No. 871.

LONDON, SATURDAY, MAY 9, 1840. [1839-40.

LECTURES BY M. DE BLAINVILLE ON

COMPARATIVE OSTEOLOGY.

THE

COMPARATIVE OSTEOGRAPHYOF THE

SKELETON AND DENTAR SYSTEMIN THE FIVE CLASSES OF

VERTEBRAL ANIMALS,RECENT AND FOSSIL.

BY M. H. M. DUCROTAY DE BLAINVILLE,Member of the Institute of France.

WITH GRAPHIC DELINEATIONS BY M. WERNER;

EDITED (FROM THE FRENCH) AND

ADDITIONALLY ILLUSTRATED

WITH NUMEROUS NOTES, OBSERVATIONS,AND DRAWINGS,

BY ROBERT KNOX, M.D.,Edinburgh; Corresponding Member of the

French Academy of Medicine, &c. &c.

HAVING thus laid down a rule, a standardof comparison of the bones generally, andalso of the skeleton as a whole, from that ofa convenient specimen, it is easy to ascendto the chimpanze now placed at the top ofthe scale, and to descent to the mandrill, aspecies evidently the lowest in the scale.In the ascending series of the cercopi-theci, or guenons, properly so called, itwill not be easy to perceive the specific dif-ferences, unless, perhaps, in the head, andespecially in the jaws.

There exist, assuredly, no differences in thenumber of bones, which is precisely the samein the spinal column,t excepting in the coccy- i

* For the Lectures already published, seeLANCET, Nos. 843, 844, 845, 847-Vol. I.,1839-40.

t I ought, in the mean time, to remark,that I have found two exceptions,-one in askeleton of the p. nictitans (guenon, hocheur,Desm.; guenon d long nez p1’lJémi1wnt, Allam.et Buff.; simia nictitans, Linn.) The secondexception was m a skeleton of the p, pyr-

rhonotos. These skeletons have only ’sixlumbar vertebrae, without, however, havingan additional dorsal vertebra. Althoughthese exceptions are, in all probability, ano-malies, I have not ascertained the fact, having,only a single skeleton of each species.* Camper speaks of a cercopithecus, which

has, as usual, twelve pairs of ribs, but ofwhich seven pairs only were lIte,’ned.

’ p

geal vertebra*, which vary from eight totwenty, and twenty-three; this is also thecase with the number of stel"nebrae; and,consequently, the number of sternal and a-stet’1taL ribs. Thus, the ribs are generallytwelve, eight sternal and four astet’1/.al as

well in the Talapoin, the first species ofthe genus Guenons, as in the Nisnas,which is the last species.*

The anterior and posterior limbs in all thespecies present the greatest similarity, sothat it is not easy to point out differences,excepting in the proportion of some parts,and even those are very slight, as, for in-stance, the clavicle and the thumb are pro-portionally longer in some species than inothers.The specific differences, in ascending the-

scale, show themselves more distinctly in theproportion which the cranium holds to thejaws. In fact, just as we study a moreelevated species of the guenons, the morestriking is the diminution in the prolonga-tion of the snout, the projection of the super-ciliary crests, and the diminution of theinclination of the symphysis of the chin.These differences distinctly increase in the

same ratio when we pass to the divisioncei-copithecus, or guenons, with the delicatelimbs, and which have received the genericterms of semnopithecus and colobes.

In the semnopitheci and colobes, in truth,the head, as a whole, is still shorter than inthe first species of guenons, properly soccalled, and always for the same reason, viz.,.the having a larger cranium, a forehead more-arched, and shorter jaws; the nasal portionof the forehead (chanfrein, Note 1, p. 219,}becomes evidently thicker between the orbits,and almost straight in a line descending fromthe root of the forehead.

210Filr. 16.-Talapoin Skeleton.

Guenon talapoin, pithecus talapoin.Guenon talapoin, cercopithecus talapoin, Desm.Simia talapoin, Linn.Talapoin, Buff.Talapoin monkey, Penn.Habitat, Africa and India.

Engraving after a natural skeleton made under M. De Blainville’s own personal inspec-tion. The shoulder is slightly depressed, so as to bring into view the entire range ofthe spinous processes of the vertebral column.

The rest of the spinal column, and espe-cially the tail, on the contrary, is more elon-gated ; still the number of vertebrae is gene-rally the same, viz., seven cervical, twelvedorsal, seven lumbar, three sacral, andtwenty-one coccygeal, of which one only issubsacral.The body of these vertebrse is, however,

generally more elongated. The spinous pro-cesses, also, have not quite the same propor-tions ; they are, in fact, generally more flat,smaller, and rounder.There are only six sternebrm ; the sixth

and seventh of the callitriche are wanting(run together); they are still straight andelongated, but evidently less so than in thecallitriche; an arrangement which wouldalone suffice to indicate a nearer approach tothe primary simiae or apes.

