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Lecturer : Dr. HUL Seingheng

ORK Theara OU Rotha OURNG Simex PAUV Samrit PECH Soveaddh

Surface WatersBy Huw Taylor

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Content

I. IntroductionII. Source of Enteric Organisms in Surface WatersIII. Pathogenic and Indicator Organisms in Surface WaterIV. Surface Water Quality and Disease: The Case of Cholera V. Protection of Surface Water From Faecal PollutionVI. Identification of Faecal Pollution Source in Surface WatersVII.Discussion

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Objective

Define source of pollution to surface water and cause of diseases from waste waterThe ways to protect the surface water

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Key TermsFaecal :the solid waste passed out of the body of a human or animal through the bowels.Waste water: water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. Pathogen: infectious agent , microbe(virus, bacterium, prion, or fungus) that causes disease. Enteric: something related to or associated with the intestines.Aquatic: means relating to water; living in or near water or taking place in water. Catchment: get an illness, especially one caused by bacteria or virus. Page

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Surface water is a general term describing any water body that is found flowing or standing on the earth’s surface, such as streams, rivers, ponds, lakes and reservoirs.

Surface water quality is often unreliable and to be heavily contaminated by faceal microorganisms than groundwater.

I. Introduction

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I. Introduction (con’t)

Surface water quality may be divided into three categories, or trophic levels, according to nutrient levels and microbial populations:

Oligotrophic Mesotrophic Eutrophic

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I. Introduction (con’t)

Water-borne pathogenic organisms of enteric origin include:

Viruses bacteria protozoan helminthic parasites.

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II. SOURCES OF ENTERIC ORGANISMS IN SURFACE WATERS

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1. Human wastes and municipal wastewaters

The factors of total load of pathogenic microorganisms of human origin that enter a surface water catchment :

Human populationProportion of the population using sewerage systems that eventually discharge into the river The level of wastewater treatment and the operating efficacy of these systems.

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2. Other wastewater discharges

Industrial wastewaters enter a municipal sewerage system and many such wastewaters:

Food, beverage, meat packing, Wood pulp Paper wastes, Abattoir waste

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3. Agricultural effluents and run-off• In late 20 century, animal husbandry

increasingly concentrated loads of animal faeces which effect to river water .

• Some pathogens of animal origin may infect humans such as Cryptosporidium spp. and various toxigenic strains of Escherichia coli.

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Table 36.1 shows the E. coli concentrations found in the faeces of various animals.

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4. Stormwater and urban surface run-off

Where urban run-off is not directed to combined sewerage systems, separate systems may deliver this water directly to surface waters without prior treatment. Discharges from such systems may contain high levels of faecal indicator bacteria.Ex:In South Africa(Jagals, 1997)

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5. Avian sourcesThe faeces of birds often contain higher concentrations of the faecal:

Indicator bacteria E. coli Intestinal enterococci Specific pathogens such as Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp.

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6. Feral mammals• The faecal of feral mammals is the source of

pollution of surface waters but low significance compared with the faecal contribution from agriculture and municipal wastewaters.

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7. Recreational use of surface waters

• In crowded bathing waters this source may pose a significant risk to human health. Although boating and other recreational use of reservoirs, bathing is generally discouraged in order to protect source waters.

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8. Recirculation of sediments

• Surface water sediments may act as a reservoir of enteric microorganisms deriving from faecal pollution.

• Regrowth of some species may be possible in these relatively protected and nutrient rich environments.

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Subsurface sources

• Poorly designed and managed landfill of municipal and industrial solid waste poses a risk of pollution to surface and groundwaters because it contains high levels of toxic substances and enteric organisms.

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III. PATHOGENIC AND INDICATOR ORGANISMS IN SURFACE WATERS

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Factors influence cell death Factors that may directly or indirectly influence cell death or sublethal damage include :

Solar radiation pH Water temperature Concentration of humic substances

PredationAdsorption/sedimentation SalinityTime of exposure higher residencePage

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1. Bacteria The study of Coliform bacteria in the River

Seine in France, (George et al., 2001) shown that grazing by protozoa was responsible for 47–99% of the mortality of coliforms in the river.

The observation that river waters generally contain higher levels of enteric bacteria than lakes and reservoirs

Two classic bacterial indicators of faecal pollution, the faecal coliforms and the faecal streptococci. Page

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2. VirusesViruses are a leading cause of waterborne

gastroenteritis and five major groups of human gastroenteritis virus have been dentified:

Rotavirus Enteric denovirusNorwalk virus calicivirus Astrovirus Page

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3. ParasitologyParasites in freshwaters include protozoan

microorganisms such as species of: Cyclospora Entamoeba Toxoplasma

All these Parasites lead to animals and human inflection Page

Genera Cryptosporidium Giardia Multicellular helminths.

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4. CyanobacteriaThe cyanobacteria are prokaryotic organisms that, like the eukaryotic green algae, are able to carry out photosynthesis with the production of oxygen. Over 20 species of cyanobacteria have been associated with adverse health effects. Acute health effects relate to the ability of several species to produce toxins that may cause liver damage, neural damage, and gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances . Cyanobacterial toxins are of 3 main types: lipopolysaccharide endotoxins, hepatotoxins and neurotoxins.

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IV. Surface water quality and disease

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Case of cholera

Cholera is caused by the ingestion of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and the infectious dose of cholera is normally High(106-108 organisms) but may be as low as organisms where gastric acidity is neutralized.

Source of disease: Bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Material from a leaking cesspool.

Ground water. Source raw water.

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V. Protection of surface water from faecal pollution

• The protection of surface water :Multiple barrierTreatment of drinking waterSafe disposal of waste waterCarry out of pollution source

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V. Protection of surface water from faecal pollution

HACCP Important steps in every HACCP procedure are:

Setting up and verification of the process flow.Executing the hazard analysis identification

and Control measures.Identification of the critical control points.Establishing corrective actions.

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• The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) methodology

• Genotyping methodologies (DNA Methode)• Application of an artificial neural network

(ANN)

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VI. IDENTIFICATION OF FAECAL POLLUTION SOURCES IN SURFACE WATERS

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VII. DISCUSSION River water is the most logical source of a

community’s drinking water but hygienic quality of river water may be poor.

Drinking water treatment plant is followed by a period of storage and sedimentation prior to further treatment.

Catchment protection plays an important role in the multiple barrier approach to breaking the faeco-oral route.

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References

Surface waters, byHuw Taylor EPHRLL, School of the Environment, University of Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK

Wikipidia.comCambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary

3rd Edition

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Thank you very muchFor your attention

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