-5.

External linksWorks by Vladimir Lenin:

What is to be Done?

Imperialism: The Highest Stage of

Capitalism The State and Revolution

The Lenin Archive at Marxists.org

First Conference of the Communist

International

Other links:

Marcel Liebman on Lenin and democracy

An excerpt on Leninism and State

Capitalism from the work of Noam

Chomsky

Organizational Questions of the Russian

Social Democracy by Rosa Luxemburg

LENINS PHILOSOPHYby Karl Korsch

Cyber Leninism

Lenin as a Philosopher by Anton

Pannekoek

The Lenin Legend by Paul Mattick

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninism"

Categories: Communism, Marxism, Modernism, Theories of history, Vladimir Lenin, Political

philosophy by politician

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