Notwithstanding the diminution in thenumber of the sternebrae, the ribs are stilltwelve in number, but seven only are

sternal, the sixth and seventh close to-

gether, and five a-sternal, as in the humanspecies. All the ribs are, besides, broaderand flatter than in the callitriche.The limbs are generally longer and more

delicate than in the typical guenon, whichwe have selected as a point of comparison,the increase in length being evidently moreon the arm and forearm than on the hand,which seems still smauer. --

The scapula is also much smaller than inthe callitriche, seeing it equals one-half thehumerus in length, whilst in the callitricheit is more than the half.The clavicle is evidently straighter.The humerus and the bones of the fore.

arm are of the same length, but those of theforearm evidently more slender.

This is also the case with the bones ofthe hand. The bones of the carpus are stillvery similar, being nine in number, andsimilarly disposed ; but the bones of the me-tacarpus and phalanges are proportionallymore elongated, and especially those of thethird and fourth fingers ; for as to the fifth,and especially the first (or thumb), they areat once proportionally shorter and evidentlymore delicate.The examination of the posterior limbs

leads to the same or similar results.The iliac and ischiatic bones, in the semno-

pitheci, equal in length two-thirds of thefemur, whilst in the callitriche they equalfour-fifths, still the femur is proportionallylonger. For instance, in the P. Stibaus it

equals the tibia, whilst in that of the Elltelle,for example, it is longer by a seventh part.The tibia and fibula are proportionally

elongated when compared with the radiasand ulna, a similar remark made with re-gard to the semnopitheci. The leg (betweenthe knee and ankle) is long, both bones Me

211

very straight, and the fibula is particularlydelicate and straight.The foot is likewise, upon the whole, long

and straight; but the tarsus is proportionallya little shorter. On the contrary, the meta-tarsus and phalanges, which constitute two-thirds of the whole length, are, at the sametime, more delicate.The relative proportion of the four last

fingers is nearly that of the callitriche, onlythe thumb is, like the hand, a little less, andof course the three bones which compose it.This disproportion of the thumb ought, un-

questionably, to go on increasing, just as thespecies approach the colobes or semnopi-

theci of Africa, which want the thumb butwe have not seen the skeleton.Above the semnopitheci, which present

but slight differences amongst themselves, ifit be not in the case of the thumb, of whichwe have just spoken, is placed a speciesknown by the name of soulili (p. mitratus),and which, with the general arrangement, and

delicacy of the guenons, presents a nearerapproach to the superior apes or gibbons,both in the form of the head and in severalother points.With those animals, whose habitat ap-

pears exclusively, continental and insularIndia, commences the series of species

Fig. 17.-Skeleton of the Gibbon.

Gibbon varie (Note 2, by Dr. Knox, p. 219), orang vane, pithecus variegatus.Simia lur. varietas, Linn. Gmel.Petit gibbon, Buff.

--

Babitat, Malaccas. -’°°

Engraving after an artificial skeleton with regard to the carpal bones of which, M. DeBlainville entertains doubts. The head he thinks not to be that originally belonging to theskeleton.

212

whose thorax is less compressed than the The sacrum is still composed of three veryguenons, whose sternum is short, large, and tebrae; but the sacro-iliac articulation isflat, as in the human structure, and in which larger than in the simiae in the descendingthe tail is nearly as rudimentary as in man scale, since it includes two entire vertebras,himself. and one-half of a third. There are also threeThe gibbons, properly so called, are ar- pairs of sacral foramina, well-marked, in

ranged immediately above the soulili by their consequence of the union of the first coc-

system of dentition, which we will prove cygeal.when treating of the odontography. The coccygeal vertebrae (seven in number)The head presents but slight differences, are externally flat; three or four of them are

except in the greater expansion of the cere- slightly escavated internally, and are per.. bral cavity ; this expansion is particularly haps of still less use, as a tail, than in the

developed over the parietal protuberances. human species.The forehead is more developed over the The os hyoides of the gibbons differs fromorbitar arches, which are less thick, and ob- that of the guenon, which we have selectedscurely marked. The great wings of the as a type of comparison, by approaching insphenoid touch broadly the parietal bones ; form more the human character ; its body is(Note 3, by Dr. K., p. 219.) The upper narrower, and its horns more disproportioned;margin of the squamous bone rises consi- the styloid horn being much smaller than thederably above the inferior orbitar margin, laryngeal, and not conical in form.The jaws project nearly to an equal ex- The sternum is large, short, approaching

tent, so that the facial angle is about 45° at the human in form, and composed in themost. The symphysis of the chin is always adult specimen at least, of three large por-still less oblique. The palatine arch is, on tions: an anterior, which represents two verythe contrary, considerably more extended, unequal sternebrae, and which, in fact, sup-its anterior suture (palato-maxillary) reaching ports two pairs of ribs ; a central part, ofthe level of the principal molar tooth, or moderate dimensions, which corresponds tofirst permanent molar. three or four sternebrae in the callitriche,The premaxillary, smaller perhaps, par- and with which, in fact, are articulated the

ticularly in its ascending branch, which other five pairs of sternal ribs ; lastly,scarcely reaches the nasal bones, appears a third portion (xiphoid) of considerablelikewise to unite mesially at an early period length, very narrow, and placed between theof life, and forms rather smaller incisive united cartilages of the asternal ribs.foramina than in the guenons. The ribs (thirteen* in number) seven ster-The spinal column, in consequence of the nal and five asternal, are in general very

