Lecture10 filtration

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FILTRATION

Transcript of Lecture10 filtration

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FILTRATION

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INTRODUCTION

• Settled water turbidity is in the range 1 to 10 NTU with a typical value being 2NTU.

• EPA requires that the water turbidity 0.3 NTU.• Filtration process is required.• The most common filtration process is granular filtration 

where the suspended or colloidal impurities are separated from water by passage through a porous medium.

• The medium is usually a bed of sand or other media such as coal, activated carbon, etc… 

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• Most common type of filter is: Rapid Sand Filter• Water moves through sand (layer of activated carbon oranthracite coal)

• Top layer removes organic compounds which contributeto taste and odor.

• Sand pores act as a screen for large suspended particles

FILTRATION

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• Grain effective size is the sieve opening in mm that allow 10% of sand weight to pass or that retains 90% of sand weight.

• Degree  of  conformity  indicates  the  degree  of  sand  grains variation.  It  is  the  ratio  of  sieve  opening  that  60%  of  sand weight pass and the effective size.

• Ex:  If 60% of sand weight pass through sieve diameter 0.7mm and  the  effective  size  is  0.35mm;  then  the  degree  of conformity =0.7/0.35=2

FILTRATION

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• Rate of Filtration (ROF) = 120‐180 m3/m2/day• Area of one filter = 50 m2

• Sand layer thickness = 60‐70 cm• Gravel layer thickness = 15‐30cm • Water Depth = 120‐150cm• Number of filters = Total area / 50• Length to width ratio varies between 1 and 1.4• Add 1 or 2 standby filters for washing and operation conditions.• Preparation period = 5‐15min• Operation period = 12‐24 hrs• Washing water rate = 300‐500 lt/m2/min• Washing time = 5‐15min • Wash water tank for 2 filters• Total Nb. Of filters = Design + 1 or 2 Standby 

FILTRATION – Design Criteria

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• It is a vertical or horizontal steel cylinder can withstand pressure difference 2‐5 atmosphere.

• It includes filter material such as sand.• Same principle of rapid gravity filters but the filter media is 

enclosed in a steel vessel and water is under pressure.• Mostly used for flow rates projects (5‐150m3/hr), in swimming 

pools, drug and food industries, tertiary wastewater treatment plants.

• May be in form of Glass fiber or Poly Ethylene (PE)• Diameter= 50‐260cm; Height = 100‐750cm

Pressure Filters

• Activated Carbon Filters are used to remove organic & inorganic material.

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Example:For Q=120000m3/d design the rapid sand filters and calculate the percentage of washing water.

Solution:Q=120000m3/d Rate of filtration=120-180 take 150m3/m2/d Area= 120000/150=800m2

No of filters= 800/50=16 add 2 filters for washing = 16+2=18 filterWashing Filter dimensions = 6.25*8m

Washing water= Nb of filters x Area of filter x Washing time x Washing water rate=16filters*50m2*10*0.5m3/m2/min = 4000m3

Percentage of washing water= 4000/120000=0.0333=3.33%