Leishmania And Trypanosoma
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Transcript of Leishmania And Trypanosoma
Blood and Tissue Flagellates – Chapter 5
Phylum Euglenozoa Class Kinetoplasta Order Trypanosomatida
The Order Trypanosomatida contains members which are _________________________ - live in blood or fixed tissues of vertebrates at some time in their life cycle.
Life cycles involve ___________________________- represent the original hosts of these parasites.
All forms utilize ___________________________- absorb nutrients from their hosts through the cell membrane (no phagocytosis or cytostomal ingestion)
Morphological Characteristics
All species possess a_____________________________, _______________________________, & _____________________________
__________________________– structure that gives rise to the flagellum
__________________________- dense area of mitochondrial DNA that gives rise to a mitochondrion - located just posterior to kinetosome
Kinetosome and kinetoplast are very close together – the kinetosome is too small to be resolved – only the kinetoplast is seen
Four Morphological Forms
1. _______________________________ (Leishman-Donovan [L-D] body) - intracellular form
- ovoid; 3 - 4 µm in size
- _____________________________
______________________________
Flagellum
Kinetosome
Kinetoplast
Nucleus
Four Morphological Forms
2. ______________________________ - elongate form
- 15 - 30 µm long
- ____________________________
- ____________________________
_____________________________
Flagellum
Kinetosome
Kinetoplast
Nucleus
anterior
posterior
Four Morphological Forms
3. ______________________________
- elongate form
- ______________________________
______________________________
- _______________________________
______________________________
Undulating membrane
posterior
Flagellated forms are adapted for movement through fluids of their hosts.
anterior
Four Morphological Forms
4. ______________________________
- elongate form
- _______________________________
______________________________
- _______________________________
______________________________
- _______________________________
______________________________
- 10 to 30 µm in length
Undulating membrane
posterior
Flagellated forms are adapted for movement through fluids of their hosts.
anterior
Leishmania and Trypanosoma
Of the seven genera in the Family Trypanosomatidae, only 2 genera, Leishmania and Trypanosoma, are important parasites of humans.
Not all parasites in the family possess all 4 morphological forms:
Leishmania spp. - possesses only amastigote & promastigote forms
Trypanosoma brucei - has only epimastigote & trypomastigote
Trypanosoma cruzi - has all four forms
Leishmania
Of the 12 species of Leishmania, 5 major recognized species infect humans:
Leishmania tropica
Leishmania major
Leishmania braziliensis - 3 subspecies
Leishmania mexicana - 3 subspecies
Leishmania donovani - 2 subspecies
Leishmania
Similarities:
1.
2.
Species are differentiated by:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1. Sandfly bites infected vertebrate (human or reservoir host) and _______________
_________________________________________________________in the blood meal.
2. In sandfly midgut, amastigotes transform into ______________________________ that multiply by binary fission.
3. Promastigotes move to esophagus and pharynx of sandfly and are inoculated into vertebrate when sandfly takes another blood meal.
Life Cycle of Leishmania spp.
Amastigotes in lesions in skin & cartilage of the ear causing CHICLERO ULCER
4. In human, promastigotes transform into ___________________________________ that are then ___________________________________
5. Instead of being killed by the macrophage, the _____________________________ ________________________________________ and multiply by binary fission.
6. Amastigotes rupture out of macrophage, destroying it, and are phagocytized by new macrophages. Cycle is repeated for many generations.
Life Cycle of Leishmania spp.
Amastigotes in lesions in skin & cartilage of the ear causing CHICLERO ULCER
Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major
These two species have similar life cycles and clinical symptoms.
Both produce a cutaneous ulcer - disease is called _________________________ or CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS (many other local names as well)
DISTRIBUTION:
L. tropica - densely populated areas of Middle East & India
L. major - sparsely populated regions in Africa, Middle East & SW Asia
Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major
Both are vectored by Phlebotomus sandflies.
Reservoir hosts include ____________________________.
Disease is enzootic in these hosts and is capable of being transmitted from these reservoir hosts via sandflies to humans; thus, these parasites are ZOONOSIS.
Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major pathology
1. L. tropica and L. major are parasites in the _____________ of humans
• Promastigotes are inoculated into the skin during a sandfly bite and transform into amastigotes which are engulfed by skin macrophages.
