Lecture one applied mineralogy

Introduction

to

Applied Mineralogy

A short series of lectures prepared for the Third year of

Geology, Tanta University

2013- 2014

by

Hassan Z. Harraz

[email protected]

Acknowledgments I acknowledge gratefully the extent to which I have leant on the work contained in several good text books:

Applied Mineralogy: Applications in Industry and Environment by Mukherjee, S., 2011.

Springer, 572p.

Industrial minerals and their uses: a handbook and formulary by Ciullo , P. A.,1996. Noyes

Publications-USA

From Technology Through Machinery to Kilns for SACMI Tile by Anonymous, 1995. Vol.1 &

2, SACMI, Imola, Italy

Materials Handbook by Brady, G.S., and Clauser, H.R., 1977. 11th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New

York

Industrial Minerals and Rocks, Edited by Carr, D.D. 1994, 6th Ed., Society for Mining,

Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc., Littleton, CO

Rock-Forming Minerals by Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., Zussman, J., 1978. Vols. 1-5, Wiley, New

York

Applied Clay Mineralogy by Grim, R.E., 1962. McGraw-Hill, New York

Chemistry of Clays and Clay Minerals by Newman, A.C.D. (ed.), 1987. Wiley, New York

Applied Mineralogy and the industrial use of Minerals by Nickel, K. G. Geology Vol.III,

EOLSS.

13 March 2014 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Applied Mineralogy, Introduction 2

Outline of lectures:

Topic 1: Concepts of an applied mineralogy

Topic 2: Reviewed the most common minerals of important industrial

applications.

Topic 3: Mineralogical materials science; Processing and Specific Role of a

mineralogist in row materials production

Topic 4: Ceramic processing

Topic 5: Glass processing

Topic 6: Cement processing

Topic 7: Environmental behavior of raw materials and social concerns


Keywords:


Applied Mineralogy

Technical Mineralogy;

Mineral Processing;

Materials Sciences;

Materials Properties;

Ceramics;

Phase Analysis;

Chemical Analysis

Aims of Course:


Applied Mineralogy course : Reviewed the most common minerals of important industrial

applications. The Industrial Use of Natural Non-Ore Minerals Mineralogical Materials Science and Processing Environmental Behavior of raw materials.

All will help you to provide product development professionals – novice

and seasoned − with a better understanding of their mineral raw materials.

Many important technical products of industry come from the use of

natural occurring minerals, the use of some of the most common minerals will be reviewed .

My hope is that through this understanding they can develop their skills in matching the most appropriate minerals to their applications while gaining an appreciation of both the common ground and differences in approach they have with counterparts in industries other than their own.

Topic 1: Concepts of an Applied Mineralogy


A short series of lectures prepared for the

Third year of Geology, Tanta University

2013- 2014

by

Hassan Z. Harraz

[email protected]

Outline of Topic 1:


We will explore all of the above in Topic 1.

How much metal is available? What is a mineral? What is Applied Mineralogy?

What Applied Mineralogy is not…

History Review of some mineralogical Concepts

Minerals


Natural

Solid

Inorganic

Definite chemical

composition

Crystal structure due to

internal arrangement of

atoms

http://www.minerals.net/gemstone/index.htm


http://www.mii.org/www.mii.org

Common uses include:


Aluminum → packaging, transport, building

Beryllium → gemstones, fluorescent lights

Copper → electric cables, wires, switches

Feldspar→ glass and ceramics

Iron → buildings, automobiles, magnets

Calcite → toothpaste, construction

http://www.mii.org/commonminerals.php

http://www.mii.org/commonminerals.php

What is Applied Mineralogy?


Applied Mineralogy is the science aiming: i) to study problems related to the use of mineral resources at the service of mankind and ii) to study the impact of human activities on the mineral world.

Of particular interest are those problems related to the exploration, exploitation and processing of mineral resources on one hand and the problems related to health, mineral waste disposal and geomaterials alteration on the other hand.

