Lecture Slides-Network Analysis

8/3/2019 Lecture Slides-Network Analysis

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EN4520-Microwave Communications

Microwave Network Analysis

Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering

University of Moratuwa

University of Moratuwa 1 / 35EN4520-Microwave Communications

Chandika Wavegedara



Microwave Network Analysis Introduction

Introduction

•

A microwave (MW) network is formed when several MV devices andcomponents such as sources, attenuators, resonators, filters, amplifiers,etc. are coupled together by transmission lines or waveguides for thedesired transmission of a MW signal.

• The point of interconnection of two or more devices is called a junction.

•

RF/MW devices, circuits, and components can be classified as one-, two-,three-, or N-point networks. A majority of circuits under analysis aretwo-port networks.

• We can use network and/or transmission line theory to analyze thebehavior of the entire system of components, including effects such as

multiple reflections, loss, impedance transformations, and transitions.• A transition between different transmission lines, or discontinuity on a

transmission line generally can not be treated as a simple junctionbetween two transmission lines.


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Microwave Network Analysis Impedance and Equivalent Voltages and Currents

Equivalent Voltages and Currents

•

At microwave frequencies the measurement of voltage or current isdifficult (or impossible), unless a clearly defined terminal pair is available.

• Such a terminal pair may be present in the case of TEM-type lines (suchas coaxial cable, microstrip, or stripline), but does not strictly exist fornon-TEM lines (such as rectangular, circular, or surface waveguides).

•

There are many ways to define equivalent voltage, current, and impedancefor waveguides, since these quantities are not unique for non-TEM lines:

• Voltage and current are defined only for a particular waveguide mode, andare defined so that the voltage is proportional to the transverse electricfield, and the current is proportional to the transverse magnetic field.

• In order to be used in a manner similar to voltages and currents of circuit

theory the equivalent voltages and currents should be defined so that theirproduct gives the power flow of the mode.

• The ratio of the voltage to the current for a single traveling wave should beequal to the characteristic impedance of the line.


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Mi N k A l i I d d Ad i M i



Microwave Network Analysis Impedance and Admittance Matrices

Impedance and Admittance Matrices

• Once equivalent voltages and currents have been defined at various points

in a microwave network, we can use the impedance and/or admittancematrices of circuit theory to relate these terminal or ”port” quantities toeach other.

• This type of representation lends itself to the development of equivalentcircuits of arbitrary networks.

• Consider an arbitrary N -port microwave network.

• The ports may be any type of transmission line or transmission lineequivalent of a single propagating waveguide mode.

• If one of the physical ports of the network is a waveguide supporting morethan one propagating mode, additional electrical ports can be added toaccount for these modes.

• At a specific point on the nth port, a terminal plane, tn, is defined alongwith equivalent voltages and currents for the incident (V +

n , I +n ) andreflected (V −n , I −n ) waves.


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Mi N t k A l i I d d Ad itt M t i




Figure: An arbitrary N -port microwave network.

• The terminal planes are important in providing a phase reference for thevoltage and current phasors.


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• At the nth terminal plane, the total voltage and current is given by

V n = V +

n

+ V −

n

,

I n = I +n − I −n ,

when z = 0.

• The impedance matrix [Z ] of the microwave network then relates thesevoltages and currents:

V 1V 2...

V N

=

Z 11 Z 12 · · · Z 1N

Z 21

......

...

Z N 1 · · · · · · Z NN

I 1I 2...

I N

,

or in matrix form as[V ] = [Z ][I ].


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• Similarly, we can define an admittance matrix [Y ] as

I 1I 2...

I N

=

Y 11 Y 12

· · ·Y 1N

Y 21

......

...Y N 1 · · · · · · Y NN

V 1V 2...

V N

,

or in matrix form as[I ] = [Y ][V ].

• The [Z ] and [Y ] matrices are the inverses of each other:

[Y ] = [Z ]−1.

• Z ij can be found as

Z ij =V iI j

|I k=0 for k=j


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• Z ij can be found by driving port j with the current I j , open-circuiting allother ports (so I k = 0 for k = j), and measuring the open-circuit voltageat port i.

• Thus, Z ii is the input impedance seen looking into port i when all otherports are open-circuited, and Z ij is the transfer impedance between portsi and j when all other ports are open-circuited.

• Y ii can be found as

Y ij =I i

V j |V k=0 for k=j

which states that Y ij can be determined by driving port j with thevoltage V j , short-circuiting all other ports (so V k = 0 for k = j), andmeasuring the short-circuit current at port i.

• In general, each Z ij or Y ij element may be complex.

• For an arbitrary N -port network, the impedance and admittance matricesare N × N in size, so there are 2N 2 independent quantities or degrees of freedom.

• In practice, however, many networks are either reciprocal or lossless, orboth.


