Leishmaniasis and Homoeopathy
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Leishmaniasis and Homoeopathy © Dr. Rajneesh Kumar Sharma MD (Homoeopathy) Dr. (Km) Ruchi Rajput BHMS Homoeo Cure Research Centre P. Ltd. NH 74- Moradabad Road Kashipur (UTTARANCHAL) - INDIA Ph- 09897618594 E. mail- drrajneeshhom@hotmail.com Introduction - Caused by prot ozo an parasites tha t belong to the ge nus Leis hma nia and trans mit ted by the bite of certain species of sand fly (subfamily Phlebotominae). - Lut zomyia and Phle bot omu s genu s transmi tti ng Lei shmani a to huma ns. - Mos t forms of the disease transmissi ble only from animals (zo ono sis ), but so me can be spread between humans. - Hu ma n in fect io n caus ed by abou t 21 of 30 spe ci es that in fect ma mmal s. Th ese include the L. donovani complex with three species (L. donovani, L. infantum, and L. chagasi) ; the L. me xi cana complex with four main species (L. me xi cana, L. amazonens is, and L. ven ezuelen sis ); L. tropic a; L. maj or; L. aet hio pic a; and the subgenus Viannia with four main species (L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (V.) guyanensis, L. (V.) panamensis, and L. (V.) peruviana). The different species are morphologically ind ist ing uis hab le, but the y can be dif fere ntiated by isoenz yme analysis, DNA sequence analysis, or monoclonal antibodies. - Cut ane ous l eis hma nia sis is t he most commo n form o f leis hma nias is. - Visceral leishmaniasis is a severe form in which the pa ras it es have mi gr ate d to the vital organs. History - In 1917 a case of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Middle East , kno wn the n loca lly as “Jericho Buttons”. - Descri ption s of consp icuou s les ions simil ar to cutaneous leish mania sis (C L) ha s be en discovered on tablets from King Ashurbanipal from the 7th century BC, some of which may have been derived from even earlier texts from 1500 to 2500 BC. - Musl im ph ys icians in cl uding Av icenna in th e 10 th ce nt ury AD ga ve de ta iled descriptions of what was called Balkh sore. - In 1756, Al exa nde r Russ ell, af ter exa min ing a Tur kis h pati ent , gave on e of the mos t detailed clinical descriptions of the disease. - Phys icians in th e Ind ian s ubcon tinen t wou ld de scrib e it as Kala-aza r (Hi ndi p hrase for black fever, kālā meaning black and āzār meaning fever or disease). - As for the new wo rl d, evidence of the cutaneous form of the di sease was fou nd in Ecuador and Peru in pre-Inca potteries depicting skin lesions and deformed faces dating back to the first century AD. - 15t h and 16th cen tur y text s from th e Inca pe riod and fro m Span ish co lon ial s ment ion “valley sickness”, “Andean sickness”, or “white leprosy”, which are likely to be CL. - It is po ssi ble th at Surgeo n maj or Cun nin gha m of the Br iti sh Ind ian ar my sa w it firs t in 1885 without being able to relate it to the disease. - Peter Boro vsk y, a Russi an mil itar y surge on wor kin g in Tashk ent , conduct ed research into the etiology of oriental sore, locally known as Sart sore, and in 1898 published the first accurate description of the causative agent, correctly described the parasite’s relation to host tissues and correctly referred it to Protozoa. - In 1901, Leis hma n identified certai n orga nis ms in smears t ake n from th e spl een of a patient who had died from “dum-dum fever” (Dum Dum is an area close to Calcutta) and proposed them to be trypanosomes, found for the first time in India.
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Transcript of Leishmaniasis and Homoeopathy
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Leishmaniasis and Homoeopathy© Dr. Rajneesh Kumar Sharma MD (Homoeopathy)
Dr. (Km) Ruchi Rajput BHMS
Homoeo Cure Research Centre P. Ltd.
NH 74- Moradabad RoadKashipur (UTTARANCHAL) - INDIA
Ph- 09897618594
E. mail- [email protected]
Introduction
- Caused by protozoan parasites that belong to the genus Leishmania and transmitted
by the bite of certain species of sand fly (subfamily Phlebotominae).
- Lutzomyia and Phlebotomus genus transmitting Leishmania to humans.
- Most forms of the disease transmissible only from animals (zoonosis), but some can
be spread between humans.
- Human infection caused by about 21 of 30 species that infect mammals. These
include the L. donovani complex with three species (L. donovani, L. infantum, and L.
chagasi); the L. mexicana complex with four main species (L. mexicana, L.amazonensis, and L. venezuelensis); L. tropica; L. major; L. aethiopica; and the
subgenus Viannia with four main species (L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (V.) guyanensis, L.
(V.) panamensis, and L. (V.) peruviana). The different species are morphologically
indistinguishable, but they can be differentiated by isoenzyme analysis, DNA
sequence analysis, or monoclonal antibodies.
- Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form of leishmaniasis.
- Visceral leishmaniasis is a severe form in which the parasites have migrated to the
vital organs.
History
- In 1917 a case of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Middle East, known then locally as“Jericho Buttons”.
- Descriptions of conspicuous lesions similar to cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) has been
discovered on tablets from King Ashurbanipal from the 7th century BC, some of
which may have been derived from even earlier texts from 1500 to 2500 BC.
- Muslim physicians including Avicenna in the 10th century AD gave detailed
descriptions of what was called Balkh sore.
- In 1756, Alexander Russell, after examining a Turkish patient, gave one of the most
detailed clinical descriptions of the disease.
