1SOSC1960Discovering Mind and Behavior

Lecture 4Learning

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3http://www.ntv.co.jp/zoo/index.html

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5 Learning A relatively permanent change in behavior (or

behavioral capacity) brought about by _____________

6 Pavlovs Classical Conditioning Skinners Operant Conditioning Banduras Social Cognitive Theory Media violence Using learning principles in therapy

Behavior is shaped by experience (nurture)

7 Stimulus Response connection Type of learning in which a neutral stimulus

comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response

Classical conditioning

8Pavlov (1927)

9a stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response

a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned

a natural, reflexive response that needs no training

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a once neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus

a response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus

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Fear

Little Albert experiment (Watson, 1927)

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Fear

Little Albert experiment (Watson, 1927)

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What are the implications for people who have experienced traumatic events? Fear toward environmental features which were present in the traumatic events.

Fear

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Classical conditioning in ads Linking a product with a stimulus

(unconditioned stimulus) which naturally brings about a positive feeling (unconditioned response)

16Using celebrities

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E____________ Occurs when a previously conditioned response

decreases in frequency and eventually disappears

The conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus

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Bell (CS)

Food (UCS)

Salivation (CR)

Bell (CS) Salivation (CR)

During Conditioning

Extinction

After Conditioning

Bell (CS)

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Stimulus _______________ Occurs when a conditioned response follows a

stimulus that is _________ to the original conditioned stimulus

The more similar the two stimuli are, the more likely generalization is to occur

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Baslam (1988)

The more similar a stimulus is to the conditioned stimuli, the more likely this new stimuli can trigger the conditioned response

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Operant conditioning Operant conditioning

A type of learning in which a response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its __________ or _____________ consequences

The organisms operate on the environment to produce a desirable results

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Studying operant conditioning Operant chamber (or Skinner box) A small enclosure in which an animal can make

a specific response that is recorded while the consequences of the response are systematically controlled

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Operant conditioning Behavior becomes more likely if it brings good

consequences (_______________) Behavior becomes less likely if it brings bad

consequences (_______________)

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__________________________: a behavior is followed by a pleasant stimulus

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___________________________:a behavior is followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus

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________________________:A behavior followed by an unpleasant stimulus

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________________________:A behavior followed by the removal of a pleasant stimulus

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Behavior can be learned without reinforcement or direct experience

Studying learning in terms of thought processes that underlie it

Re-introduce the mind into the learning processes

Cognitive approaches to learning

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Observational learning A process in which an individual learns new

responses by observing what others (__________) do and what happens to them for doing it, instead of through direct experience

Learning through imitation particular likely when the model is similar &

reinforced

30Bandura, Ross, & Ross (1963)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vdh7MngntnI

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Observational learning Very often, we do not or could not learn by

trial-and-error E.g., the danger of crossing the road E.g., the penalty of committing criminal offences

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Media violence

Release of violent game GTA triggers real assault

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Media violence Violence in television and video games Media copycat killings (e.g., Columbine High

School) Many evidence showing that watching high

levels of media violence makes viewers more susceptible to acting aggressively

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Brief exposure to violent dramatic presentations on TV or in films causes short-term increases in youths aggressive thoughts, emotions, and behavior, including physically aggressive behavior serious enough to harm others.

Anderson et al. (2003)

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Anderson et al. (2003)

High levels of exposure to violent TVprograms in childhood are associated with aggression in later childhood, adolescence, and even young adulthood

The current physical aggression, verbal aggression, and aggressive thoughts of young people are correlated with the amount of television and film violence they regularly watch

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Therapy approaches which build on the basic processes of learning

Assumptions Behavior, normal or not, is a product of

learning What has been learned can be unlearned

Using learning principles in therapy

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Aversive conditioning (or aversion therapy) Reducing the frequency of undesired behavior

by pairing an aversive, unpleasant stimulus with the undesired behavior (e.g., alcohol abuse, smoking, gambling, sexual deviance, overeating)

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Unconditioned stimulus(Antabuse)

Unconditioned response

(nausea, vomiting)

Unconditioned response

(nausea, vomiting)

Conditioned stimulus(Alcohol)

Conditioned response

(nausea, vomiting)

Unconditioned stimulus

(Antabuse)

Conditioned stimulus(Alcohol)

Before Conditioning During Conditioning After Conditioning

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Alcohol abuse

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Smoking Rapid smoking Focused smoking

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Operant conditioning

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Token system Tangible reinforcers in the form of tokens that

can later be exchanged for desired objects or privileges

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Observational learning/ modeling to treat phobia E.g. Children who were afraid of rabbits seeing

a model (the Fearless Peer) playing with a rabbit

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Required Readings Chapter 6