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Reciprocal Networks

• If the network is reciprocal, the impedance and admittance matrices are

symmetric, so that Z ij = Z ji , and Y ij = Y ji .• Either of these special cases serves to reduce the number of independent

quantities or degrees of freedom that an N -port network may have.

• Consider the arbitrary network to be reciprocal (no active devices,ferrites, or plasmas), with short circuits placed at all terminal planes

except those of ports 1 and 2.• Now let E a, H a and E b, H b, be the fields anywhere in the network due to

two independent sources, a and b, located somewhere in the network.

• Then the reciprocity theorem states that

S

E a × H b.ds = S

E b × H a.ds,

where we will take S as the closed surface along the boundaries of thenetwork and through the terminal planes of the ports.


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y p

• The fields due to sources a and b can be evaluated at the terminal planest1 and t2 as

E 1a = V 1ae1 H 1a = I 1ah1

E 1b = V 1be1 H 1b = I 1bh1

E 2a = V 2ae2 H 2a = I 2ah2

E 2b = V 2be2 H 2b = I 2bh2,

where e1, h1 and e2, h2 are the transverse modal fields of ports 1 and 2,respectively, and the V s and I s are the equivalent total voltages andcurrents.

• Substituting the fields gives

(V 1aI 1b − V 1bI 1a)∫ S1

e1 × h1.ds + (V 2aI 2b − V 2bI 2a)∫ S2

e2 × h2.ds = 0, (1)

where S 1, S 2 are the cross-sectional areas at the terminal planes of ports1 and 2.


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• The equivalent voltages and currents have been defined so that the powerthrough a given port can be expressed as V I ∗/2; We have C 1 = C 2 = 1for each port, so that

∫ S1

e1 × h1.ds =∫ S2

e2 × h2.ds = 1.

• This reduces (1) to

V 1aI 1b − V 1bI 1a + V 2aI 2b − V 2bI 2a = 0. (2)

• Now use the 2 × 2 admittance matrix of the (effectively) two-port networkto eliminate the I s:

I 1 = Y 11V 1 + Y 12V 2,

I 2 = Y 21V 1 + Y 21V 2.

• Substitution into (2) gives

(V 1aV 2a − V 1bV 2a)(Y 12 − Y 21) = 0. (3)


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• Since the sources a and b are independent, the voltages V 1a, V 1b, V 2a, andV 2b can take on arbitrary values.

• So in order for (3) to be satisfied for any choice of sources, we must haveY 12 = Y 21, and we have the general result that

Y ij = Y ji .

•

Then if [Y ] is a symmetric matrix, its inverse, [Z ], is also symmetric.


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Lossless Networks

• Now consider a reciprocal lossless N -port junction.

• If the network is lossless, then the net real power delivered to the networkmust be zero. Thus, ReP av = 0, where

P av =1

2[V ]t[I ]∗ =

1

2[I ]t[Z ][I ]∗

= 12

N ∑n=1

N ∑m=1

I mZ mnI ∗n.

• Since the I ns are independent, we must have the real part of each self term (I nZ nnI ∗n) equal to zero, since we could set all port currents equal to

zero except for the nth current. So,

ReI nZ nnI ∗n = |I n|2ReZ nn = 0, or ReZ nn = 0. (4)


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• Now let all port currents be zero except for I m and I n. Then,

ReI nI ∗m + I mI ∗n = 0, (5)

Since Z mn = Z nm. But (I nI ∗m + I mI ∗n) is a purely real quantity which is,in general, nonzero. Thus we must have that ReZ mn = 0.

•

Then (4) and (5) imply that ReZ mn = 0 for any m, n, i.e., the elementsof the impedance and admittance matrices must be pure imaginary.


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Microwave Network Analysis Scattering Matrix



Scattering Matrix

• A practical problem exists when trying to measure voltages and currentsat microwave frequencies because direct measurements usually involve themagnitude and phase of a wave traveling in a given direction, or of astanding wave.

• Thus, equivalent voltages and currents, and the related impedance andadmittance matrices, become somewhat of an abstraction when dealingwith high-frequency networks.

• A representation more in accord with direct measurements and with theideas of incident, reflected, and transmitted waves, is given by thescattering matrix.

• The scattering matrix provides a complete description of the network as

seen at its N ports.• The scattering matrix relates the voltage waves incident on the ports to

those reflected from the ports.

• For some components and circuits, the scattering parameters can becalculated using network analysis techniques.


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• Otherwise, the scattering parameters can be measured directly with avector network analyzer.

Figure: Helwlet-Packard HP8510B Network Analyzer


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• Once the scattering parameters of the network are known, conversion toother matrix parameters can be performed, if needed.

• Consider the N -port network shown in the figure, where V +n is the

amplitude of the voltage wave incident on port n, and V −n is theamplitude of the voltage wave reflected from port n.