In all these problems, applied mineralogy is characterized by a mineral-based approach.

By mineralogical approach, we mean a description of any material in terms of mineral phases. This deals with the identification of :

the nature of mineral phases, the determination of their grain size, shape and structural arrangement

(texture analysis). As a corollary, applied mineralogy is also concerned with the development of instruments and sensing technologies that allow to quantify such properties at lab or process level.

Because applied mineralogy mostly relates to a microscopical analysis of large-scale problems it is essential that representatively issues be discussed. Sampling theory, statistical process control and upscaling of physical properties are of major interest to this research field.

Definition:


Applied mineralogy is mineralogical materials science…………

It concentrates on anorganic non-metal materials and comprises all

aspects of their analysis, sampling, preparation, synthesis, property

determination and evaluation.

Applied mineralogy overlaps with the appropriate sections of other

physic-chemical, technical and life sciences.

Identification of mineral resources

Processing of mineral resources Properties of use of mineral materials

Development of instrumentation Environmental incidence of mineral materials Cultural heritage


Applied mineralogy and identification of mineral resources

Mineralogy takes its roots from the description of naturally occurring phases.

In that sense, applied mineralogy is particularly concerned with those minerals occurring in nature and having an impact on human activities (economic mineralogy, environmental mineralogy,…).

Applied mineralogy and processing of mineral resources

An important topic in applied mineralogy is the follow up of minerals in industrial processes.

This includes the use of mineralogical / petrographical tools in analyzing :

Sub-products from mineral processing circuits.

Products and wastes/slags from hydro- or pyro-metallurgical processes.

Fired mineral materials : glass, ceramics, refractories, clinker, bricks, …

Hydrated mineral materials : cement, plaster, …

Cut and polished minerals : gems, ornamental stone ,…


Applied mineralogy and properties of use of mineral materials

Both natural and synthetic minerals are used in many products as fillers, extenders, hydraulic bonding agents, etc.

Applied mineralogy is concerned with the study of relationships between the mineral/microscopical properties and the physical properties of such materials :

Optical properties

Abrasive properties

Mechanical (compression, tension,…) properties of building materials

Mechanical (compression, tension,…) properties of composite materials

Alteration of building materials (ornamental stones, concrete,..)

Applied mineralogy and environmental incidence of mineral materials

At each step of the industrial cycle (extraction, production, use and destruction of mineral materials) wastes are produced. These wastes enter the environment and interact with the biosphere, the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and impact on earth sustainability.

Applied mineralogy is concerned with studies of :

Minerals synthetized within or entering the human body.

Studies of emission dust and nanoparticles emitted into the atmosphere (natural and synthetic) and their impact on climate or health.

Studies of acid mine drainage mineralogy and its impact on heavy metal drainage or immobilization

Geomaterials produced to fix radioactive or toxic elements and their durability.

Mineral barriers used to contain radioactive or toxic elements and their durability.

Mineral waste materials and their diagenesis.

Note


• Compounding raw materials can be toxic, and therefore due caution should always be exercised in the use of these hazardous materials.

• Final determination of the suitability of any information or product for use contemplated by any user, and the manner of that use is the sole responsibility of the user.

• We strongly recommend that users seek and adhere to a manufacturer’s or supplier’s current instructions for handling each material they use.


Applied mineralogy and cultural heritage

Archaeometry,

Ornamental stone

Applied mineralogy and the development of instrumentation

A mineralogical approach to material analysis will only attract

attention if corresponding equipments for mineral quantification /

identification are made available. Because of its applied nature,

applied mineralogy is particularly concerned by the development

of quantitative instruments and instruments that can be put on-

line or automated (at least in the long term). Instruments

requiring large scale facilities (synchrotron radiation, etc…) are

less concerned.