• These skin cells are eventually destroyed by the multiplying amastigotes which then invade new macrophages, repeating to produce a __________________
_____________________________________
• other regions involved?
Leishmania tropica & Leishmania major pathology
L. tropica lesion is dry and persists for months.
In both species, the lesion eventually dries up to produce a depressed, depigmented scar.
Immunity?
L. major lesion bleeds quickly and is of short duration.
Leishmania tropica pathology
2. Recent finding of a mild "viscerotropic" form of L. tropica during Desert Storm in 1991 in Middle East
- pathology? ______________________________________
_________________________________________________
- it is a mild disease but little else is known of its pathology
- difficult to diagnose because there are no skin leasions
- only 12 cases reported in U.S. personnel
Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major
DIAGNOSIS - _____________________________________ in skin scrapings from edge of the lesion.
• Skin smear is stained with Wright or Giemsa blood stain.
TREATMENT - Antimony compound called Pentostam(sodium stibogluconate) is given intravenously.
• Done only when lesion is on exposed body region where it may cause disfigurement.
• Treatment not necessary due to complete natural immunity after one exposure.
Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major
Major concern now is that many US soldiers are being exposed to these parasites in Iraq and Afghanistan. Over ____________cases have been reported from 2003-present.
A soldier with hundreds of sandfly bites received in one night.
Officer holding Iraqi child with Leishmania tropica on face
Soldier in Afghanistan with Leishmania tropica on hand
Leishmania mexicana
Causative agent of ___________________________________
Originally thought to be a subspecies of L. braziliensis, it has recently been recognized as a separate species.
DISTRIBUTION –
VECTOR - Lutzomyia sandflies
Leishmania mexicana
RESERVOIR HOSTS - ______________________________
- Is a _______________________________, as these rodents are common source of infection to persons clearing forests or harvesting
- Chicle in forests is harvested for use in gum by chicleros who are bitten by sandfly vectors
Leishmania mexicana
PATHOLOGY:
1.
2. If sandfly bites the ________________, amastigotes cause _________________________________________________________________________________. Ear lesions may last for many years.
Leishmania mexicana
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT: Identify ______________________ in smears from ____________________________.
_____________________________are used to treat skin sores
Leishmania braziliensis
Causative agent of espundia, uta, or ___________________________ _________________________________.
DISTRIBUTION - central Mexico through Central and South America to northern Argentina
VECTOR - sandflies in the genus Lutzomyia
RESERVOIR HOSTS - ______________________________________
Leishmania braziliensis pathology
1. Promastigotes inoculated into ________________transform into amastigotes and enter ___________________________causing a small, ulcerating lesion, at sandfly bit site similar to oriental sore.
Leishmania braziliensis pathology
2. Amastigotes metastasize and spread from the skin lesion to the____________________________________________
- secondary lesion involves the
_________________________________________________
- amastigotes are thought to be carried in bloodstream but little known how metastasis occurs
- mucous membranes and cartilaginous tissues of the lips, nose, palate, and pharynx are destroyed; larynx may also be involved, destroying voice
- condition is chronic, lasting for many years
- death often results from ______________________________ and ______________________________________
Leishmania braziliensis pathology
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT - identify ___________________________ in smears from lesion. 1.Antimony compounds are used to treat skin sores, but are not as effective against mucocutaneous lesions.
2. New oral drug Miltefosine (Impavido®) - Recent studies from Boliva show a high cure rate for mucocutaneous leishmaniasis .
Vaccine? ______________________________________________
Leishmania donovani
Causative agent of _____________________________________, or visceral leishmaniasis
Identified by William Leishman in 1900 from a soldier who died of fever in Dum-Dum, India. Charles Donovan identified the parasites in the spleen of an infected person in 1903. Parasite is named in honor of these two men.
William Boog LEISHMAN (1865-1926)Charles DONOVAN (1863-1915)
Leishmania donovani
DISTRIBUTION - Mediterranean coast, Middle East, India & Pakistan into China. Also found in parts of Central and South America.
- Of major concern during Desert Storm in Middle East in 1990-91 but few cases have been reported in US soldiers
- Concern now? ________________________________________
Leishmania donovani
VECTOR - many species of Phlebotomus
RESERVOIR HOSTS - ______________________are most common reservoir hosts; thus, it is a __________________ There are often campaigns to eliminate ____________________ in endemic areas.