• The scattering matrix, or [S ] matrix, is defined in relation to theseincident and reflected voltage waves as

V −1V −2

...

V

−

N

=

S 11 S 12 · · · S 1N

S 11

......

...

S N 1 · · · S NN

V +1

V +2

...

V

+

N

,

or [V −] = [S ][V +].


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• A specific element of the [S ] matrix can be determined as

S ij =V −i

V +j |V +

k =0for

k=j

• S ij is found by driving port j with an incident wave of voltage V +j , and

measuring the reflected wave amplitude, V −i , coming out of port i.

• The incident waves on all ports except the jth port are set to zero, which

means that all ports should be terminated in matched loads to avoidreflections.

• S ii is the reflection coefficient seen looking into port i when all otherports are terminated in matched loads.

• S ij , is the transmission coefficient from port j to port i when all other

ports are terminated in matched loads.


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•

Example: Find the S parameters of the 3 dB attenuator circuit shown inthe figure.

Figure: A matched 3 dB attenuator with a 50 Ω characteristics impedance


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• We now show how the [S ] matrix can be determined from the [Z ] (or [Y ])matrix, and vice versa.

• First, assume that the characteristic impedances, Z 0n, of all the ports are

identical. Then for convenience, we can set Z 0n = 1.

• The total voltage and current at the nth port can be written as

V n = V +n + V −n , (6)

I n = I +n−

I −n . (7)

• Using the definition of [Z ]

[Z ][I ] = [Z ][V +] − [Z ][V −] = [V ] = [V +] + [V −],

which can be written as

([Z ] + [U ])[V −] = ([Z ] − [U ])[V +],

where [U ] is the unit or identity matrix.


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• The scattering matrix can be given as

[S ] = ([Z ] + [U ])−1([Z ] − [U ]). (8)

• For one-port network

S 11 =z11 − 1

z11 + 1.

• [Z ] can be found in terms of [S ]

[Z ] = ([U ] + [S ])([U ] − [S ])−1.


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Reciprocal Networks and Lossless Networks

• The impedance and admittance matrices are symmetric for reciprocal

networks, and purely imaginary for lossless networks.• Similarly, the scattering matrices for these types of networks have special

properties.

• By adding (6) and (7) we obtain

V +n =

1

2 (V n + I n),[V +

]=

1

2([Z ] + [U ])[I ].

• By subtracting (6) and (7) we obtain

V −n =1

2(V n − I n),

[V −

]=

1

2([Z ] − [U ])[I ].


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• It can be shown that

[V −] = ([Z ]

−[U ])([Z ] + [U ])−1[V +],

and[S ] = ([Z ] − [U ])([Z ] + [U ])−1. (9)

• Taking the transpose of (9) gives

[S ]t =

([Z ] + [U ])−1t ([Z ] − [U ])t.

• Now [U ] is diagonal, so [U ]t = [U ], and if the network is reciprocal, [Z ] issymmetric so that [Z ]t = [Z ]. The above then reduces to

[S ]

t

= ([Z ] + [U ])

−1

([Z ] − [U ]),

which is equivalent to (8). We have thus shown that [S ] = [S ]t, forreciprocal networks.


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• If the network is lossless, then no real power can be delivered to thenetwork.

• If the characteristic impedances of all the ports are identical and assumedto be unity, the average power delivered to the network is

P av =1

2Re[V ]t[I ]∗

=1

2[V +]t[V +]∗ − 1

2[V −]t[V −]∗ = 0.

• 12 [V +]t[V +]∗ represents the total incident power while 1

2 [V −]t[V −]∗

represents the total reflected power. For lossless junction we have

1

2[V +]t[V +]∗ =

1

2[V −]t[V −]∗.

• Using [V −] = [S ][V +]

[V +]t[V +]∗ = [V +]t[S +]t[S ]∗[V +]∗.

• For nonzero [V +], [S +]t[S ]∗ = [U ], or [S ]∗ = [S ]t−1, [S ] is a unitarymatrix.


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• We can express [S +]t[S ]∗ = [U ] in summation form as

N

∑k=1

S kiS ∗kj = δij for all i, j,

where δij = 1 if i = j and δij = 0 if i = j is the Kronecker delta symbol.

• Thus, if i = jN

∑k=1

S kiS ∗ki = 1,

while if i = jN ∑k=1

S kiS ∗kj = 0.

• The dot product of any column of [S ] with the conjugate of that columngives unity, while the dot product of any column with the conjugate of adifferent column gives zero (orthogonal).

• If the network is reciprocal, then [S ] is symmetric, and the samestatements can be made about the rows of the scattering matrix.


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• Example: A two-port network is known to have the following scattering

matrix[S ] =

0.15∠0o 0.85∠− 45o

0.85∠45o 0.2∠0o

.