absence of the tail, is much shorter; it is long. At the same time, the union of dorsalalso approaching more the human type, inas- vertebrse, sternebraa, and ribs, forms a rathermuch as its general form is more pyramidal; short thorax, very capacious in its transversestill, it is arched almost in one direction in measurement, and, as near as possible, ofits whole extent. the human form.The number of vertebrae, on the other The gibbons present in their limbs a pecu-

hand, differs from that of the human; there liarity (forming rather an exception than aare thirty-seven in all ; viz., seven cervical, link in the chain) not only in their greatthirteen dorsal, five lumbar, seven (three ?) length, but in their great delicacy.sacral, (see Note 4, by Dr. Knox, p. 220,) The scapula is rather small, triangular,and three (seven ?) coccygeal. oblique, and furnished with an elongatedThe cervical vertebrae have their spinous acromion process, and a coracoid, also re-

processes, as in the inferior simiae, and they markable for its length and size.are generally of the same form, and nearly The clavicle is of great length, greatlyof the same proportions. The transverse pro- exceeding that of the scapula, whereas incess of the atlas is larger, however, and the the callitriche, the guenon, which we haveextremity of the others is bifurcated : the taken as a type of comparison, it does notspinous process of the seventh (vertebra pro- equal it in length by two-thirds. It is not

minens) is more elevated than that of the more than half the length the humerus; indorsal, other respects, it is delicate and compressed.The dorsal vertebrae (thirteen in number) The humerus is of extraordinary delicacy,

have their spinous processes much more and its length equals that of the trunk, thatvertical, and generally inclined in the same is, of the back and loins united. The bici-direction, backwards. ——————————————————————————-

The lumbar vertebrae (five in number) are In the six or seven skeletons of theshort, and, like the dorsal, have their spinous gibbons which have fallen under my obser-processes large and short ; the transverse vation, 1. have always found seven sternalprocesses are weak, the last stronger, and ribs, but sometimes the cartilage of thelooking from lbefore, backwards; the poste- eighth rib ascended as far as the ster-rior articular processes have scarcely as yet num ; thus forming eight true ribs. Dau-that styliform spine which doubles them in benton found only twelve pair of ribs, seventhe callitriche, and is specific. sternal, and five asternal, in a large gibbon.

213

pital groove is straight and deep ; its tubero-sities and crests are very slightly developed;and in the radio-cubital articulation (elbow-joint) the trochlea occupies a space scarcelyequal to that of the external tuberosity.The forearm is still longer than the arm,

by a seventh, at least; and the bones whichform it are of a delicacy altogether extra-ordinary ; their surface is nearly smooth.The carpus is very short, but in other

respects formed as in all the apes, of fourbones in each row, and an intermediatebone placed, as usual, between the scaphoid(whose internal process is very considerable)and the trapezium and trapezoides. Thehook-like process of the unciform bone isalso well developed.

Daubenton has described eleven bones inthe carpus, two more than in our specimen ;but, without doubt, these are nothing morethan sesamoides, viz., that of the long ab-ductor of the thumb and anterior cubital.The hands are truly spider-shaped, so

delicate are the bones forming them.The metacarpal bones, and the digital

phalanges especially, are arched, and convexsuperiorly, flat inferiorly ; in other respectsthe thumb is of considerable length.The posterior limbs are much shorter than

the anterior.The ossa innominata are large, and the

external iliac fossa is flat, the internal fossaparticularly is indeed remarkably flat.The sacro-iliac articulation is large and

oval, but oblique.The femur is remarkably straight, even

more so than in man, considerably largerthan in the semnopitheci, a little more deli-cate than in the callitriche. The depressionfor the ligamentutiz teres is considerable ; the

digital cavity at the root of the great tro-chanter is also deep and round, the smalltrochanter is very much elevated, and thelinea aspera is scarcely apparent.The leg is a little shorter than the thigh,

which i the opposite in the callitriche ; bothbones are, however, long and delicate, slightlyarched inversely, the fibula forming a con-siderable malleolus externus.The foot is proportionally very small and

narrow.

There are the usual number of seven bonesin the tarsus, and if Daubenton has reckonedeight, he has included the sesamoid bone ofthe long peroneal tendon.The calcaneum is short, and directed

obliquely upon the inner side; its tube-

rosity is slightly elongated, and dilated inboth directions at its extremity.The astragalus has its pulley very shallow,

though oblique, and its head very muchadvanced obliquely inwards.

Fia-s. 18 and 19.

Sacrum viewed in its anterior and posteriorI aspects.

Fig. 20.

Sternum of the Pithecus syndactylus, viewed from its peripheral aspect.

214

Fig. 21.

Skeleton of the Orang-outang, De Wurmb (P. satyrus).Orang roux, pithecus satyrus, Desm.Simia satyrus, Linn.Jocko, Buff.Habitat Central Asia, the Malacca Islands, Cochin-China, the Island of Borneo.Engraving from a skeleton, viewed in profile, after a perfect skeleton of an adult male

in the Museum at Paris. The specimen was taken from the museum of the Stadtholder,and had often (over and over again) been represented under the name of pongo, and in avertical position ; but which I (M. De Blainville) have caused to be altered as unnatural.A part of the carpal bones and metatarsal having, without doubt, been lost, they have

been imitated by a composition of gum and varnish, and hence those parts of the skeletonare doubtful.

