Lecture10_ResearchReport1
28
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES NORTH SUMATRA UNIVERSITY BIO500 Metodologi Penelitian Dwi Suryanto Alamat: Departemen Biologi, Fakultas MIPA, USU Medan Telp. (061)8223564 HP. 08126328916 E-mail: [email protected]
-
Upload
ainee-iin-pleiades -
Category
Documents
-
view
6 -
download
2
Transcript of Lecture10_ResearchReport1
DEP
AR
TM
EN
T O
F B
IOLO
GY
FA
CU
LTY
OF M
ATH
EM
ATIC
S A
ND
NA
TU
RA
L S
CIE
NC
ES
NO
RTH
SU
MA
TR
A U
NIV
ER
SIT
Y
BIO500 Metodologi PenelitianBIO500 Metodologi Penelitian
Dwi SuryantoDwi Suryanto
Alamat:Departemen Biologi, Fakultas MIPA, USU Medan
Telp. (061)8223564HP. 08126328916
E-mail: [email protected]
DEP
AR
TM
EN
T O
F B
IOLO
GY
FA
CU
LTY
OF M
ATH
EM
ATIC
S A
ND
NA
TU
RA
L S
CIE
NC
ES
NO
RTH
SU
MA
TR
A U
NIV
ER
SIT
Y Lecture 10.
Research Report (1)
DEP
AR
TM
EN
T O
F B
IOLO
GY
FA
CU
LTY
OF M
ATH
EM
ATIC
S A
ND
NA
TU
RA
L S
CIE
NC
ES
NO
RTH
SU
MA
TR
A U
NIV
ER
SIT
Y
References1. Day RA. 1988. How to write & publish a scientific paper. 3rd ed. Oryx Press. Phoenix. 211 pp.
2. Hubbuch SM. 1989. Writing research papers across the curriculum. 2nd ed. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. New York. 398 pp.
3. Johnson J. The Bedford guide to the research process. A Bedford Book. St. Martin’s Press. New York. 380 pp.
DEP
AR
TM
EN
T O
F B
IOLO
GY
FA
CU
LTY
OF M
ATH
EM
ATIC
S A
ND
NA
TU
RA
L S
CIE
NC
ES
NO
RTH
SU
MA
TR
A U
NIV
ER
SIT
Y
DEP
AR
TM
EN
T O
F B
IOLO
GY
FA
CU
LTY
OF M
ATH
EM
ATIC
S A
ND
NA
TU
RA
L S
CIE
NC
ES
NO
RTH
SU
MA
TR
A U
NIV
ER
SIT
YA Primary Research Report A primary research report applies
only to those research projects that have focused on studies or experiments in which you have gathered raw data directly from sources through a carefully designed series of tests or procedures, and in which you have analyzed your raw data by using objective, accepted procedures in the field. Primary research projects of the type I will discuss here are the studies or experiments normally done in the social and natural sciences .
DEP
AR
TM
EN
T O
F B
IOLO
GY
FA
CU
LTY
OF M
ATH
EM
ATIC
S A
ND
NA
TU
RA
L S
CIE
NC
ES
NO
RTH
SU
MA
TR
A U
NIV
ER
SIT
Y
Writing the Research Paper Exchanging Information. Writing down the results of your findings is naturally the next step in this process. You're finding out all along-both as you research and as you write-what significance your information has for you and what conclusions you've reached, and you're putting them in a form that will make them available to others.
DEP
AR
TM
EN
T O
F B
IOLO
GY
FA
CU
LTY
OF M
ATH
EM
ATIC
S A
ND
NA
TU
RA
L S
CIE
NC
ES
NO
RTH
SU
MA
TR
A U
NIV
ER
SIT
Y
There's a generosity about bothering to write down the results of your search, just as there is a generosity about orally sharing your information and thoughts. Personal relations are enhanced by giving information.
DEP
AR
TM
EN
T O
F B
IOLO
GY
FA
CU
LTY
OF M
ATH
EM
ATIC
S A
ND
NA
TU
RA
L S
CIE
NC
ES
NO
RTH
SU
MA
TR
A U
NIV
ER
SIT
Y
Communities of interest (scientific, academic, agricultural, political, religious, and sports, for example) are built and maintained through this sharing of information.
