Lecture Finals.doc

8/14/2019 Lecture Finals.doc

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Rule 60s a general rule, use a plural verb with two or "ore subjects when the# are connecte b#an.Example:

0 car an a bike are "# "eans o! transportation.

Rule 7

1o"eti"es the subject is separate !ro" the verb b# wors such as along with, as well as,besies, or not. $gnore these expressions when eter"ining whether to use a singular or pluralverb.Examples:The politician, along with the news"en, is expecte shortl#.Excite"ent, as well as nervousness, is the cause o! her shaking.

Rule 8The pronouns each, ever#one, ever# one, ever#bo#, an#one, an#bo#, so"eone, anso"ebo# are singular an re(uire singular verbs. 2o not be "isle b# what !ollows o!.Examples:Each o! the girls sings well.

Ever# one o! the cakes is gone.

NOTE: Ever#one is one wor when it "eans ever#bo#. Ever# one is two wors when the"eaning is each one.

Rule 9%ith wors that inicate portions3percent, !raction, part, "ajorit#, so"e, all, none, re"ainer,an so !orth 3look at the noun in #our o! phrase 4object o! the preposition5 to eter"inewhether to use a singular or plural verb. $! the object o! the preposition is singular, use a singularverb. $! the object o! the preposition is plural, use a plural verb.Examples:6i!t# percent o! the pie has isappeare.

7ie is the object o! the preposition o!.6i!t# percent o! the pies have isappeare.7ies is the object o! the preposition.One8thir o! the cit# is une"plo#e.One8thir o! the people are une"plo#e.

NOTE: H#phenate all spelle8out !ractions.

0ll o! the pie is gone.0ll o! the pies are gone.1o"e o! the pie is "issing.1o"e o! the pies are "issing.

None o! the garbage was picke up.None o! the sentences were punctuate correctl#.O! all her books, none have sol as well as the !irst one.

NOTE: 0ccoring to )erria" %ebster9s 2ictionar# o! English sage, 'learl# none has beenboth singular an plural since Ol English an still is. The notion that it is singular onl# is a "#tho! unknown origin that appears to have arisen in the ;th centur#. $! in context it see"s like asingular to #ou, use a singular verb< i! it see"s like a plural, use a plural verb. =oth areacceptable be#on serious criticis".


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Rule 1The expression the nu"ber is !ollowe b# a singular verb while the expression a nu"ber is!ollowe b# a plural verb.Examples:The nu"ber o! people we nee to hire is thirteen.

0 nu"ber o! people have written in about this subject.

Rule 11%hen either an neither are subjects, the# alwa#s take singular verbs.Examples:Neither o! the" is available to speak right now.Either o! us is capable o! oing the job.

Rule 12The wors here an there have generall# been labele as averbs even though the# inicateplace. $n sentences beginning with here or there, the subject !ollows the verb.Examples:

There are !our hurles to ju"p.There is a high hurle to ju"p.

Rule 13se a singular verb with su"s o! "one# or perios o! ti"e.Examples:Ten ollars is a high price to pa#.6ive #ears is the "axi"u" sentence !or that o!!ense.

Rule 141o"eti"es the pronoun who, that, or which is the subject o! a verb in the "ile o! thesentence. The pronouns who, that, an which beco"e singular or plural accoring to the noun

irectl# in !ront o! the". 1o, i! that noun is singular, use a singular verb. $! it is plural, use a pluralverb.Examples:1al"a is the scientist who writes*write the reports.The wor in !ront o! who is scientist, which is singular. There!ore, use the singular verb writes.He is one o! the "en who oes*o the work.The wor in !ront o! who is "en, which is plural. There!ore, use the plural verb o.

Rule 15ollective nouns such as tea" an sta!! "a# be either singular or plural epening on their usein the sentence.Examples:

The sta!! is in a "eeting.1ta!! is acting as a unit here.The sta!! are in isagree"ent about the !inings.The sta!! are acting as separate iniviuals in this exa"ple.The sentence woul rea even better as:The sta!! "e"bers are in isagree"ent about the !inings.