The first cuneiform bone is always the

Strongest, the great toe, also, is ratherstrong, much more so than in the other apes ; z,it equals, in truth, about two-thirds the

length of the middle finger.The metatarsal bones decrease rapidly in

length and thickness, from the second to thefifth-in itself a remarkable peculiarity, andwhich also exists in the metacarpal bones.We find still a farther advance, or a nearer

approach to the orang-outang, in the gibbonsyndactyle,* in whom the phalanges of the

* P. syndactylus, De Blain. ; orang syn-dactyle pithecus syndactylus, Desm.; simiasyndactyla, Raffles; siamang, F. Cuv.

Figs. 22 and 23.

I Hyoid apparatus viewed from above and inprofile.

215

hands and feet are more curved and swollen arrangement with the gibbons with regard toin the middle; but particularly the sacrum the spinous processes.is much more developed, more in the form of The total number of vertebrae is thirty, viz.,a wedge; above all, it is composed of five seven cervical, twelve dorsal, four lumbar,,vertebrae, all completely united, and of which three sacral, and four coccygeal, with athe first three, and even the fourth slightly, proportion and arrangement nearly similarare distinctly articulated with the iliac to that of the gibbons, only the developmentbones. The spinous processes of these sacral much greater.*vertebræ are united into a crest, almost like The cervical vertebrae form a neck, whosethe sternum of a bird. length, as compared with that of the trunk,

is as 1 to 3,-a little less than that of theThe skeleton of the orang-outang, (Fig. 21,) loins ; the essential difference with regard to

considered for so many years so closely allied the vertebrae between the orangs and theto the human, and as holding the most exalted other apes being in the great elevation of thestation amongst animals, is, nevertheless, spinous processes, at least in the five last, aboth in respect to its general form and its peculiarity, without doubt, in relation withdetails, but a mere exaggeration of that of the size of the head and the length of thethe gibbons, and this more in respect to bulk jaws, but which already shows itself in thethan in any other relation, young animal.The adult head, particularly in the male, The number of dorsal vertebrae is the same

is remarkable for the enormous development as in man, but their bodies are so large thatand comparative size of the face, which, the thorax is truly enormous ; the last ribmeantime, does not follow the direction of nearly touches the iliac bones.the elevation of the cranium, but is set off at The lumbar region is, on the contrary,an angle of from 45° to 50°. extremely short, although the four vertebraeThe cranium (sufficiently developed in which form it have their bodies large and

other respects, with regard to forehead, and thick, with the spinous processes lookingon the sides, although less so than in the backwards and downwards, as do indeed allchimpanzé,) is nevertheless provided with those of the spine; the last, and smallest, iswell-marked supra-orbitar, sagittal, and oc- interiliac, and its transverse processes even

cipital crests, which increase considerably articulate with the iliac bones, as if it formedthe extent of the temporal fossae. The squa- a part of the sacrum; its spinous processmous bone ascends high, and the sphenoidal also follows the same direction as the middlewings touch the angle of the parietal bones. sacral crest.The jaws are also at least as much elon- The sacrum is composed of three large,

gated as in the descending scale of apes, flat vertebrae ; all the three articulate withand they are generally of great strength. In the iliac bones.the upper jaw (face generally) the orbits are The coccyx is composed, then, of four ver-oval, oblique, their external apertures are near tebrae, two subsacral (united to the sacral),each other, and altogether anterior; the super- and two coccygeal ; these vertebrae are allciliary crests are more elevated than thick, well-developed and flat, and unite at anbut well-marked, especially in the male sex; early period, and the first with the sacrum, asthe nasal bones are extremely small, scale- we have already remarked.noid; united mesially at a very early period, The sternum is still larger and shorterand much tumed-up ; the cheek bones large than in the gibbons, and, as the ribs are alsoand projecting, as likewise the terminal and larger, as well their osseous part as theirincisive portion of the jaw; the palatine cartilages of prolongation, there results anarch is also proportionally much elongated, extensive hypochondria. The sternum, inalthough the true palatine bones are very other respects, presents the peculiarity ofshort; on the contrary, the premaxillary being originally formed of a double series ofdo not ascend beyond the external margin of sternebræ, right and left.the nasal bones, and their palatine plates The clavicle is still proportionally largerunite at a very early period ; the anterior than in the gibbons, which carries the shoul-incisive foramen does not exist at any age. der very much outwards and forwards; it is,The lower jaw, although necessarily pro- in other respects, nearly straight, very large,

portioned in length to that of the upper, has and exceeding the scapula in length, whichits two branches placed at right angles to is, nevertheless, large and oblique, as in theeach other, and the symphysis of the chin gibbons.very slightly inclined backwards; the gle- The humerus is remarkable for its greatnoid surface is large and almost convex,bounded posteriorly by a powerful glenoid * am confident in having found onlyprocess; the anterior aperture of the inferior four lumbar, three sacral, and four coccygealdentar canal is still near the inferior margin, vertebrae in a young specimen in a good stateas in the other apes. of preservation ; but in the adult individualThe spinal column has (in consequence of skeleton, the first coccygeal being united

the want of tail) the short and truncated with the sacrum, thus produces, as it were,general form, as in the gibbons, and the same four sacral and three coccygeal.

