Lecture+1+Introduction_posting

1SOSC1960Discovering Mind and Behavior

Lecture 1Introduction

Teaching Team

Instructor Beatrice LAI, Ph.D Office: Room 3002 Contact: [email protected], ext 7817 Consultation: by email appointment (with confirmation)

TAs Vivien PONG, Cheryl TSO, WONG Kwan To Contact: [email protected] Consultation: by email appointment (with confirmation)

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Classroom Etiquettes Be punctual Turn off your mobile phones

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WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY?

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True or False? When people are asked to give painful electric

shocks to other people to punish their mistakes, most of us would refuse to do so.

People pull harder in a tug-of-war when they are part of a team than when they are pulling by themselves.

A group of people stood by and did nothing while a woman was being stabbed to death.

Opposites attract: We are more likely to be attracted to people who possess qualities and characteristics that we dont have.

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6 Common sense and science Do not always trust common sense or

common beliefs, because they could be empirically unwarranted.

We need to examine any statement empirically and critically. Scientific method is needed.

7 Definitions the scientific study of behavior and mental

processes (Feldman, 2008)

the discipline concerned with behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organisms physical state, mental state, and external environment (Wade & Tavris, 2005)

the science of mental processes and behavior (Kosslyn & Rosenberg, 2005)

What is psychology?

8 Unifying themes Subject matter: behavior and mental

processes Method: science Coverage: all aspects of the human experience

http://www.apa.org/about/division.html http://www.apa.org/topics/

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT AREAS OF PSYCHOLOGY?

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Different areas of psychology Memory

the processes through which we encode, store, and retrieve information

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A visual mnemonics for days of the months

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Sensation and perception the processes of sensing and perceiving the

world

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States of consciousness different states of awareness of the sensations,

thoughts, and feelings experienced at a given moment

Hypnosis ()

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Learning the processes through which relatively

permanent change in behavior is brought about

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Intelligence the capacity to understand the world, think

rationally, and use resources effectively

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Intelligence IQ? How intelligent is a person with an IQ score of

200?

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Development the pattern of growth and change that occur

throughout the lifespan

29Robin & Trzesniewski (2005)

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Personality the pattern of enduring characteristics that

produce consistency and individuality in a given person

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I make decisions based onA. feelingsB. feelings and reason equallyC. reason

I find it hard to give a speech of strangers

A. yesB. somewhatC. no

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Source: http://home.netfront.net/~ewcl/star1(1).htm#cancer

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Social psychology how peoples thoughts, feelings, and actions

are affected by others

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Health psychology the relationship between psychological factors

and physical health

39Appledaily, 28 Aug 2006, N=382

Required textbook Feldman, R. S. (2013). Understanding

Psychology (11th Ed). New York: McGraw-Hill.

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Assessment

Quiz 1 30%

Quiz 2 30%

Assignments 30%

Class Participation 10%

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Quizzes (30% + 30%)

MCs, noncumulative Lecture notes and required readings No make-up exam unless for validated medical

reasons

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Assignment (30%) Two assignment questions will be distributed

You need to complete both assignments

Requirement: maximum 500 words for each assignment question

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Class Participation (10%) Attendance Active participation in class discussions

and activities

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Course Communication Platform LMES (http://lmes2.ust.hk/)

Announcements Lecture materials Discussion Distribution of scores

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Where do Psychologists Work?

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Researchers vs. Practitioners researchers: to develop psychological

knowledge (tool makers) practitioners: to apply psychological knowledge

(carpenters)

Psychologists

Psychologists

Researchers

Aim: Developing theoretical understanding of behaviors

Applying psychological knowledge

Practitioners

Researchers Practitioners

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The Education of a Psychologist B.A. or B.S.

Bachelors degree M.A. or M.S.

Masters degree Ph.D.

Doctor of philosophy Psy.D.