- Physicians in the Indian subcontinent would describe it as Kala-azar (Hindi phrase for
black fever, kālā meaning black and āzār meaning fever or disease).
- As for the new world, evidence of the cutaneous form of the disease was found inEcuador and Peru in pre-Inca potteries depicting skin lesions and deformed faces
dating back to the first century AD.
- 15th and 16th century texts from the Inca period and from Spanish colonials mention
“valley sickness”, “Andean sickness”, or “white leprosy”, which are likely to be CL.
- It is possible that Surgeon major Cunningham of the British Indian army saw it first
in 1885 without being able to relate it to the disease.
- Peter Borovsky, a Russian military surgeon working in Tashkent, conducted research
into the etiology of oriental sore, locally known as Sart sore, and in 1898 published
the first accurate description of the causative agent, correctly described the parasite’s
relation to host tissues and correctly referred it to Protozoa.
- In 1901, Leishman identified certain organisms in smears taken from the spleen of a
patient who had died from “dum-dum fever” (Dum Dum is an area close to Calcutta)
and proposed them to be trypanosomes, found for the first time in India.
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- A few months later Captain Charles Donovan (1863–1951) confirmed the finding of
what became known as Leishman-Donovan bodies in smears taken from patients in
Madras, India.
- Ronald Ross who proposed that Leishman-Donovan bodies were the intracellular
stages of a new parasite, which he named Leishmania donovani.
- The link with the disease kala-azar was first suggested by Charles Donovan, but was
conclusively demonstrated by Charles Bentley’s discovery of Leishmania donovani in patients with kala-azar.
Epidemiology
- Leishmaniasis can be transmitted in many tropical and sub-tropical countries, and is
found in parts of about 88 countries. Approximately 350 million people live in these
areas.
Classification
- Cutaneous leishmaniasis - the most common form which causes a sore at the bite
site, which heals in a few months to a year, leaving an unpleasant looking scar. This
form can progress to any of the other three forms.- Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis - commences with skin ulcers which spread causing
tissue damage to (particularly) nose and mouth.
- Visceral leishmaniasis - the most serious form and potentially fatal if untreated.
- Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis - (also known as "Post-kala-azar dermatosis")
a cutaneous condition characterized by a macular, depigmented eruption found
mainly on the face, arms, and upper part of the trunk.
- Viscerotropic leishmaniasis - is a systemic infection reported in soldiers fighting in
Operation Desert Storm in Saudi Arabia.
- Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis – this form produces widespread skin lesions which
resemble leprosy and is particularly difficult to treat.
Signs and symptoms
- Skin sores erupting weeks to months after the person affected is bitten by sand flies.
- From a few months to years after infection- fever, damage to the spleen and liver, and
anaemia.
- Considered to be one of the classic causes of a markedly enlarged spleen.
A- Sand fly biting the victim, B- Bitten Site, C- Multiple lesions, D- Spleenomegaly
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Life cycle of Leishmania
A- Life cycle of Leishmania, B- Metacyclic promastigotes
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Prevention
- Currently there are no vaccines in routine use.
- Prevention of sand fly biting.
Treatment- Paromomycin is effective treatment for leishmaniasis.
- There are two common therapies containing antimony (known as pentavalent
antimonials), meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) and sodium stibogluconate
(Pentostam).
- Drug-resistant leishmaniasis may respond to immunotherapy (inoculation with
parasite antigens plus an adjuvant) which aims to stimulate the body’s own immune
system to kill the parasite.
Research
- Several potential vaccines are being developed, under pressure from the World Health
Organization, but none is available.
Miasmatic analysis
- The condition starts with activation of Psora.- After implantation of the disease seeds into the body, the Syphilis becomes active and
the Psora is suppressed.
- As soon as the syphilis reaches its youth, the Sycosis marries Syphilis and produces
the worst forms of manifestations.
- Thenceforth, the treatment will require polymiasmatic remedies having very deep
penetrating powers.
Homoeopathic Treatment
- The Homoeopathic remedies for Leishmaniasis - in decreasing order of similarity to
the general picture of the Leishmaniasis constitution -
Ars alb > Nit ac > Lach > Nat m > Sulph > Carb v > Rhus t > Nux v >
Con > Plb > Phos > Ph. ac > Calc > Hydr > Squill.
Bibliography
- Radar 10
- Beutler-Williams_Hematology.6ed - Clinical Lab diagnosis
- Clinical_laboratory_medicine_-_clinical_applications- Clinical-Pathology-Course-Handbook
- Color Atlas Of Pathophysiology- Common-Laboratory-Tests-Compiled
- Cowan_Informatics for the Clinical Laboratory-A Practical Guide- Davidson Lab Diagnosis
- Wintrobe’s clinical haematology 11th- Fischbach - A manual of laboratory & diagnostic tests, 6th
- Frizzell-Handbook_of_Pathophysiology
- Handbook.of.Pathophysiology.(2008) 3Ed
- Henry’s clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods
- Henrys Diag by Lab Meth 21
- Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests 7th ed.
- Lab Notes Guide to Lab and Diagnostic Tests (2005)- Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures
- Manual.of.Laboratory.and.Diagnostic.Tests- Medical Microbiology and Infection at a Glance
- Medical-Parasitology
- Oxford.Handbook.of.Clinical.and.Laboratory.Investigation- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DISEASE - Pocket_Guide_to_Diagnostic_Tests
- Principles and practice of clinical parasitology
- Professional_Guide_to_Diagnostic_Tests