216

strength and length, equalling that of the as the fingers, though generally a littletrunk, not including the neck. All the crests shorter, with the exception of the great toe,.and tuberosities are large ; its head is quite which is, on the contrary, very strong andremarkable for size, its diameter exceeding long, altogether proportionally much lessthat of the caput femoris. than in the chimpanzé.The forearm is, in the meantime, still a Anatomists are not agreed with respect to

little longer than the humerus, and its two the composition of the thumb, some assertingbones have maintained a proportional strength, that it is formed of the proximal phalanx,’the reverse of the arrangement in the gibbons. the distal or ungueal, as well as the nail

The hand is, perhaps, still longer than in itself, being wanting ; whilst others assert,the gibbons, since it equals in length two- that it has both it3 phalanges and its nail as-thirds of the forearm, whilst, on the other usual. The examination of our adult skeletonhand, the thumb is proportionally much and other four young ones compels me tosmaller, being not more than a third the adopt the latter opinion, and notwithstandinglength of the middle finger. that Camper speaks of four or five specimensThe carpus is composed of only eight which want the distal or nail bearing pha-

bones, as in man. lanx and also the nail.The proximal phalanges are remarkable Lastly, in the ape, which in respect to the

for their curve and strength, and display an relation which we are now more immediatelyarrangement the best suited for seizing the considering, is evidently at the head of thebranches of trees, still more, perhaps, than in group, that is, in the chimpanzé, the propor-’the gibbons. The decrease of the four ex- tions of the limbs and trunk approach again,ternal fingers is, as in the gibbons, very rapid. somewhat more, those which exist in theThe posterior limbs are, perhaps, a little human species ; thus the limbs are no longer

more disproportioned, in length at least, than a kind of hooks, and the animal walks 0,

in the gibbons ; that is, shorter, compared little oftener and a little better in a verticalwith the anterior; but they are also stronger, position, than other monkeys.and better fitted for the erect position, or

that of man. With the exception of the head, (Figs. 24,25,The pelvis is, in truth, still larger, more 26,27,) I have seen the skeleton of the chim°

expanded than in the gibbon, but equally panzeonlyin young specimens; butlcansup-concave externally, and flat internally, which ply the defect by the arrangement which I haveis the reverse of the human structure. adopted, in availing myself of the descriptionThe femur, massive and short, slightly flat- and figures which Mr. Owen has given, from

tened, nearly straight, presents, as a generic an adult skeleton, the only one of which I amcharacter, the complete absence of a fossette aware, and which is now in the museum offor the insertion of the round ligament (see Mr. Walker, in London.Note 5, by Dr. Knox, p. 220) ; the digital Thechimpanze’s skeleton as a whole bearscavity is not deep; the linea aspera but little unquestionably a stronger resemblance to

developed; the inferior articular surface is that of man, when we consider the propor-very large, the two condyles unequal; the in- tion of the limbs and trunk, and those of theternal is stronger, and descends lower, sepa- orang-outang ; but that resemblance cannotrated posteriorly by a considerable fossa; ante- be pushed beyond this point.-riorly by a rotulean groove large and superficial. The form of the head as a whole, as well

The tibia and fibula, one-sixth part shorter as the proportion which it bears to the trunk,than the femur, are also very robust, sepa- is very similar to that of the orang-outang,rated from each other; their proximal and except that it is much less pyramidal.distal extremities much dilated, especially The transverse diameter of the great oed.the distal end; very much grooved for the pital foramen is to that of the head takenpassage of tendons, forming an extensive over all, above the external auditory canal,mortice, particularly towards the opening, so as 23 millim. to 96, or nearly as 1 to 4; theas but loosely to embrace the astragalus. cranium is perhaps less enlarged, the tem-The foot, evidently longer than the leg, is poral fossae less extensive, so that in fact

still formed in, every respect for prehension, there are neither sagittal nor occipital crests;more, perhaps, for seizing or grasping. but, on the other hand, the orbits are sur-The astragalus is large and flat, the pulley rounded superiorly by thick and large super-

being superficial, and its head directed still ciliary ridges, which, however, does notmore obliquely inwards than in the gibbons. prevent the forehead from expanding above it.The calcaneum has its posterior tuberosity The occipital condyles are perhaps a little

slightly prominent, and dilated, like the iron more advanced forward (more under the cra-of a hammer, excavated, as it were, inferiorly, nium) than in the orang-outang, the longitu-and thus rests by its extremity upon a hori- dinal diameter of the cranium being 190zontal plane ; it has, nevertheless, a general millim. (7 inches), the posterior margin ofdirection, oblique outwards, so that it exceeds the palate 80 (3 inches), that of the condylesthe external margin of the foot altogether 155 (5½ inches) ; there remains 35 millim.differently than in man. (2 inches) of the basis cranii posterior to theThe toes have nearly the same proportions occipito-vertebral articulation.