Leishmania donovani
PATHOLOGY:
1.
2. Promastigotes inoculated into human skin transform into _________________ that are phagocytized by _____________________________
• Amastigotes multiply in macrophage, eventually rupturing the cell
• Free amastigotes then invade the circulatory system.
3. Invasion of ____________________________________________
• Free amastigotes in bloodstream are phagocytized by cells of the reticulo-endothelial system (RE system). These cells are then destroyed by the multiplying amastigotes.
• RE system is a system of phagocytic cells in the __________________________________________________________ which cleanses foreign materials from the bloodstream and provides natural immunity to many diseases.
• Destruction of cells of the RE system by the amastigotes results in_________________________________to many diseases and death by secondary infections.
RE cell
Rbc
liver cell
RE cell
Leishmania donovani
Symptoms - _____________________________________ (if bone marrow invaded), and ____________________________________
- death occurs in 6 to 12 mo. after infection in untreated cases (75-95% mortality rate)
Leishmania donovani
4. A secondary condition called _________________________________
_________________________________ commonly occurs in India. Involves formation of reddish skin nodules on the face.
Cause?
Leishmania donovani
DIAGNOSIS – identify _____________________________ in smear from ______________________
________________________________ . Such a diagnosis is risky.
TREATMENT - injection of________________________________ Drugs are highly toxic; thus, many quit taking the drug or reduce its dosage (develop dermal leishmanoid).
Trials underway on new drugs:
1. Antifungal drug amphotericin B
2. Antibiotic paromomycin
3. Anticancer drug meltifosine
Prevention for all species of Leishmania
1.
2.
3.
4.
Trypanosoma spp.
Members of the genus Trypanosoma are parasitic in all classes of vertebrates. Most species are transmitted to the vertebrate via a vector - usually a bloodsucking insect.
Trypanosoma spp.
Trypanosomes are divided into 2 sections based on where they develop in their vectors: SECTION ______________________________ - parasites develop in the anterior part of the vector's digestive tract (= anterior station development) –parasites are transmitted to vertebrate through vector bite. SECTION _______________________________ - parasites develop in the hindgut of vector (= posterior station development) - parasites are transmitted to vertebrate via vector fecal contamination. Parasites of medical and veterinary importance occur in both sections.
SECTION SALIVARIA - Trypanosoma brucei
Consists of 3 subspecies - Trypanosoma brucei brucei
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
These subspecies are morphologically identical and have similar life cycles.
Differences?
They were originally considered as 3 separate species:
Trypanosoma brucei brucei represents the ancestral form. T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense have evolved from it.
SECTION SALIVARIA - Trypanosoma brucei
Identified by ___________________________________.
He also identified the _____________________________________
SECTION SALIVARIA - Trypanosoma brucei
All utilize the _________________________________as the vector.
ID by _________________________________ in wing.
Trypanosoma brucei life cycle
Only 2 stages in life cycle -________________________________________________ 1. Uninfected tsetse fly (Glossina) bites an infected vertebrate host and ingests ________________________ circulating in the bloodstream. 2. Trypomastigotes multiply by longitudinal binary fission in __________________________________________________
Trypanosoma brucei life cycle3. Trypomastigotes migrate to the salivary glands and transform into ______________________________ and multiply for several generation. 4. Epimastigotes transform back into ______________________ (short stumpy forms) in the salivary glands. These form the ___________________________.
