Military Psychology Gerhard Ohrband – ULIM University, Moldova 11 th lecture Terrorism.
Legal Psychology Gerhard Ohrband ULIM University, Moldova 3 rd lecture Victimology.
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Transcript of Legal Psychology Gerhard Ohrband ULIM University, Moldova 3 rd lecture Victimology.
![Page 1: Legal Psychology Gerhard Ohrband ULIM University, Moldova 3 rd lecture Victimology.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082518/5697c0061a28abf838cc54b3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Legal Psychology
Gerhard OhrbandULIM University, Moldova
3rd lectureVictimology
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Course structure
Lectures: • 1. Introduction into Legal Psychology – Theories of crime • 2. Correctional treatment• 3. Victimology• 4. Police psychology• 5. Testimony assessment• 6. Criminal responsibility• 7. Judicial judgments• 8. Psychological assessment of families
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Course structure
Seminars:9. Eyewitness testimony10. Jury decision-making11. Child abuse12. Prostitution13. Rape14. Tax evasion15. Stereotypes and prejudices in the law system
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1. Victims of crime and violence
2. Secondary victimization
3. Fear of crime
Content
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1. Victims of crime and violence
Consequences of victim experiences
Unspecific consequences: physical, posttraumatic stress disorders (among others, flashback, sleep disorders, panic)
Specific consequences: depression, fears, changes of self-worth, self-accusation, social consequences (“secondary victimization”)
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Victim experiences
Individualresources
Socialresources
Type andseriousness
of theexperience
Individual resources: coping resources and mechanismsSocial resources: competent support, lack of secondary victimization
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2. Secondary victimization
• Definition: While “primary victimization” subsumes all kinds of damages directly caused by the deed, “secondary victimization” represents reactions from which result supplementary damages of the victim as well as his/her remaining in the role of a victim.
• Such faulty reactions can come both from the closer social field of the victims and from the formal control authorities.
• What kind of faulty reactions?• What kind of damages?
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Different dimensions of secondary victimization
1. Retraumatization
2. Long-term damages induced by the law process
3. Short-term damages induced by the law process
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Empirical studies
Methodological difficulties:
• separation of the damages caused by the deed from those caused by the law process itself.
• Control group of victim witnesses who do not participate in the process.
• Few systematic studies who examine different dependent variables
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Concrete stress factors
• Encounter with the accused
• Length of the process
• Repeated questioning
• Anticipation of the interrogation
• Insufficient knowledge in law
• Lack of inclusion in the process
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3. Fear of crime
Fear of crime – a topic with many facets:• Individual disposition (trait): Why does this
person (now) have fear, another not?• Actual situation (state): Why is there fear in this
situation, in another not?• Attitude: How often does one have fear, how
probable is the chance of a victimization, how does one react?
• Concern: How has crime changed, how threatening is it in general?
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Literature
• Berliner, L. & Conte, J.R. (1995). The effects of disclosure and intervention on sexually abused children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19, 371-384.
• Campbell, R. & Raja, S. (1999). Secondary victimization of rape victims: Insights from mental health professionales who treat survivors of violence. Violence and Victims, 14, 261-275.
• Epstein, J.N., Saunders, B.E. & Kilpatrick, D.G. (1997). Predicting PTSD in women with a history of childhood rape. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10, 573-588.