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Dikran J. MartinPsychology 116

Name:______________________________________. Date:________________

Lecture Series: Chapter 13 Thinking Ahead and Learning Pages: 20Mastery of One's Circumstances:Albert Bandura

TEXT: Allen, Bem P., (2003). Personality Theories (4th.) New York: Allen & Bacon.

Principal Features

Bandura, the Person [Page Reference]

"Albert Bandura (is) possibly the most generally admired of livingpsychologists … "

Question: Why was Albert Bandura interested in Fernando Waldo (305)Demara, "The Great Imposter."

Bandura's View of the Person

Inside/Outside and Reciprocal Causation

"A major issue in the area of personality has been whether forces insideor outside of individuals control their behavior."

"Bandura's theory relates behavioral consistency to the inside/outsidequestion."

Complete the following:

Advocates of determination by factors outside of individuals emphasize (306)the variability of behavior, due to action of the …

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Inside/Outside and Reciprocal Causation [Page Reference]

Complete the following

" … Bandura is concerned with the interplay of inside and outside factors (306)and, thus, his theory focuses on both the …

"To Bandura, personal factors�such as cognition, biological variables,and other internal events�behavior, and the external environment have …

Person Factors, Behavior, and the External Environment

Behavior can Affect Cognition, Feelings, and Even Neurobiology

Question: What does the following statement mean?

"Figure 13.1 implies some remarkable (307)and even surprising assumptions."

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Environments and Beliefs May Affect Neurobiological Functioning [Page Reference]

[Illustration] Environments and beliefs affecting neurobiological (307)functioning.

Behavior Affects Environments and Vice Versa

[Illustration] Behavior affects environment and vice versa. (307-308)

Cognition and Feeling Influence Behavior and Environments

Complete the following:

"If certain people believe that their behavior will not succeed in a (308)given setting, the odds are great that it will …

"If they feel frightened when entering a given situation, they will …

"If their feelings and beliefs about forested lands are indifferent ornegative … they will allow the forests to …

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Free Will, Personal Agency, and the Power of Forethought [Page Reference]

Question: What do the following statements mean?

"People can develop a sense of personal agency … " (308)

"Recently, Bandura has alluded to proxy agency … "

"More generally beneficial is collective agency … "

" … people have 'free will' to a meaningful degree … "

Learning

Question: What does the following statement mean?

" … Bandura believes that learning occursbecause people are thoughtful about theconsequences of their responses."

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Basic Concepts: Bandura [Page Reference]

Observational Learning

Question: What does the following statement mean?

" … Modeling is not merely a process (309)of behavioral mimicry."

Social and Cognitive in Bandura's Version of Social-CognitiveTheory of Observational Learning

Question: What does the following statement mean?

"People learn vicariously … " (309-310)

Learning by Other People's Example

Models and Modeling

Complete the following:

"There are two fundamental concepts associated with observational learning."

"A model is a person who performs some behavior for an …

"Modeling refers to the act of performing a behavior before …

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Models and Modeling (Continued) [Page Reference]

Question: What, according to Albert Bandura, happens when people (310)learn from observing others?

Symbolic Representation

Question: What does the following statement mean?

"People do not passively adopt a model'sbehavior."

Question: What is symbolic modeling? (310-311)

Question: What does the following statement mean?

" … the Web will enhance the role of (311)symbolic modeling."

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Turning Observations into Behavior [Page Reference]

Question: What does the following statement mean?

" … observers create an internal representation (311)of (a) behavior and then hone and refine it …to suit their particular needs."

[Example] Turning observation into behavior.

Attractive Models

Question: What, according to Albert Bandura, are attractive models?

Incentives

Complete the following:

"Reinforcements or rewards for the performance of behaviors enterthe learning sequence in three different ways."

"First, a person may observe a model being …

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Incentives (Continued) [Page Reference]

Complete the following:

"Second, the model, for example, a parent trying to teach an observing (312)child to pronounce a word, may reward the child's efforts to …

"Third, and perhaps most important, the observer may reward him�orherself for a good approximation to …

Goals and Self�Regulation

"Goals are anticipated achievements that are in line with current personalstandards."

"Goals in and of themselves are immensely important determinants ofperformance."

[Evidence] Goals and self-regulation.

Question: What does the following statement mean?

"Even with effort, goal attainment remainsuncertain without the institution of self-regulatory processes … "

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Self-Efficacy [Page Reference]

Question: What does the following statement mean?

"One of the most powerful self-regulatory (312)processes is self-efficacy … "

[Illustration] Self-efficacy.