5. Tsetse fly bites a human or ruminant host and inoculates _______________________________ into bloodstream.
6. Trypomastigotes live and multiply in the ______________________. In some cases, trypomastigotes migrate to the __________________________________________________________________
Trypanosoma brucei brucei
Causative agent of a disease called _______________________________ in Africa
Trypomastigotes are parasitic in the bloodstream of __________________ ___________________________________________________________
• parasites cause little pathology in these hosts indicating a long term host-parasite association
Trypomastigotes also infect ___________ ______________________(sheep, goats, cattle, horses, pigs, and dogs may also be infected but cattle most important)
Trypanosoma brucei brucei
Pathology is severe:
___________________________ occur in bloodstream and cerebrospinal fluid
cattle become emaciated and uncoordinated
cattle die in a few weeks to months
Trypanosoma brucei brucei
Although the parasite _________________________________________________, it makes 4.5 million square miles of central Africa an area where it is impractical to have domestic animals
• this region is called the tsetse fly belt
• nagana is associated with _____________________ _____________________, as source of nutrition (milk, beef) and beasts of burden cannot survive
Trypanosoma brucei brucei
Diagnosis – ID _________________________ in cow blood smear
Treatment – drugs are available but these are expensive
Most common one used is Berenil
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Infects humans only causing ____________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
VECTOR - Glossina palpalis
RESERVOIR HOSTS?
DISTRIBUTION -
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
PATHOLOGY - produces a chronic disease with four progressive stages
1. ______________________ - skin sore develops at bite site where trypomastigotes are inoculated into bloodstream
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
2. Trypomastigotes multiply in the ______________________; seen in blood 1-2 weeks after infection
• Symptoms?
• ID?
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
3. Trypomastigotes invade the __________________________________ - cause swelling.
• Symptoms are Winterbottom's sign –
4. Trypomastigotes invade ________________ and initiate the chronic sleeping sickness stage.
• Symptoms -
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Cause of pathogenesis:
• damage to capillaries of brain – called _______________________________________
• ______________________________due to overproduction of immunoglobulins by host in response to the trypomastigotes
• normal physiological processes are disrupted, and death may result from ______________________________________
________________________________
DIAGNOSIS - identify _____________________
___________________________- must be done early in the infection; prognosis is poor once CNS is involved.
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
TREATMENT - a number of drugs are useful – most common used are ____________________________________________________________ but they have severe side effects
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
Causes_______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
HOSTS - _______________________________________
- antelope are important reservoir hosts
- disease is a ____________________________
VECTOR - Glossina morsitans
DISTRIBUTION -
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
PATHOLOGY - disease in humans is acute - two stages:
1. ___________________________- small skin sore similar to that of gambian infection
2. Trypomastigotes quickly multiply in ___________________________
• Toxemia due to parasites in bloodstream causes rapid weight loss
• Death due to
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT –
– Identify ________________________________________
• Melarsoprol or Suramin useful
• early diagnosis is critical if treatment is to be successful.
Prevention of Trypanosoma brucei1. _________________________________________________________
- use of DDT and other insecticides
- use of male sterile techniques (discussed in movie)
- clearing of bushes in grasslands - adult flies release their larvae from these bushes & larvae develop in shady soil beneath the bushes
2. ________________________________________________________
- not too popular among conservationists
- not effective in T. b. gambiense infections
3. ____________________________________________________ (important in T. b. gambiense infections)
SECTION STERCORARIA – Trypanosoma cruzi
Causative agent of _____________________________________
____________________________________________________
Disease is named after ____________________________, a Brazilian who discovered T. cruzi in cone-nosed bugs in 1910.
It was not until the early 1930's that the parasite was shown to cause a human disease.
Trypanosoma cruzi distribution
Distribution –
- infects over 15 million people (35 million are exposed)
- disease is highly prevalent in Brazil; 30% of deaths are attributable to Chagas' disease
- in U.S.?
Trypanosoma cruzi
VECTOR - ____________________________ order Hemiptera – family Reduviidae (Text, chapter 37)
- genera Triatoma, Panstrongylus, and Rhodnius
- common names: cone-nosed bug, assassin bug, kissing bug, vinchuca
- adobe huts –
- control
Trypanosoma cruzi
RESERVOIR HOSTS - __________________________ are important reservoir hosts in Central and South America - disease is a _______________________
- In the U.S. _____________________________ _________________________________________are infected in the southern states - recent identifications in mammals as far north as Indiana and Maryland are of concern that disease is moving northward
Trypanosoma cruzi life cycle
. All 4 morphological forms exist:
1. Reduviid bug feeds on infected human (or reservoir host) and ingests _______________________ in blood meal.
2. In the midgut of the bug, trypomastigotes transform into _____________________________ that multiply by longitudinal binary fission.
Epimastigotes are the predominant stage in bugs.
