1SOSC1960Discovering Mind and Behavior

Lecture 6States of Consciousness

2 Sleep Stages of sleep Sleep disorders

Dream Dream content Why do we dream?

Hypnosis Procedures of hypnosis Application of hypnosis

3Sleep

4How many hours do you sleep per night?

Buboltz et al. (2001) Journal of American College Health5

6 Sleep research Electroencephalography (EEG)

measuring brain waves Electromyography (EMG)

measuring muscular activity and tension Electrooculography (EOG)

measuring eyes movement

7 Sleep cycle People cycle through a series of 5 stages Each of the 5 stages is characterized by certain

brainwave pattern

8 Sleep cycle Stage 1

Theta waves, lightest stage of sleepOn the edge of consciousness; if awakened,

people recall some __________Tune out environmental noise; breathing

and heart rate slow as muscle tension and body temperature decline

9 Sleep cycle Stage 2

slower, more regular brain waves with occasional sleep spindles sleep spindles: bursts of brain activity,

may represent periods where the brain is inhibiting processing to keep the sleeper in a tranquil state

minor noises probably would not awaken the person

Sleep cycle Stages 3 and 4

slow-wave sleep (SWS), characterized by high-amplitude, low-frequency delta waves

________ sleep - least responsive to outside stimulation

sleep talking or walking more likely occur in this stage

Strengthening immune system, restore energy, release growth hormones

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Sleep cycle Rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep)

Rapid eye movement High-frequency beta waves Muscle extremely relaxed, appear to be paralyzed Relatively hard to awaken the person Vivid dreaming _____________ effect if deprived Consolidating memories and problem-solving

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Duration of the sleep cycles

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Why we sleep ______________ perspective: a time for

energy conservation at night because food is hard to come by

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Why we sleep ____________ function: time for

waste disposal from muscles, repairing cells, strengthening immune system (when deprived of sleep, muscle and immune system functioning decline)

Vigorous exercises (high wear and tear) results with longer slow wave sleep (stages 3 and 4)

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Why we sleep ___________ function: the brain needs time

to synthesize new experience and existing knowledge

Poorer mood More unhappy towards unpleasant events and

less happy towards pleasant events (Zohar et al., 2005)

More depression, confusion and anger (James & Gregg, 2004)

Consequences of Sleep Deprivation

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Cognitive performance (Pilcher & Walters, 1997) Research on college students Group 1: no sleep for the whole night Group 2: sleep for 8 hrs at night At 10 am, both group take a critical thinking

test Group ____ perform better

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SLEEP DISORDERS

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Insomnia Chronic problems in getting adequate

sleep difficulty in falling asleep difficulty in remaining asleep persistent early-morning

awakening

Most common sleep disorder

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Types of Insomnia ____________ insomnia (35%)

Insomnia as the result of psychiatric problems such as depression

____________ insomnia (15%) initiated by stress worry about sleepless performance

____________ insomnia (30%) caused by apnea, snoring, medical conditions, and the

use of drug

Poor sleep habit (< 15%) irregular sleep schedule

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Buboltz et al. (2001) Journal of American College Health

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Chronic insomnia Compromises immune system Reduces the ability to respond to insulin, thus

linked to diabetes Increases the risk of coronary heart diseases Reduces the efficacy of flu shots Impaired cognitive functioning Automobile crashes

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Treatment for Insomnia Sleep medications

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Stimulus control A particular time and setting is associated with

sleep

The timing (bedtime) establish a standard wake-up time refrain from daytime napping

The setting (bed/bedroom) go to bed only when sleepy get out of bed whenever awake for more than 15-20

minutes avoid reading, watching TV, eating, worrying and

other sleep-incompatible behaviors in the bed and bedroom

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Exercising during the day (at least 6 hours before you sleep)

Avoid daytime naps Avoid drinks with caffeine after lunch Drink warm milk before you go to bed

The chemical _____________ can help people fall asleep

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Sleep Apnea ________ of sleep is compromised

Apnea A sleep disorder characterized by

disruptions of ___________ during sleep An apnea occurs when a person stops

breathing for 10 seconds or more (it can number up to 500 times in a night)

People can awaken dozens of times each night without realizing it

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___________: Research shown that it is an indicator of sleep apnea

Obesity plays a role Approximately 60% of the overweight men

compared with just over 30% of non-obese men are habitual snorers

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Types of apnea __________ sleep apnea

the brain ceases to send signals to diaphragm, so the diaphragm stops functioning

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__________ sleep apnea loss of muscle tone in the throat, tongue, and

larynx can block breathing

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Symptoms of apnea Chronic fatigue Daytime sleepiness Morning headaches Restless sleep

Sleep apnea is related to Nighttime deaths Accidents Hypertension, stroke, cardiac dysrhythmia.