217 The face projects considerably, the cheeks very considerable space, and by the nasal.are broad, and the jaws thick and robust, in bones more developed perhaps, and longerall their parts. distinct than in the orang-outang. The max-The upper jaw, attached to the cranium by illary bones are moderately elongated, perfo-

the zygomatic arches, perhaps a little larger rated by numerous suborbitar foramina; butthan in the orang-outang, gives the orbits an the premaxillary bones, which present theoblique quadrilateral form, slightly as in peculiarity of scarcely touching the nasalman, and in a plane altogether anterior ; the bones, and of uniting at a very early periodorbitar margins thick, and separated by a with the maxillary, as in man, are evidently

Fig. 24.

Fig. 25.

Fig. 26.

Fig. 27.

Fig. 24. Head viewed in profile.25. - viewed from above.26. viewed from below.27. - of a young specimen viewed in profile.

Chimpanze troglodyte. p. troglodytes.Troglodyte chimpanzé, troglodytes niger, Desm.Simia troglodytes, Linn.Jocko. pongo, Buff.Habitat Africa, particularly on the Angola and Congo.

Engravings from, a fine cranium of the adult animal in the Museum at Paris; the youngfig. 27 is in the same.

218

elongated anteriorly or in the same direction still narrower than in the orang-outang, more .with the maxillary ; thus the nasal apertures oblique, and consequently less human; itsare pushed backwards; they are, besides, spine is also more mesial, and its acromionlarge, and subtriangular. process longer and more dilated, broad, andThe palatine arch is large, with parallel depressed.

edges, and presents the incisive foramina, The clavicle is long and powerful, thoughrounded, very distinct although small. less so than in the orang-outang; and it isThe lower jaw is nearly as strong as in the especially less straight, rounder, and its dOll’

orang-outang; but the ascending branch is, ble curve is more marked, which brings itperhaps, proportionally not so high, forming nearer to that of man.an angle more obtuse, or less a right angle ; The humerus is in a similar state; but itthe foramen menti is smaller, and in this, is longer and more powerful; the ridges andslightly approaches the human structure. twists peculiar to the bone in man are moreThe os hyoides does not appear to differ developed; the head, however, is propor.

from that of the orang-outang, as in the course tionally less bulky than in the orang-outang,of age it dilates a little, so as to assume the so that its resemblance to that of man istriangular form, excavated posteriorly, (see truly very striking.Note 6, by Dr. Knox, p. 220.) The styloid The proportion of the bones of the fore-horns are also proportionally more developed arm are also similar to the human; they are,than in man. however, a little longer than the arm (hume-The spinal column of the chimpanzé has rus). The two bones which constitute this

evidently a strong resemblance to that of the part of the limb or forearm are besides moreorang-outang, in its general form; the total arched or curved, which produces a greaternumber of vertebrae is thirty -three ; viz., inter-osseal space.seven cervical, thirteen dorsal, four lumbar, The hand preserves, in a still greater de-four sacral, and five coccygeal. There are, gree than the bones of the forearm, morethen, one dorsal, one sacral, one coccygeal elongated proportions than in man, althoughmore than in the orang-outang: much less so than in the orang-outang.The proportion and general form of the The carpus is, nevertheless, composed of

vertebrae are nearly that of the orang-outang, the same number of bones, and follows theand approach even still more closely the same arrangement as in man, a peculiarityhuman; the spinous processes are, equally, of which I am perfectly certain, and whichall inclined in the same direction, but those belongs exclusively to this ape, and whichof the five last cervical are much shorter makes it approach still nearer the humanthan in the orang; they are in other respects type; only the trapezium and trapezoides aresimple, and not bifurcated as in man. much less, especially the trapezium, whilstThe sacrum is longer and narrower than the pisiform bone is much larger, and formed

in the orang-outang, and the four vertebræ as in the other apes.are all articular, but the last very slightly so, The metacarpal bones are remarkable forat least in our young specimen. ther length.The coccyx is regular, triangular, curved The fingers have proportions quite specific,

inwards, and formed of five vertebrae, the being neither those of man nor of the orang-last in a cartilaginous state. outang.The sternum is equally large aad short, The thumb is very short, scarcely equal-

but it is evidently straighter than in the ling the second metacarpal bone, and of theorang-outang, and its form is more human, four fingers the first two are nearly equal,its sternebrae being simple, and placed end and the two last decrease very rapidly, theto end, we may admit that there are eight fifth being particularly short, and even pro-sternebræ, because there are seven pair of portionally more delicate.sternal ribs; but we have only been able to The phalanges are still sufficiently longperceive six sternebrae. and curved, a form suited for grasping theThe ribs are remarkable for their length branches of trees.

and strength: seven sternal, six asternal. The posterior limbs have, as has been re-The asternal, more especially the last, as marked, proportions more nearly humanwell as their cartilages, are very long, which than in any of the simiae, but are still evi-gives the thorax ample dimensions in all the dently much smaller than the anterior, indi-measurements. cative of an inferior organisation, as a biped.The transverse diameter of the thorax is The osinnominatum (half girdle) is in gene-

still greater than the antero-posterior, al- ral larger and narrower than in the orang-though less so than in the human subject. outang, a form which the more expandedWe have already remarked, that the pro- but shorter iliac bones produces ; the iliac

portion of the thoracic and abdominal limbs crest is large, the external iliac fossa is sub-to each other is much more human than in concave, the internal flat, nearly as in thethe orang-outang; but still the thoracic are orang-outang.a little larger than the pelvian, the reverse of The pubis has also nearly the same form; ",what exist in the human race. the ischiatic tuberosity is, however, stillThe scapula is larger, but proportionally thicker, and more bent.

