Lecture20-Nov30
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Transcript of Lecture20-Nov30
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Objectives/outcomes: You will learn the following:
• particle and fiber reinforcement.
• Various types of fibers
• Unidirectional
•
Rule of mixture.• Strength of fiber composites
MSE200Lecture 20(CH. 12.1-12.3)
Composite Materials
Instructor: Yuntian Zhu
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Introduction
• A composite material is
• Properties of composite materials can be superior to itsindividual components.
• Examples:
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Two types of composite materials
•
Classified according to the reinforcements – Particle reinforced composites
• Examples:
– Fiber reinforced composites
• Examples:
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Glass Fibers for Reinforced Plastic Composite Materials
• Glass fiber reinforced plastic composite materials have
high strength-weight ratio, good dimensional stability,
good temperature and corrosion resistance and low
cost.
‘E’ Glass : 52-56% SiO2, + 12-16% Al2O3, 16-25%
CaO + 8-13% B2O3
Tensile strength = 3.44 GPa, E = 72.3 GPa
‘S” Glass : Used for military and aerospace
application.
65% SiO2 + 25% Al
2O
3 + 10% MgO
Tensile strength = 4.48 GPa, E = 85.4 GPa
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Production of Glass Fibers
• Produced by drawing monofilaments from a furnace
and gathering them to form a strand.
Low cost and hencecommonly used.
http://www.google.com/search?q=glass+fiber+drawing&tbo=p&tbs=vid%3A1&source=vgc&hl=en&aq=f
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Glass fiber products
http://video.google.com/videosearch?hl=en&q=glass%20fiber%20composite&gbv=2&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=iv#hl=en&q=glass+fiber+composite&gbv=2&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=iv&start=0
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Carbon Fibers for Reinforced Plastics
• Light weight, very high strength and high stiffness.
• 7-10 micrometer in diameter.
•
Produced from polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and pitch.• Steps:
Stabilization: PAN fibers are stretched and oxidised in air
at about 2000C.
Carbonization: Stabilized carbon fibers are heated in inertatmosphere at 1000-15000C which results in elimination of
O,H and N resulting in increase of strength.
Graphitization: Carried out at 18000C and increases
modulus of elasticity at the expense of strength
• Tensile strength = 3.1-4.45 GPa, E = 193-241 GPa,
density = 1.7-2.1 g/cc.
The highest strength: 6.9 GPa, by Toray
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Aramid Fibers (Kevlar) for Reinforcing Plastic Resins
• Aramid = aromatic polyamide fibers.
•
Trade name is Kevlar
Kevlar 29:- Low density, high strength, and used for ropes and cables.
Kevlar 49:- Low density, high strength and modulus and used foraerospace and auto applications.
•
Hydrogen bonds bond fiber together.
•
Used where resistance to fatigue, high
strength and light weight is important.
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Kevlar fiber products
http://video.google.com/videosearch?q=kevlar&hl=en&emb=0&aq=f#
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Comparison of Mechanical Properties
• Glass fibers are cheap, for cheap civilian products
•
Carbon fibers are strong but brittle, high strength structure
• Kevlar fibers are toughest, for body armor.
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Fiber frontier: Carbon nanotube (CNT) fiber
Commercial
LANL CNT fiber
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CNT fiber
Ribbons being pulled from array
Example of spun CNT fiber
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Fiber Reinforced-Plastic Composite Materials
• Fiberglass-reinforced polyester resins:
Higher the wt% of glass, stronger the reinforcedplastic is.
Nonparallel alignment of glass fibers reducesstrength.
• Carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resins:
Carbon fiber contributes to rigidity and strength while epoxy matrix contributes to impactstrength.
Polyimides, polyphenylene sulfides are also used.
Exceptional fatigue properties. Carbon fiber epoxy material is laminated to
meet strength requirements.
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Properties of Fiber Reinforced Plastics
Fiberglass polyester
(Carbon fibers and epoxy)
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Rule of Mixture (isostrain condition)
•
Stress on composite causes uniform strain on all composite layers.
Pc = Pf + Pm
= P/A
cAc = f Af + mAm
Pc = Load on composite
Pf = Load on fibers
Pm = load on matrix
Rule of mixture of binary composites
Ec = Ef Vf + EmVm
c = f Vf + mVm
c = f Vf + mVm
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Isostress Condition
•
Stress on the composite structure produces an equal stress conditionon all the layers.
c = f = m
Assuming no change in area
and assuming unit length of the composite
c = f Vf + mVm
Therefore
m
m
f
f
c
c E E E
=== ,,
E c=
V f
E f +
V m
E m
1
E c=
V f
E f +V m
E m
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Toughening Mechanisms in Composite Materials
• Toughening is due to fibers interfering with crack
propagation.
Crack deflection: Up on encountering reinforcement,
crack is deflected making propagation more
meandering.
Crack bridging: Fibers bridge the crack and help to
keep the cracks together. Fiber pullout: Friction caused by pulling out the fiber
from matrix results in higher toughness.
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HW
•
Examples problems in Chapter 12: 12.1, 12.2, 12.3