Often leads to insomnia as a side effect Psychiatric disorders e.g. depression, anxiety

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Treatment for Sleep Apnea Surgery

Cut out excessive tissue at the back of the throat

Sleep with special machines Keep airways open Blow air down the throat

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Narcolepsy (sleep attack) Uncontrollable sleeping occurring suddenly

for short periods during normal waking periods

An intrusion of REM sleep into the waking state

Prevalence 5 in 1000, occurs in age 15-25

Genetic basis (narcolepsy runs in families)32

Excessive daytime sleepiness The narcoleptics is chronically sleepy even

after a normal night of sleep recurrent microsleep episodes (5-15

seconds) during the daytime

______________ muscular weakness and a feeling of tiredness

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Sleep _____________ a total paralysis during the time that the

narcoleptic is falling asleep, and sometimes upon awakening from sleep

_________________________ involve vivid visual or auditory images that

occur at the beginning of the sleep attack

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Night terrors Abrupt awakenings from non-REM sleep Waking usually accompanied by

gasping, moaning, or screaming intense autonomic arousal (acceleration of

heart rate) feelings of panic

After the episode the subject normally settles back to sleep without waking

A night terror can rarely be recalled by the subject.

No dream involves (different from having nightmares) 35

Children Most frequent in children between the ages of 3 and 8 Often a temporary problem and may disappear

spontaneously Factors include genetic predisposition, emotional stress,

high fever

Adults Less common among adults Often chronic if remain untreated Factors include enduring stressful events and trauma

Sleep talking and sleep walking Occurs in stage 3-4, ranging from 30 sec to 30 min

More common in children 10-15% of children from 5-12 age 1-6% of adult

Etiology includes Genetic Biological

immaturity of central nervous system triggered by fever and drug

Psychological (stress and depression)

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Sleepwalker appears dazed, have a blank face expression, unresponsive to communication, and clumsy movement.

On awakening, they have no memory of what has happened. May experience a short period of confusion and disorientation.

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DREAMS

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Dreams Dreams

Occur in REM sleep Have a story-like quality, including vivid visual

imagery Are often bizarre Are regarded as perceptually real by the

dreamer What is the content of your dreams?

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Psychology Today Dream Content Survey 1. Remember their dream 95% 2. Claimed to be able to control the course of

their dreams but not necessarily all of the time 39%

3. Said they had died in dream 28%

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Psychology Today Dream Content Survey 4. Have a recurring dream 68%

being chased, being falling, flying, appearing naked or scantily clad in a public place, being unprepared for an exam

5. Dream about celebrities 45% sex symbols and rock stars

6. Incorporating outside stimulation 20%

43Common dream content

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Culture and dreams: in some cultures, dreams are viewed as important sources of information about oneself, the future, or about the spiritual world. For example, among Parintinin of Brazil, most people can remember several dreams per night. In Senoi of Malaysia, people gather in groups every morning to discuss and analyze their dreams.

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Unconscious wish fulfillment theory Dreams represent unconscious wishes that

dreamers desired to see fulfilled

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Unconscious wish fulfillment theory ________ content: aspect

of dream which we experience consciously during sleep and may remember upon awakening

________ content: the unconscious wishes and thoughts being expressed by the dream symbolically

Train traveling through a tunnel47

Apple48

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Dreams-for-survival theory Dreams permit information that is critical for

daily survival to be reconsidered and reprocessed during sleep

Dreaming renders 24-hour information processing possible

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Dreams-for-survival theory Dreams reflect ongoing conscious

preoccupations or concerns of waking life Women more likely to dream about children,

family members, social interaction, clothes and jewelries

Men more likely to dream about weapons, violence, sexual activity, and achievement

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Dreams-for-survival theory ______________________: kicking away

unwanted thoughts, consolidating wanted thoughts

Smith (1995): when people learn a new memory task and are allowed to get REM sleep, their memory for the task is better the next day, than when they are deprived of REM sleep

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Activation-synthesis theory Spontaneous and random neural signals

triggered during REM sleep These signals stimulate existing memories and

knowledge The brain tries to make sense of these neural

signals by weaving them into a storyline

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HypnosisThrough verbal suggestions of the hypnotist and the imagination of the hypnotized, changes in perception, memory and behaviors are produced.

Procedures of Hypnosis

I________: a ritualistic procedure Instruction to start induction Relaxation, parts of the body relaxed Deepening (with the method of counting)

S________: to bring about change in experience or behavior Only suggest to imagine, imply change can be produced

W________ Alert through attending to body or environment Awake and open eye (with the method of counting)

Wide variations in hypnotic susceptibility 5-20% cannot be hypnotized at all 15% are easily hypnotized Most people are somewhere in between

People will not lose all of their wills during hypnosis Will not perform antisocial behavior Will not carry out self-destructive acts Will not reveal hidden truths about oneself

Some application of hypnosis

Pain control People are given suggestion that their pain is

gain or reduced e.g. during childbirth, dental procedures, surgery

Reducing smoking Smokers are given suggestion that the taste

and smell of cigarettes are unpleasant

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Required Readings Chapter 5