Trypanosoma cruzi life cycle
3. Epimastigotes migrate into the bug's hindgut and transform into ______________________________
4. Trypomastigotes are passed in the _____________________________ (posterior station) and are infective to humans.
How do they enter?
Trypanosoma cruzi life cycle
5. Trypomastigotes in human leave the bloodstream and transform into ______________________________
6. Amastigotes multiply and eventually attack other cells -
preference for what cells?
_______________________________
_______________________________
Trypanosoma cruzi life cycle
7. Some amastigotes ruptured from cells transform into ___________________________and ___________________________ in the tissue fluid
8. These then become ___________________________as they enter the peripheral bloodstream where they are available to the biting bug
Morphology of Trypanosoma cruzi in humans
Trypomastigote:
• Shape?
• important structure?
Morphology of Trypanosoma cruzi in humans
____________________
– occurs in pockets in cardiac ganglion cells or autonomic ganglion cells
Morphology of Trypanosoma cruzi in bugs
__________________________ are the predominant stage in the reduviid bug.
Characteristics of epimastigote?
____________________________
____________________________
Pathology of Trypanosoma cruzi
1. Inoculation of trypomastigotes into human:
(1) ______________________________ - inflammation of lymph nodes in region
of bite
(2) ______________________________
- swelling (edema) of eye if bug feces are rubbed into eye
2. Acute phase - occurs in children (age 5 or less)
- amastigotes quickly invade many body cells including the ____________________________ where they cause destruction of _____________________________ (abnormal EKG's are common)
- death?
Pathology of Trypanosoma cruzi
3. Chronic phase - occurs in adults
- _______________________ cause gradual destruction of body cells
- 2 commonly affected areas:
(1) ________________________
___________________________
• apex of heart usually becomes very thin
• impulses into ventricles are affected - _______________ _______________________
• death?
Pathology of Trypanosoma cruzi
(2)_________________________________
___________________________________
• muscle tone and peristalsis is destroyed
• organs increase their diameters greatly causing _______________________________
_______________________________
• victim may not be able to swallow and dies from starvation
• feces not formed effectively and victim
• death?
Trypanosoma cruzi
DIAGNOSIS – identify _____________________________________________
• ?, S, or C shape and large kinetoplast are diagnostic
____________________________________is used to diagnose cases in which there are too few trypomastigotes in bloodstream. Procedure involves feeding an uninfected lab-reared reduviid bug on a patient; bug is examined for epimastigotes in a 10-30 days.
RECENT CONCERN - __________________________________________
Trypanosoma cruzi
TREATMENT - there is no effective treatment
Why?
Can anything be done?
• Chronic infection may last for years before reaching a fatal climax - Old age security is a minor problem in areas where Chagas' disease is highly endemic.
Section Stercoraria - Trypanosoma rangeli
Common parasite in the bloodstream of _____________________________________
Where? _____________________________________________
Stage in humans? ____________________________________
Pathology? __________________________________________
Although trypomastigotes are morphologically distinct (small kinetoplast) from those of T. cruzi, parasite may cause a diagnostic problem in the untrained technician.
Vector? ______________________
• importance?
Section Stercoraria - Trypanosoma lewisi
Cosmopolitan parasite of __________________________ (no other host can be infected)
Stage? __________________________________
Pathology?__________________________________________
Vector?
Importance?
How are Leishmania and Trypanosoma able to evade the human immune response?
Amastigotes of Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi:
• amastigotes live ___________________________________
• Leishmania inside _________________________
• T. cruzi inside _________________________________
• the immune system cannot find parasites in these cells
• amastigotes are “in danger” when free, but invade cells to “hide”
How are Leishmania and Trypanosoma able to evade the human immune response?
Trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma brucei:
• trypomastigotes are able to live in the human bloodstream where they are in constant contact with immune cells.
• they are successful here due to __________________________________ - the production of __________________________________over time.
- trypomastigote possesses chemicals on its surface coat which are recognized by our immune system as __________________________.
- a primary immune response is initiated and __________________________are produced in 7-10 days to destroy these antigens.
How are Leishmania and Trypanosoma able to evade the human immune response?
Trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma brucei cont:
• By the time these antibodies are produced, the trypomastigote changes its __________________________________
• So?
This cycle is repeated over and over (one trypanosome has changed its surface antigens 101 times in lab.)
Result?