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specific protein for which the oligonucleotide has affinity. This method allows for the detection of protein concentrations as low as 30 attomolar due to natural amplification which is result of the presence of a large number of oligonucleotides per nanoparticle. Development of nanoparticle probes for the highly sensitive detection of nucleic acids and proteins has been a major breakthrough the field of medical diagnostics and therapeutics. Identification of cancer cells, presence of a pathogenic genetic component etc. are all possible by making use of these nanoparticles. In the winter of the 2000, Professor F. C. Simmel found a novel use of nanotechnology in biotechnology he observed that Molecular recognition between complementary DNA strands allowed assembly on a nanometre scale[12]. For example, DNA tags can be used to bring together the assembly of colloidal particles, and DNA templates can direct the growth of semiconductor nanocrystals and metal wires. DNA could be used to make ordered assortments of tiles, linked rings and polyhedra. This meant that the construction or creation of active devices was also a possibility--for example, a nanomechanical switch, whose conformation is changed by a transition in the handedness or chirality of the DNA double helix. Professor Simmel also demonstrated that, the construction of a DNA machine in which the DNA acts as 'fuel' is also a very realistic possibility. A machine can be made form 3 strands of DNA in the form of a pair of tweezers. It may be closed and opened by addition of auxiliary strands of 'fuel' DNA.

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platforms by making use of the Verigene system. It enables us to detect diseases at an early stage and makes way for a more targeted treatment due to high sensitivity to direct nucleic acids and proteins testing.

Nanoink was the second company to come into the picture in 2002 and was involved in nanometer-scale manufacturing and developing applications for life sciences, engineering, pharmaceutical and education industries by making use of DPN.

Next came Aurasense which allowed for the interrogation of genetic expression in live cells for the first time by manufacturing biocompatible nanoparticles that served as novel assays within living cells. It rendered the use of carriers and transfection agents unnecessary which evoked immune responses and had toxic effects. One of their products was a nanoparticle that mimics the natural function of HDL ("good" cholesterol).

Latest was AuraSense Therapeutics' which specializes in uniquely engineered Spherical Nucleic Acid (SNA) constructs that possess unparalleled biocompatibility and versatility as therapeutics. It is very promising for combating the most threatening diseases, including heart disease, cancer, skin conditions and bacterial infection.

One of the latest revolutionizing works in the field of nanotechnology has been on Graphene. Graphene is one of the allotrope of carbon along with diamond, graphite and fullerene. It is a flat monolayer of atoms tightly packed into 2-D hexagonal lattice and is known for being the building block for various graphitic substances of any dimensionality; it can be transformed into 0-D fullerenes, rolled to form 1-D nanotubes or stacked into 3-D graphite. Theoretically, grapheme has been known and studied for more than sixty years and is used for reasoning properties of materials based on carbon. Graphene had been assumed not to exist freely in nature and was believed to be unstable when carved into curved structures such as soot, fullerenes and nanotubes. Now suddenly, three years ago, the vintage model became a reality when grapheme in the free state was found unexpectedly. The follow-up experiments by Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov at the University of Manchester confirmed that the charge carriers in graphene were massless Dirac fermions and won them a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010 for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene"[14].

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