DEP
AR
TM
EN
T O
F B
IOLO
GY
FA
CU
LTY
OF M
ATH
EM
ATIC
S A
ND
NA
TU
RA
L S
CIE
NC
ES
NO
RTH
SU
MA
TR
A U
NIV
ER
SIT
Y
Of course, you already know from writing other papers that writing a paper is not just a simple matter of sitting down one night, recording what you know, and handing it in the next day. First you need a written plan-an outline-to organize the information you have collected so that it is logical and understandable.
DEP
AR
TM
EN
T O
F B
IOLO
GY
FA
CU
LTY
OF M
ATH
EM
ATIC
S A
ND
NA
TU
RA
L S
CIE
NC
ES
NO
RTH
SU
MA
TR
A U
NIV
ER
SIT
Y
When you sit down to write, an outline will save you time because you won't have to decide what to write next. In your first draft you need only fill in the structure of your outline with details that further shape and make meaning out of your materials.
DEP
AR
TM
EN
T O
F B
IOLO
GY
FA
CU
LTY
OF M
ATH
EM
ATIC
S A
ND
NA
TU
RA
L S
CIE
NC
ES
NO
RTH
SU
MA
TR
A U
NIV
ER
SIT
Y
Most people need a second draft to refine the organization and to check the effectiveness of paragraphs, sentences, and words; and a final draft to check the documentation of sources and to solve problems of punctuation, grammar, spelling, and the like.
DEP
AR
TM
EN
T O
F B
IOLO
GY
FA
CU
LTY
OF M
ATH
EM
ATIC
S A
ND
NA
TU
RA
L S
CIE
NC
ES
NO
RTH
SU
MA
TR
A U
NIV
ER
SIT
Y
Some parts may have to be rewritten more than three times. Starting early and following a carefully planned schedule will make it possible for you to write a good paper and meet your deadline.
DEP
AR
TM
EN
T O
F B
IOLO
GY
FA
CU
LTY
OF M
ATH
EM
ATIC
S A
ND
NA
TU
RA
L S
CIE
NC
ES
NO
RTH
SU
MA
TR
A U
NIV
ER
SIT
Y
The Importance of Abundance. Start thinking now of providing more than you need at each stage of your research process. Abundance-even overabundance-is part of nature's back-up system, and you can benefit from it too. Start with a list of more subjects to choose from than you need for your paper.
DEP
AR
TM
EN
T O
F B
IOLO
GY
FA
CU
LTY
OF M
ATH
EM
ATIC
S A
ND
NA
TU
RA
L S
CIE
NC
ES
NO
RTH
SU
MA
TR
A U
NIV
ER
SIT
Y
Collect more information than you think you can use. Write more drafts than you plan to. And, if you can possibly manage it, plan to spend more time than you think it may take you to complete the project.
DEP
AR
TM
EN
T O
F B
IOLO
GY
FA
CU
LTY
OF M
ATH
EM
ATIC
S A
ND
NA
TU
RA
L S
CIE
NC
ES
NO
RTH
SU
MA
TR
A U
NIV
ER
SIT
YEven when it comes to using paper, be generous. Using both sides of sheets and cards without leaving margins may save you some money, but it will cost you a lot of time. Instead, leave plenty of space so that you can add material if you want to. Smaller amounts of information on more cards or pieces of paper will also make sorting and organizing much easier.
DEP
AR
TM
EN
T O
F B
IOLO
GY
FA
CU
LTY
OF M
ATH
EM
ATIC
S A
ND
NA
TU
RA
L S
CIE
NC
ES
NO
RTH
SU
MA
TR
A U
NIV
ER
SIT
Y
General Format In a primary research report, the researcher is laying out his or her study or experiment for the reader in the order in which the study was conceived and carried out. A picture of the overall shape of the report follows.
DEP
AR
TM
EN
T O
F B
IOLO
GY
FA
CU
LTY
OF M
ATH
EM
ATIC
S A
ND
NA
TU
RA
L S
CIE
NC
ES
NO
RTH
SU
MA
TR
A U
NIV
ER
SIT
Y
DEP
AR
TM
EN
T O
F B
IOLO
GY
FA
CU
LTY
OF M
ATH
EM
ATIC
S A
ND
NA
TU
RA
L S
CIE
NC
ES
NO
RTH
SU
MA
TR
A U
NIV
ER
SIT
Y
The first section of the text proper should, of course, be the Introduction. The purpose of the Introduction should be to supply sufficient background information to allow the reader to under stand and evaluate the results of the present study without needing.
a. The First Section (Introduction, Review of the Literature, Statement of the Hypothesis)
DEP
AR
TM
EN
T O
F B
IOLO
GY
FA
CU
LTY
OF M
ATH
EM
ATIC
S A
ND
NA
TU
RA
L S
CIE
NC
ES
NO
RTH
SU
MA
TR
A U
NIV
ER
SIT
Y
In the diagram I have drawn the first section of the report is an inverted pyramid because I want you to see that, in this part of the report, you begin by introducing your reader to the general area of investigation (the general subject) and then gradually lead your reader to the specific hypothesis you tested.