219

The femur, nearly equalling the humerus drawn immediately under the eyes. It isin length, is on the whole almost human, al- true that it is the frontal bones which chieflythough proportionally more massive ; the form this surface; but, on examining thehead is provided with a fossette or depression bones of the cranium, it will be found thatfor the insertion of the round ligament; its the parietal, and particularly the broad rootneck is a little more oblique; its body of the nasal bones, form a great part of theslightly curved ; and its distal articular ex- so-called chanfrein, or forehead of the Britishtremity very large. veterinarians. In the ox, also, we shall findThe leg, a little shorter than the thigh, that the same vagueness of expression is

has its two bones stronger, more rough, and used, and this is unfortunate, as the head ofa little straighter than in man. The fibula the horse differs greatly with regard to theis especially stronger at the distal extremity; bones which form the chanfrein in him andits tarsal articulation, particularly, being that of the ox. We have even seen some

larger, with the malleolus less prominent, or men whose villanously low forehead and hugeprojecting. proboscis, or nose, rendered the French term

The relative proportion of the three divi- peculiarly applicable, the anterior aspect ofsions of the foot (tarsus, metatarsus and toes), the face bringing into view the whole uppercorresponds much more to the human type convex surface of the properly-formed humanthan in the orang and other apes. head, and giving an appearance, in a flat-The astragalus presents a large and super- tered engraving, of the individuals, as if

ficial pulley. there really existed a sufficiently well-deve-The calcaneum rather small in all its dimen- loped forehead, when, in reality, no such

sions, but especially more compressed than existed, and which the profile view provedin man, is more prolonged posteriorly than to demonstration. We shall venture to pre-even in the orang-outang, dict, that if ever these crania come to figureThe scaphoid extensively excavated for the in a museum, they might be passed off as

head of the astragalus, and with its internal pure specimens of the American chinock;tuberosity very oblique, presents its three although, certainly, no bag of sand had everarticular facets, nearly equal in size. been allowed to exercise its depressing ef-The first cuneiform, large and flattened, fects. What is most singular, the indivi-

supports a larger and more massive toe than duals we allude to are particularly vain ofin all the species of the apes, which esta- their forehead; and the chinock tribe con-blishes in this respect the nearest approach sider the depressed forehead so great a

to man. beauty, that the wearing of a bag of sandThe foot in other respects is still longer is a privilege only permitted to the aristo-

and narrower than in man, and the meta- cracy.-Note 1, p. 209.tarsal bones, like the phalangeal, are more It is right to call the reader’s attentionarched; less so, however, than in the orang- strongly to the discrepancy existing betweenoutang. M. De Blainville’s text and plate in respect

In other respects, the proportion of the to the gibbon. In the explanation of thetoes to each other is precisely similar to the plates, M. De Blainville calls the animal thehand, with the exception of the great toe, gibbon cendre, which every naturalist mustwhose length and strength makes it approach know to be synonymous with the wou-woumuch nearer that of man, than in any other of Camper ; the leusciscus pithecus of Geoff.species of the apes. and Shreb. ; and the cendré (cinerimi) Cuv.Thus the skeleton of the apes placed above Regn. Animal.; and under this name of gib-

Thus the skeleton of the apes placed above bon cendré, M. De Blainville refers to the

that of the callitriche, has shown to us the plate. Now, on the plate, our distinguished

gradation or ascending scale, which the other author calls the figure the gibbon varie (p.parts of the organism display. We shall variegatus). There is then either some over-now proceed to trace the descending scale sight here, or our author is disposed to denyfrom the same callitriche to the last chéro- the difference our species between the p. denypitheque or baboon ; only the differential riegatus and p. leuciscus of Geoff. Wemarks or he, distinctly, less evident, more rlegatus and p. leuciscus of Geoff. Wemarks will be, distinctly, less evident, more shall, no doulit, have an explanation of M.gradual as it were than in the ascending De Blainville’s views on this point whenscale. this note meets the eye of our distinguished

NOTES BY DR. KNOX. author.-Note 2, p. 211.