Determine if the network is reciprocal, and lossless. If port two isterminated with a matched load, what is the return loss seen at port 1? If

port two is terminated with a short circuit, what is the return loss seen atport 1?


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Generalized Scattering Parameters

• So far we have considered the scattering parameters for networks with thesame characteristic impedance for all ports.

• This is the case in many practical situations, where the characteristicimpedance is often 50 Ω.

• In other cases, however, the characteristic impedances of a multiportnetwork may be different, which requires a generalization of the scatteringparameters as defined up to this point.

• Consider the N -port network shown in the figure, where Z 0n is the (real)characteristic impedance of the nth port, and V +

n and V −n , respectively,represent the incident and reflected voltage waves at port n.

• In order to obtain physically meaningful power relations in terms of waveamplitudes, we must define a new set of wave amplitudes as

an = V +n /

√ Z 0n, (10)

bn = V −n /√

Z 0n, (11)

where an represents an incident wave at the nth port, and bn represents areflected wave from that port.


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Figure: An N -port network with different characteristic impedances


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• Then we have that

V n = V +

n + V −

n =√

Z 0n(an + bn),

I n =1

Z 0n(V +

n − V −n ) =1√Z 0n

(an − bn).

• Now the average power delivered to the nth port is

P n = 12

ReV nI ∗n = 12|an|2 − 1

2|bn|2.

• This is physically satisfying results, since it says that the average powerdelivered through port n is equal to the power in the incident wave minusthe power in the reflected wave.

• If expressed in terms of V +n and V −n , the corresponding result would be

dependent on the characteristic impedance of the nth port.


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• A generalized scattering matrix can then be used to relate the incidentand reflected waves

[b] = [S ][a],

where the i, jth element of the scattering matrix is given by

S ij =biaj

ak=0

for k = j,

and is analogous to the result for networks with identical characteristicimpedance at all ports.

• Using (10) and (11)

S ij =V −i

√ Z 0j

V

+

j

√Z 0i

V +k =0

for k = j,

which shows how the S parameters of a network with equal characteristicimpedance can be converted to a network connected to transmission lineswith unequal characteristic impedances.


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Microwave Network Analysis The Transmission Matrix

Th T i i (ABCD) M i



The Transmission (ABCD) Matrix• The Z, Y , and S parameter representations can be used to characterize a

microwave network with an arbitrary number of ports.

• In practice many microwave networks consist of a cascade connection of two or more two-port networks.

• In this case it is convenient to define a 2 × 2 transmission, or ABCDmatrix, for each two-port network.

• The ABCD matrix of the cascade connection of two or more two-port

networks can be easily found by multiplying the ABCD matrices of theindividual two-ports.• The ABCD matrix is defined for a two-port network in terms of the total

voltages and currents as shown in the figure and the following:

V 1 = AV 2 + BI 2,

I 1 = CV 2 + DI 2,

or in matrix form as V 1I 1

=

A BC D

V 2I 2

.


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Figure: (a) A two-port network; (b) a cascade connection of two-port networks.

• Note that a change in the sign convention of I 2 has been made from ourprevious definitions, which had I 2 as the current flowing into port 2.

• The convention that I 2 flows out of port 2 will be used when dealing withABCD matrices so that in a cascade network I 2 will be the same currentthat flows into the adjacent network shown in Figure (b).


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• In the cascade connection of two two-port networks shown in Figure (b),we have that

V 1

I 1

= A1 B1

C 1 D1 V 2

I 2

, (12)V 2I 2

=

A2 B2

C 2 D2

V 3I 3

. (13)

• Substituting (13) into (12) gives

V 1I 1

=

A1 B1

C 1 D1

A2 B2

C 2 D2

V 3I 3

,

which shows that the ABCD matrix of the cascade connection of the twonetworks is equal to the product of the ABCD matrices representing the

individual two-ports.

• A library of ABCD matrices for elementary two-port networks can bebuilt up, and applied in building-block fashion to more complicatedmicrowave networks that consist of cascades of these simpler two-ports.


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Chandika Wavegedara


R l ti t I d M t i



Relation to Impedance Matrix

• Knowing the Z parameters of a network, one can determine the ABCDparameters.

• Thus, for a two-port network with I 2 to be consistent with the signconvention used with ABCD parameters

V 1 = I 1Z 11 − I 2Z 12,

V 2 = I 1Z 21 − I 2Z 22,

we have that

A =V 1V 2

I 2=0

= Z 11/Z 21,

B =V 1I 2

V 2=0

=Z 11Z 22 − Z 12Z 21

Z 21

,

C =I 1V 2

I 2=0

= 1/Z 21, and D =I 1I 2

V 2=0

= Z 22/Z 21.

• If the network is reciprocal (then Z 12 = Z 21), we can show thatAD

−BC = 1.


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Lecture Slides-Network Analysis

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