Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and...

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Lecture Goals • Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton • Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups • Important controls on distribution and abundance of zooplankton

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Transcript of Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and...

Page 1: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Lecture Goals

• Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton

• Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups

• Important controls on distribution and abundance of zooplankton

Page 2: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Approach to Freshwater Animals

• Descriptions of major groups, organized taxonomically when possible

• Some morphology, but I will focus on life history and ecology

• Life History: changes experienced by an individual between birth and death that determine habitat requirements, ecology, and reproductive output

• Ecology: interactions among species, or between the focal species (stage) and physical habitat

Page 3: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

What are zooplankton?

• Microscopic animals that float freely in the water column

• Very important as primary consumers – converting energy from phytoplankton to a form that can be used by larger animals

• Important food base for secondary consumers, including fish

Page 4: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Major groups of freshwater zooplankton

• Rotifers

• Cladocerans

• Copepods

Page 5: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Rotifers

• 50 μm – 3 mm

• Smallest metazoan

Page 6: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Taxonomy

http://tolweb.org/tree/

Page 7: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Rotifera

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Rotifer Taxonomy

Page 8: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Rotifer Diversity

**High diversity in morphology

Page 9: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

STRESS

Cyclical Parthenogenesis*

Page 10: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Resting Eggs

Page 11: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Cyclical Parthenogenesis

Page 12: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Rotifer Life Cycle

No Molting → Cell Expansion

Page 13: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Rotifer Colonies

Page 14: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Major groups of freshwater zooplankton

• Rotifers

• Cladocerans

• Copepods

Page 15: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Cladocerans0.5 mm – 3 mm

Page 16: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Class: Crustacea

Orders: Cladocera

Family: Daphniidae and Bosminidae

Genus

Species

Cladoceran Taxonomy

Page 17: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Cladoceran FamiliesDaphniidae Bosminidae

**High diversity in morphology

Page 18: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Cyclical Parthenogenesis*

Page 19: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Cladoceran Eggs

Page 20: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Cladoceran Life Cycle

Page 21: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Cyclical Parthenogenesis

Page 22: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Ephippium

Page 23: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Cyclical Parthenogenesis

Page 24: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Major groups of freshwater zooplankton

• Rotifers

• Cladocerans

• Copepods

Page 25: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Copepods1.0 mm – 8.5 mm

Page 26: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Class: Crustacea

Orders: Cyclopoida, Calanodia, Harpacticoid

Family

Genus

Species

Copepod Taxonomy

Page 27: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Copepod Orders

Cyclopoid Calanoid Harpacticoid

**Low diversity in morphology

Page 28: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Copepod Egg Sacs

Cyclopoid

Page 29: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Copepod Egg Sacs

Calanoid

Page 30: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Copepod Egg Sacs

Harpacticoid

Page 31: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Copepod Life Cycle

Page 32: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Controls on Zooplankton Distribution and Abundance

• Temperature Nutrients

• Physical Phactors Phish Phytoplankton

• Vertical Migration

• Parthenogenic ↔ Sexual Cycles

• Predation among Zooplankton

Page 33: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Controls on Zooplankton Distribution and Abundance

• Temperature Nutrients

• Physical Phactors Phish Phytoplankton

• Vertical Migration

• Parthenogenic ↔ Sexual Cycles

• Predation among Zooplankton

Page 34: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Zoop Distribution and Abundance:

Temperature

Nutrients

Page 35: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Controls on Zooplankton Distribution and Abundance

• Temperature Nutrients

• Physical Phactors Phish Phytoplankton

• Vertical Migration

• Parthenogenic ↔ Sexual Cycles

• Predation among Zooplankton

Page 36: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Physical Phish PhytoplanktonZoop Distribution and Abundance:

Page 37: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Zooplankton Population Dynamics

Page 38: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Controls on Zooplankton Distribution and Abundance

• Temperature Nutrients

• Physical Phactors Phish Phytoplankton

• Vertical Migration

• Parthenogenic ↔ Sexual Cycles

• Predation among Zooplankton

Page 39: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Vertical Migration PatternZoop Distribution and Abundance:

• Variation with stage and sex

• Light is proximal cue

• 3 main hypotheses

Page 40: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Vertical Migration Hypotheses:Predation

Page 41: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Vertical Migration Hypotheses:Food Quality

Page 42: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Vertical Migration Hypotheses:Growth and

Feeding Efficiency as a Function of

Temperature

“Hunt warm, rest cool”

High Feeding Efficiency

High Growth Efficiency

Page 43: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Controls on Zooplankton Distribution and Abundance

• Temperature Nutrients

• Physical Phactors Phish Phytoplankton

• Vertical Migration

• Parthenogenic ↔ Sexual Cycles

• Predation among Zooplankton

Page 44: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Parthenogenic -Sexual CyclesZoop. Distribution and Abundance:

VS.

Page 45: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Asplanchna

Paramecium

+ =

Amictic ♀♀ Amictic ♀♀

Parthenogenic -Sexual Cycles

Page 46: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

AsplanchnaParamecium

+ =+ Euglena

Chlamydomonas

Amictic ♀♀

Parthenogenic -Sexual Cycles

Page 47: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Mictic ♀♀

Mictic ♂♂

Parthenogenic -Sexual Cycles

= Large Mictic ♀♀

Enlargement

Mictic ♀♀ with “Humps”

Sex

Page 48: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Controls on Zooplankton Distribution and Abundance

• Temperature Nutrients

• Physical Phactors Phish Phytoplankton

• Vertical Migration

• Parthenogenic ↔ Sexual Cycles

• Predation among Zooplankton

Page 49: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Predation among zooplanktonZoop. Distribution and Abundance:

Page 50: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Predation Among ZooplanktonCyclomorphosis

Page 51: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Cyclomorphosis: Elongation

Page 52: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Cyclomorphosis: Enlargement

Mictic ♀♀Large Mictic ♀♀

Asplanchna

Page 53: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Cyclomorphosis: Production of Lateral Spines

Page 54: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Cyclomorphosis: Reduction in Spines

Keratella

Page 55: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Zooplankton in Streams and Rivers

Backwaters

Reservoirs

Low-Flow Areas

Page 56: Lecture Goals Introduction to the major groups of zooplankton Discussion of common and distinguishing characteristics of these groups Important controls.

Alternate Copepod Life Cycle

Cocopods Copepuffs


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The Waves: Distinguishing features Source Advocacy groups/policy think-tanks Politicians Media Academic Scientists Strength of claims Strong deterministic.

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Marine Zooplankton of Puget Sound - Washington Sea Grant · 2015-04-02 · Marine Zooplankton of Puget Sound Copepods 0.5-5 mm This identification card includes most groups of marine

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