Question: What do the following statements mean?

"Self-efficacy influences … quality of (313)performance … "

"The single most efficient method for boostingself-efficacy is performance accomplishment."

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Self-Efficacy (Continued) [Page Reference]

Question: What is Albert Bandura's concept of participant (313)modeling?

Other Things We Learn from Models, besides Behavior

Expectancies

Question: What is Albert Bandura's concept of vicariousexpectancy learning?

[Example] Vicarious expectancy learning.

Creativity, Facilitation, and Innovation

Question: What is Albert Bandura's concept of response facilitation?

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Creativity, Facilitation, and Innovation (Continued) [Page Reference]

Question: What is Albert Bandura's concept of diffusion of (315)innovation?

Rewards

Question: What is Albert Bandura's position on the relationshipbetween extrinsic rewards and intrinsic rewards?

Question: What is Albert Bandura's position on intrinsic motivation? (315-316)

Question: What does the following statement mean?

"Problems with support for the operation of (316)intrinsic motivation can be avoided by recordingobservations focused on a kind of self-regulation,self-evaluation … "

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Rewards (Continued) [Page Reference]

Question: What is Albert Bandura's concept of vicarious reinforcement? (316)

Question: What does the following statement mean?

"Value of rewards is relative, establishedby the process of social comparison … "

Defensive Behaviors

Question: What is Albert Bandura's concept of defensive behaviors?

[Illustration] Defensive behavior. (316-317)

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Evaluation [Page Reference]

Supporting Evidence

Self-efficacy

"Self-efficacy is the most researched of the self-regulatory mechanismsproposed by Bandura."

[Evidence] Self-efficacy. (317-319)

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Self-efficacy for Dealing with Social and Health Problems [Page Reference]

[Evidence] Self-efficacy for dealing with social and health problems. (319-320)

Self-Efficacy and Academic Achievement

[Evidence] Self-efficacy and academic achievement. (320-321)

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The Pervasive Effects of Prosocialness [Page Reference]

"Prosocialness appears to promote academic achievement and popularitywhile helping to lower the likelihood of transgressive behavior, delinquency,and aggression."

[Evidence] Effects of Prosocialness. (321-322)

Implications of Social Cognitive Theory for Moral Functioning

Crime

[Illustrations] Social cognitive theory and implications for criminal (322-323)behavior.

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Doing Evil and Avoiding the Cognitive and Emotional Consequences [Page Reference]

"Social�cognitive theory helps to explain how individuals engagein inhumane behaviors without suffering severe psychologicalconsequences."

Question: What is Albert Bandura's concept of self-exonerative (323)processes?

Question: What is Albert Bandura's concept of dehumanization? (323-324)

[Illustrations] Dehumanization.

Question: What is Albert Bandura's concept of advantageous (324)comparison?

[Illustrations] Advantageous comparison.

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Doing Evil and Avoiding the Cognitive and Emotional Consequences [Page Reference]

(Continued)

Question: What is Albert Bandura's concept of euphemistic labeling? (324)

[Illustrations] Euphemistic labeling.

"Blaming victims for their own fate is all too common a cognitive exercise."

[Illustrations] Blaming victims.

Question: What is Albert Bandura's concept of displacement?

[Illustration] Displacement.

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Doing Evil and Avoiding the Cognitive and Emotional Consequences [Page Reference]

(Continued)

"In moral justification, inhumane behavior is made 'acceptable' becauseperpetrators claim it serves socially worthy or moral purposes."

[Illustrations] Moral justification. (324-325)

Question: What is Albert Bandura's concept of gradualistic moral (325)disengagement?

[Illustrations] Gradualistic moral disengagement.

Self-Evaluation and Self-Sacrifice/Altruism

"While certain immoral behaviors can be predicted and explained by social�cognitive theory, so can some forms of self�sacrifice and altruism."

"Self-evaluation can be so dominant that it becomes more important thanexternal rewards and punishments."

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Self-Evaluation and Self-Sacrifice/Altruism (Continued) [Page Reference]

[Illustrations] Self-Evaluation and Self-Sacrifice/Altruism. (325)

Limitations

"If Bandura's social�cognitive theory has a unique fault at this point in time,it is that practical implications of its research results have been growingfaster than the ability to implement them."

Conclusions

"Bandura's social�cognitive theory makes powerful predictions and generatesuseful applications in a large number of arenas for human behavior."

[Illustrations] Applications of social�learning theory. (326)

END

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