At page 209 the term chanfrein occurs; it The human crania in our own museumis applied to the remarkably flattened sur- present great variety in the articulation orface between the yes of the horse, extend- non-articulation of the sphenoid with theing also posteriorly, as far back as the ears, parietal. In 20 crania belonging to theand anteriorly to the root of the nose. The European, or white races of man, I find theveterinarian in Scotland applies the term face extent of articulation of these two bones varyto the whole anterior aspect of the horse’s from one inch to half a line. In an idiot,head; thy call that part for’ehead which the bones just touch each other. In fiveextends from between the ears to a line Hindoo crania they articulate quite as much

220

as the European. In the Hottentot, they justtouch. In the CaiTre, extensively. In thenegro, moderate, from a line and a half tosix lines. In the Chinock (American), a lineand a half. In the native of Van Dieman’sLand, the arrangement was peculiar; in oneI find a square-shaped bone interposed oneach side, nearly of an inch in extent; andin another specimen they did not in theslightest degree articulate, the temporal unit-ing with the frontal, and thus separating,completely, the sphenoid from the parietal.-Note 3, p. 212.

By seven sacral, our author unquestion-ably means that seven vertebrae, that is, thethree sacral, properly so-called, and four cec-cygeal, have united into one mass, and which,indeed, the mere human anatomist would callthe sacrum. Our readers will find, at p. 191,vol. i., 1839-40, the young human sacrumviewed anteriorly, where the letters c d e andf, mark costal appendages developed uponfour vertebra: only, and which, in the adult.would no doubt have formed the sacro-iliacarticular surface. Thus, scientifically, thehuman sacrum is composed of only four ver-tebrae ; but another vertebra without excep-tion, so far as we have been able to observein our own museum, and which M. De Blain-ville calls subsacral,unites at an early periodto the four, and thus constitutes the five so

uniformly composing the human sacrum, andgiving rise to the four pair of anterior andposterior sacral foramina. Instead of threecoccygeal, our author should, therefore, havesaid seven coccygeal, the first four havingunited with the sacral.-Note 4, p. 212.

Dr. Clark, of Cambridge, mentioned to

my brother, Mr. F. Knox, that he had seentwo instances of the absence of the roundligament in man. It is equally curious thatI have never observed this myself, althoughI feel assured of having examined, anato-mically, more than a thousand ilio-femoraljoints. But we shall find, by and by, thatthe absence of the ligament is by no meansuncommon in the range of the animal king-dom, although we, at the same time, feel

justified in stating, that more carefully con-ducted and more numerous dissections of theorang-outang are wanting, to completely setat rest the uniform absence of the so-namedround ligament in the orang-outang.-Note5, p. 216.We have now before us twelve specimens

of the hyoid apparatus from the human sub-ject, of which, certainly, not two resemblestrictly each other. The differences, we ad-mit, are slight, but still they exist in manypoints. The body, in all of them, presentsa very considerable excavation posteriorly;the styloid horns vary from a line and a halfto four and a half lines in length ; the laryn-geal horns are, in some, much larger thanin others ; they are also flattened, rounded,and twisted in all directions.-Note 6, p. 218.

LECTURES

ON THE

FUNCTION AND DISEASES OF THE WOMB,Delivered at his Class Room,

Bartholomew-Close, St. Bartholomew’s

Hospital.BY CHARLES WALLER, M.D.

LECTURE XI.

- Polypus of the Womb : polypus not confined? to the uterus; situations of polypus uteri- various ; texture; colour; generally dis-

, tinct growtics; vasculai- insensible; differ-encc in size; may be combined with otherdiseases; no assignable cause for its produc.

t tion; its growth slow ; sometimes spontane-ously cured. Symptoans of Polypus: leu-corrhœa ;hæmorrhage; ; fœtid discharge;

. bladder and rectum sometirnes afected;

; dyspeptic symptoms; Sir Charles Clarke’scase examination per vaginam ; diagnosiseasy ; tumour resembling polypus; whensmall polypus does not obstruct conception,prognosis faaoterahle. Treatment: variousplans proposed for its removal ; ligature;description of instritment required; mode of

, using it acoid the uterus ; diferent periodsof time elapse before ligature comes away.After-treatment : polypus of vagina. Iloles:

, various substances called mole; Vogel’sdefinition two distinct forms of moles;symptoms; treatment. Calculus of womb:symptoms; treatment; worms.

POLYPUS OF THE WOMB.

TUMOURS of a polypoid kind, you are aware,Gentlemen, are not confined to the uterus,they are frequently seen to grow from otherparts of the body ; uterine polypus, the dis·ease now under consideration, is not commonin very early life, although very young girlshave been known to be the subjects of thisaffection. From different parts of the uterusthis growth arises, viz., from the fundus atits upper part, from the cervix just withiathe mouth, or it may proceed from the lipsof the womb exterior to its cavity. Thetex-ture of polypns varies ; you sometimes meetwith them as hard as cartilage, at ethersthey are so soft and lacerable that they areeasily broken down by the finger, and in thismanner in a few cases a perfect cure hasbeen effected. Some polypi, again, are of awhite colour, whilst others are dark-brown;they are usually attached by a single pedun’cle, which may he either large and broad;orsmall and narrow, or they may adhere to thewomb by several roots. They are generally,distinct substances growing from the liningmembrane of the womb ; at other times, ac-cording to Denman, they are partly coni-posed of the substance of the organ itself," which shoots out so as to be intermingled