Doctor of psychology

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What is Psychology? Psychology is the scientific study of

behavior and mental processes

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Major Perspectives

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Neuroscience Perspective Considers how people and nonhumans

function biologically Brain and Neurons Genes Evolution

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Neuroscience Perspective Brain and Neurons

Phineas Gage

Macmillan, M. (2006). Restoring Phineas Gage: A 150th Retrospective. J. Hist. Neurosci. 9: 46-66

Frontal Lobe

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Neuroscience PerspectiveGenes

The Genain Quadruplets

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Neuroscience Perspective Evolution

Genes play a central role in an individuals adaptation to environmental demands

Survival of the fittest Species with traits better adapted to their

environment survive and reproduce

Natural selection Through reproduction, more adaptive traits are

selected to be passed onto future generations by genes

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Examples Imprinting in birds

Emotionally attached to the firstmoving object

Parent-infant attachment Emotional attachment to the

primary caregiverKonrad Lorenz (1903 - 1989)

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Examples Mate Selection

Differences are consistent across cultures E.g. China, Taiwan, Japan, USA, Canada, UK,

Germany, Italy, Africa, India

Men Women

Physical attractivenessYouthGood housekeeping skills

Economic resources

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Psychodynamic Perspective Behavior is motivated by inner forces and

conflicts about which we have little awareness or control

Theory is developed from memories of patients with serious mental disorders

Sigmund Freud

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Id Libido: sexual instinct, aggressive impulses The pleasure principle: the drive to seek

immediate satisfaction Unconscious Present at birth

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Ego Reason and logical thinking The reality principle find ways to gratify the

id that are acceptable to the superego Develops gradually during the 1st year Conscious

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Superego Societal rules,

shoulds and should nots Conscious Develops at age 5-6

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Ego keeps the three components in balance

Otherwise, tension occurs

Freuds Psychosexual Theory Development is fundamentally stage-like, with

each stage centered on a particular conflict between sexual urges and demands of society

The specific personality a child develops depends on the degree of success the child has in moving through the various stages

Over-indulgence or lack of gratification results in fixation conflicts or concerns that persist beyond the

developmental stage in which they first occur 66

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Oedipus complex

Castration anxiety

Electra complex

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suffers from OCD and it manifests itself through constant cleanliness and perfection of all that is around him. Anything out of order is enough to cause a conflict and must be attended to immediately. Examples of this complete order is that everything must be in pairs, if there are three books on a table one must be added, or one must be removed.

David Beckham

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Which stage is David Beckham fixated at?

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Evaluation Contributions

Ideas of unconsciousness and childhood roots of adult personality

Limitations Lack of empirical data and verification,

partially due to the fuzziness of the concepts Derivation of the concepts and theories from a

limited population Important changes in personality can take

place during adolescence and adulthood

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Behavioral Perspective Focuses on observable behavior that can

be measured objectively Learning leads to permanent change in

behavior

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Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to

bring them up in and Ill guarantee to take anyone at random and train him to become any

type of specialist I might select doctor,lawyer, artist, and yes, even beggar-man and

thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestor (Watson, 1924)

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Criticism of Behavioral PerspectiveX Humans are not passive recipients of

environmental influences

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Cognitive Perspective Focuses on how people think, understand,

and know about the world

Information-processing theory

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Cognitive Perspective Does using a cell-phone impair peoples

driving ability?

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Phone Conversation

Traffic

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Humanism Emphasis is on free

will

Achieving self-fulfillment

Maslows Self-Actualization

Rogers Conditions of Worth

ItsalwaysSit,Stay,Heel neverThink,Innovate,Beyourself.

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Maslow and Self-Actualization

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Rogers Conditions of Worth Self-actualizing tendency

striving to fulfill innate capabilities

Positive Regards: warmth, affection, love, and respect

Conditions of worth: the conditions that others place upon us in

order to receive their positive regard

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Conditionalpositiveregard positiveregardgivenwhenproviderswishesfulfilled

Unconditionalpositiveregard unconditionalloveandacceptanceofanindividualbyanotherperson

Whatkindofpeopleareconsideredtobefullyfunctioning?

Readings Ch. 1

Next topic Research Methods

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