DEP
AR
TM
EN
T O
F B
IOLO
GY
FA
CU
LTY
OF M
ATH
EM
ATIC
S A
ND
NA
TU
RA
L S
CIE
NC
ES
NO
RTH
SU
MA
TR
A U
NIV
ER
SIT
Y
The purpose of this opening segment of the report is to put your study or experiment into the context of other work that has already been done in the field.
DEP
AR
TM
EN
T O
F B
IOLO
GY
FA
CU
LTY
OF M
ATH
EM
ATIC
S A
ND
NA
TU
RA
L S
CIE
NC
ES
NO
RTH
SU
MA
TR
A U
NIV
ER
SIT
Y
I assume that you have worked as other experienced researchers have worked. I assume that before you designed your specific study or experiment you investigated the theories that are current in the field and that you looked carefully at the studies and experiments that have been carried out by others.
DEP
AR
TM
EN
T O
F B
IOLO
GY
FA
CU
LTY
OF M
ATH
EM
ATIC
S A
ND
NA
TU
RA
L S
CIE
NC
ES
NO
RTH
SU
MA
TR
A U
NIV
ER
SIT
Y
I assume that your specific study evolved out of your reactions to these previous studies and experiments, reactions like "Smith and Jones's hypothesis needs to be tested further with more subjects" or "Dr. X's theory needs to be tested by doing a study that would . . ." or "I wonder if procedure Y would give me more information about the way that DNA …….. ?"
DEP
AR
TM
EN
T O
F B
IOLO
GY
FA
CU
LTY
OF M
ATH
EM
ATIC
S A
ND
NA
TU
RA
L S
CIE
NC
ES
NO
RTH
SU
MA
TR
A U
NIV
ER
SIT
Y
In other words, I assume that you did your study to fill a hole or gap in the knowledge that has already been accumulated about your subject.
DEP
AR
TM
EN
T O
F B
IOLO
GY
FA
CU
LTY
OF M
ATH
EM
ATIC
S A
ND
NA
TU
RA
L S
CIE
NC
ES
NO
RTH
SU
MA
TR
A U
NIV
ER
SIT
Y
• You are informing your reader about the theories that your study is based on and about published research projects that you have drawn on to develop your hypothesis and methodology.
• You are explaining to your reader where your study fits in the general picture of the theories that are current and the work that has been done.
In the first part of your report, then, you are doing two things:
DEP
AR
TM
EN
T O
F B
IOLO
GY
FA
CU
LTY
OF M
ATH
EM
ATIC
S A
ND
NA
TU
RA
L S
CIE
NC
ES
NO
RTH
SU
MA
TR
A U
NIV
ER
SIT
Y
If you look at the research reports you have read as you were doing your library work, you will see that primary research reports are divided by headings in the text. Sometimes the section I have just described is headed "Introduction." Sometimes, particularly if this part of the report is long, the writer will use several headings (Introduction, Review of the Literature, Statement of Hypothesis),
DEP
AR
TM
EN
T O
F B
IOLO
GY
FA
CU
LTY
OF M
ATH
EM
ATIC
S A
ND
NA
TU
RA
L S
CIE
NC
ES
NO
RTH
SU
MA
TR
A U
NIV
ER
SIT
Y
Or she will subdivide the Introduction, using subheadings or headings that specifically describe the content of that section (Z's Theory of Learning Styles, Age and Learning).
DEP
AR
TM
EN
T O
F B
IOLO
GY
FA
CU
LTY
OF M
ATH
EM
ATIC
S A
ND
NA
TU
RA
L S
CIE
NC
ES
NO
RTH
SU
MA
TR
A U
NIV
ER
SIT
Y
DEP
AR
TM
EN
T O
F B
IOLO
GY
FA
CU
LTY
OF M
ATH
EM
ATIC
S A
ND
NA
TU
RA
L S
CIE
NC
ES
NO
RTH
SU
MA
TR
A U
NIV
ER
SIT
Y
