Functions of blood:1.Conveying nutrients2.Eliminating waste products3.Carring oxygen and carbon dioxide4.Regulating body temperature5.Maintaining acid-base balance

BLOOD = CELLS + PLASMAErythrocytesLeukocytesPlatelets

Sol state Gel state

Plasma proteinsAlbuminsGlobulinsFibrinogen

Red blood cells erythrocytes:M: 5 million/mm3F: 4 million/mm3diameter : 7.5mbiconcave shaped disksdevoid of organelles and nucleusimmature forms reticulocytes 1% of erythrocyteslifetime 120 daysfunction transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Platelets:150 000 300 000 per 1 mm3 of bloodcell fragments devoid of nucleuscontain granules, mitochondria, glycogenlife span 14 daysfunction promote blood clotting

Types of granules: Alpha granules contain factors that facilitate platelet aggregation and coagulation of bloodDelta granules - contain factors that facilitate platelet aggregation, adhesion and vasoconstriction Lambda granules (lysosomes) contain hydrolytic enzymes

White blood cells (leukocytes) 4 000 10 000 / 1 mm31.Granulocytes contain specific granules and nonspecific (azurophilic) granulesNeutrophils 60 %Eosinophils 2-5 %Basophils 1 %2.Agranulocytes contain only nonspecific (azurophilic) granulesMonocytes 3-8 %Lymphocytes 25-35 %

IMMATURE FORMunsegmented nucleus

present when demand for neutrophils increasesMATURE FORM3 -lobed nucleus

present in normal conditionsOLD FORMhipersegmented nucleus

present wnen production of neutrophils decreases

Neutrophils:60% of leukocytesdiameter: 12 15msegmented nucleus2 types of granules:specyfic granules lysozyme, lactoferrin, collagenaseazurophilic granulesfunction phagocytosis, killing microorganismslife span 6 hours in blood 1 4 days in tissue

Eosinophils:2 5% of leukocytesdiameter 10 15mbilobed nucleus2 types of granules:specyfic granules major basic proteineosinophil cationic proteineosinophilic peroxidasehistaminasearylsulfataseazurophilic granulesfunction :a)defense against parasitesb)modulation of response in allergic reactionsc)phagocytosis

Basophils:1% of leukocytesdiameter : 12 15mlobulated nucleus2 types of granules:specyfic granuleshistamineheparinchemotactic factorsnonspecyfic (azurophilic) granulesfunctiona)play role in hypersensivity and anaphylaxisb)regulate and modulate inflammatory responses

Monocytes:3 8% of leukocytesdiameter: 12 20 mkidneyshaped nucleusbelong to agranulocytesdifferentiate into macrophages in tissuefunctiona)phagocytosisb)producing cytokines and activating inflammatory responsesc)acting as antigen-presenting cells

Mononuclear phagocyte system:Histiocytes connective tissueMicroglia CNSOsteoclasts boneKupffer cells liverAlvealar macrophages

Lymphocytes:25 35% of leukocytesdiameter: 6 10mspherical nucleusbelong to agranulocytesfunction create the immune systemT lymphocytes humoral immunityB lymphocytes cellular immune responses

Bone marrow:Red bone marrow activeYellow bone marrow inactive

Red bone marrow:Sinusoidal capillariesStroma (reticular tissue)Hemopoietic cords

Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) - characteristicsGreat potentialAbility to self renewalAbility to migrate with a bloodstream

Hematopoietic cellsStem cellProgenitor cellsPrecursor cellsMature cellsAbility for self renevalcant be recognized morfologicallyLimited ability for self renevalcant be recognized morfologicallyNo ability for self renevalcan be distinguished morfologically

Progenitor cells CFU( colony forming units)

Lymphoid - CFUMyeloid - CFUGranulocyte Macrophage - CFUEosinophil - CFUBasophil - CFUMegakaryocyte - CFUErythroid - CFU

STEM CELLSPROGENITOR CELLSPRECURSOR CELLS

STEM CELLSPROGENITOR CELLSPRECURSOR CELLS

STEM CELLSPROGENITOR CELLSPRECURSOR CELLS