Quantitative instrumentation cannot be recognized in the

industrial world if it does not evolve towards recommendations

about standards, norms,.. and if it does not state the accuracy of

the method. The community of applied mineralogists should

therefore promote round robin tests among its members.

Essential techniques used in applied mineralogy include :

Optical Microscopy

Electron Microscopy

Micro-analysis techniques in SEM or TEM conditions (EDX,

WDX, EBSP, CL,…)

X-Ray Diffraction

Size distribution analysis techniques

Porosity and pore size distribution analysis techniques

Signal and image analysis techniques (Rietveld refinement,

Liberation analysis, etc.)

What Applied Mineralogy is not…


Applied Mineralogy is not concerned with:

Systematic classification of minerals,

Inventary of mineral species,

Synthetization of new mineral compounds,

Crystallographical computations and simulations,

………. etc.

In a more general sense, applied mineralogy is not concerned with mineralogical investigations of natural (geological) processes without any reference to the potential use or potential environmental impact of such mineral materials.

History


Applied mineralogy is as ancient as humankind if we consider that the proper choice of a material for making a tool implied already some kind of "applied mineralogy" knowledge.

But, of course, considering that Applied Mineralogy can only result from a proper understanding of our mineralogical environment we cannot refer to the field before the XVIIth century.

Padre Alonso Barba's "El arte de los metales" or Henkel's "Pyrotologia" textbooks are some important landmarks in the understanding of minerals and their link with mineral processing or metallurgy.

But the first book that explicitly refers to the expression of Applied Mineralogy is probably the one of C.P. Brard written in 1821 and entitled:

"Minéralogie Appliquée aux Arts"

ou Histoire des minéraux qui sont employés dans l'agriculture, l'économie domestique, la médecine; la fabrication des sels, des combustibles et des métaux; l'architecture et la décoration; la peinture et le dessin; les arts

mécaniques; la bijouterie et la joaillerie.

Review of Concepts:


1. Minerals can be identified by

examining….. Physical Properties, including….

Luster, Hardness, Cleavage, Color,

Streak, Density….

2. Minerals are classified according to

their….. Chemical Composition, including groups

like…. Native Elements, Sulfides, Oxides,

and the all important SILICATES

3. The “Basic Building Block” of

the Silicate Minerals is…..

Mineral Groups


Rock-forming minerals

~30 common minerals make up most rocks in Earth’s crust

Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98% of the crust

Silicates (most abundant)

Non-silicates (~8% of Earth’s crust):

Native elements (monoelemental composition--lack of anion; single elements;

e.g., Au)

Oxides ( main anion is O2-)

Hydroxides ( main anion complex is OH-)

Carbonates ( main anion is the oxyacid anion, (CO3)2-)

Halides (main anion is Cl-, F-, Br- or I-)

Sulfates (SO4)2-

Sulfides, sulfarsenides, arsenides, sulfosalts ( main anion is S2- or As3-)

Borates ( the oxyacid anion, BxOy-z)

Nitrates ( the oxyacid anion, NO3-1)

Phosphates ( oxyacid anion, PO4-3)

Tungstates ( the oxyacid anion, WO4-2)

Silicates ( the oxyacid anion, SixOy-z)


Ferromagnesian

Silicates (Fe, Mg)

Non-ferromagnesian

Silicates (K, Na, Ca, Al)

Oxides

Carbonates

Sulfides/sulfates

Native elements

Silica Structure


• 4 oxygen atoms for every 1 silicon atom

• The basic building block of the

silicates is the silica tetrahedron.

• Each silicon atom is attached to

four oxygen atoms by tetahedral

bonds. This results in a 4- charge

on the SiO4 group.


Quartz Mica

KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH,F,Cl)2

SiO2

Can you find the “silica” ?


Olivine

Feldspar,

Quartz

Micas

Amphibole

(Hornblende)

Pyroxenes

(Augite)

Complexity Temp.

Lecture one applied mineralogy

Education

Transcript of Lecture one applied mineralogy