Leisure experience02
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Leisure experience
Emotion
What determines the emotion we are going through?
Motives and needs Physical and mental capabilities and their
influence on the experience Expectations preceding the participation in
leisure activity The environment
Emotions
Always there: in our brain Reactions to physiological changes – inners
selves (adrenaline, estrogen or testosterone) Reaction to external stimuli
Common Sense Theory of Emotion
Common Sense Theory of Emotion - a stimulus leads to an emotion, which then leads to bodily arousal.
Emotions in World of Leisure
Leisure: time to compensate certain shortcomings in everyday life
Stress needs to be counterbalanced Leisure offers surrogate solutions (artificial)
Why surrogate (artificial) solutions?
Loneliness
Boredom
Good movie?
Going rafting?
Leisure
Artificial surroundings Controlled adventure No real, natural emotions - artificial emotions We do display emotions in cinema, but these
emotions are different from real emotionsdifferent from real emotions
Artificial emotions
Temporary elimination of the disbelief Leisure manipulates the awareness of
simulation situation trying to induce real emotions
Is this desirable?
There is a boundary up to which we have our emotions under control
Emotions in Leisure
Leisure needs to ensure that, particularly when negative emotions are concerned, boundaries are not crossed and are well controlled.
Optimal Leisure Experience Flow
Leisure emotion generated during the consumption of a leisure product is called leisure experience
Leisure experience
The emotions evoked by participation may vary in intensity (flow)
The intensity of emotions differs with each leisure activity and also differs throughout the participation in one and the same activity
Flow: experience in which you forget everything around and you became ecstatic.
Characteristics of optimal leisure experience
Enriched perception Observation of the surroundings in intense
manner – the assumption is colorful and sparking
Characteristics of optimal leisure experience
Disturbance in the same sense Time sense gets utterly disturbed, Hours
pass as they are minutes, and time “flies”
Characteristics of optimal leisure experience
Strong personal involvement and total absorption
People totally lose themselves in the activity and are not aware about other things that are happening around them
Characteristics of optimal leisure experience
Sense of carelessness, fun and pleasure
Fear, Pain and Sorrow as a Peak Experience
Leisure experience is not always positive The importance of control of negative
emotions (controlled fear, pain, sorrow)
Leisure experience
Experience: emotional frame of mind when taking part in a leisure activity
Leisure experience vary in intensity and it is strongly individual
High experience value is usually associated with positive emotions but could derived from negative (controlled) emotions
Optimal leisure experience
The experience flow: pleasure, carelessness, intense perception,
full concentration, disturbance of one’s time sense.
Conditions for Optimal Leisure experience
Neulinger’s Leisure Paradigm Csikzentmihalyi’s Optimal Leisure experience
John Neulinger
April 26, 1924 - June 20, 1991
German-American psychologist and Professor of psychology at City College of New York.
Neulinger is best known for contributing a social psychological theory of leisure to the field of leisure studies
Neulinger’s paradigm (1)
Two qualities of leisure (perceived freedom of choice/perceived constraints intrinsic motivation) offer the explanation.
Neulinger’s paradigm (2)
All activities could be divided into 2 categories:Leisure: perceived freedom
Non- leisure: perceived constraint
Classification of Leisure & Non-leisure activities by motivation type
Intrinsic (internal) Motivation comes form rewards inherent to
an activity itself Extrinsic (external) Motivation comes from rewards outside of the
performer All activities can be intrinsically, extrinsically
or both motivated
Leisure categories
PURE LEISURE
freely engaged in, doing an activity for its own sake, no external awards
Please give examples …..
LEISURE WORK:
freely engaged in & combine both intrinsic & extrinsic motivation
The rewards/ incentives for doing the activities come form within & outside the performer
Please give examples
LEISURE JOB
Activities that are freely engaged in & are totally extrinsically motivated
The reward / incentives for participation in an activity come solely form outside the performer
Please give examples
Non leisure categories
PURE WORK
Activities that are participated in under some kind of constraint & are totally intrinsically motivated
WORK JOB
Activities that are participated in under some kind of constraint & combine both intrinsic& extrinsic motivation
Please give example…
PURE JOB
Activities that are performed in under some kind of constraint & are totally extrinsically motivated
Please give example
6 States of Mind State of Mind One: purest form of leisure--an activity freely chosen for its own sake;
contains freedom from external control & brings intrinsic rewards; E.G.: volunteering; any activity chosen for its own sake
State of Mind Two: (leisure-work) all activities are freely chosen yet are both extrinsically and intrinsically rewarding; activity is satisfying not only in itself but also in terms of payoffs; E.G.: gardening; woodworking; classic car restoration
State of Mind Three: leisure-job which one engages in without coercion but the satisfaction comes from external payoffs; E.G.: golf for money, exercising for better fitness.
State of Mind Four: pure-work, or activities engaged in because of perceived constraints but for intrinsic reasons; E.G.: homework - even though you like the subject, it is mandatory...given free choice you would not do it, but still find it interesting.
State of Mind Five: work-job--activities engaged in under constraint, but having both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards; E.G.: average job...work may be meaningful, but wouldn’t do it unless you were paid, or b/c you have to work to live
6. State of Mind Six: pure job represents a complete opposition to leisure; activity is done out of necessity and under constraint with only reward being external payoff; E.G.: drudgery work
FREEDOM
PERCEIVED FREEDOM PERCEIVED CONSTRAINT
intrinsic intrinsic & extrinsic
extrinsic intrinsic intrinsic & extrinsic
extrinsic
Pure leisure
Leisure-work
Leisure-job
Pure-work
Work-job
Pure job
LEISURE NON-LEISURE
STATE OF MIND
Task for next week 27.10.2011
Take a note the leisure behavior for 3 days for different people and based on these examples classify them into the Neulinger’s Leisure paradigm categories
You Your parents
Your younger siblings
Your older siblings
Day 1 Example / category
Day 2
Day 3
Csikszentmihalyi’s Optimal Leisure experience
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Hungarian psychologist, born
1934 in Italy, emigrated at age of 22 to USA, now professor at University of Chicago
Known by his studies in creativity and happiness, and as “father” of notion of “FLOW” experience
Csikszentmihalyi’s Optimal Leisure experience
When the peak experience occur, regardless of whether occur – in work or leisure time.
As a result of his studies and interviews of creative people he concluded that 2 matters are crucial:
COMMITMENT (skills) CHALLENGE ! One side
The quality of experience as a function of the relationship between challenges and skills. Optimal experience, or flow occurs when both variables are high.