M!S"#ACE$ M%$!&!ERS


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0 "isplace "oi!ier is a wor, phrase, or clause that is i"properl# separate !ro" the wor it"oi!ies * escribes.

=ecause o! the separation, sentences with this error o!ten soun awkwar, riiculous, orcon!using. 6urther"ore, the# can be ownright illogical.

Exa"ple

The exa"ple above suggests that a '(l) *a+owns a watch.

)isplace "oi!iers can usuall# be c(,,ece) b# movingthe "oi!ier to a "ore sensible place in

the sentence, generall# next to the wor it "oi!ies.

Exa"ple

Now it is the .ac/ that is '(l)0

T/e,e a,e see,al i+)s ( *islace) *()iie,s

10 Mislace) a)eciesare incorrectl# separate !ro" the nouns the# "oi!# an al"ost alwa#sistort the intene "eaning.

Exa"ple

orrect the error b# placing the ajectivenext to the noun it modifies.

orrecte


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Exa"ple >

orrecte

1entences like these are co""on in ever#a# speech an orinaril# cause their listeners notrouble. However, the# are (uite i"precise an, there!ore,s/(ul) /ae N% lace i+ (u,.,ii+'0

20 "lace*e+ ( a)e,s can also change "eaning in sentences.

6or exa"ple, the sentences below illustrate how the place"ent o!just can change thesentence9s "eaning.

Just"eans (+l J(/+ was picke, +( (+e else:

Just "eans that -ohn was picke +(.

Just "eans that -ohn hoste (+l /e ,(',a* +(/i+' else:

Each o! these sentences sa#s so"ething logical but (uite different, an its correctness epensupon what the writer has in "in.


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O!ten, misplacinganadverbnot onl# alters the intene "eaning, but also creates a sentencewhose "eaning is highl# unlikel# or co"pletel# riiculous.

This sentence, !or exa"ple, suggests that we broughta lunch slowly:

To repair the "eaning, "ove the averb slowl# so that it is nearate.

%atch out !or averbs such as only, just, nearly, merely, an almost. The# are o!ten "isplacean cause an unintene "eaning.

This sentence, !or exa"ple, "eans that $ onl#c(+,iue)the "one#:

+epaire, however, the sentence "eans that $ contribute onl# :100

?ike ajectives, averbs are co""onl# "isplace in ever#a# speech, an "a# not causelisteners i!!icult#. However, such sentences are (uite i"precise an, there!ore, s/(ul) /ae N%lace i+ (u, .,ii+'0

30Mislace) /,ases "a# cause a sentence to soun awkwar an "a# create a "eaning thatoes not "ake sense.

The proble" sentences below contain "isplace phrases that "oi!# the wrong nouns.

To !ix the errors an clari!# the "eaning, put the phrases next tothe noun the# are suppose to"oi!#.

Exa"ple 4a bu#er with leather seats&5


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orrecte

Exa"ple > 4a corner s"oking pipes&5

orrecte

Exa"ple @ 4a house "ae o! barbe wire&5

orrecte

40 Mislace) clauses "a# cause a sentence to soun awkwar an "a# create a "eaning thatoes not "ake sense.

The proble" sentences below contain "isplace clauses that "oi!# the wrong nouns.


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To !ix the errors an clari!# the "eaning, put the clauses next tothe noun the# are suppose to"oi!#.

Exa"ple 4a buttere wo"an&5

orrecte

Exa"ple > 4a ha"per that +alph wore&5

orrecte

Be ca,eul; $n correcting a "isplace "oi!ier, on9t create a sentence with two possible"eanings.

Exa"ple

",(le* 2i the teacher sathis on )ona# or will she ,eu,+the essa#s on )ona#&5

orrection A 4"eaning the essa#s will be returne on )ona#5


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orrection A> 4"eaning that the teacher spoke on )ona#5

$ANG#!NG M%$!&!ERS

0 )a+'li+' *()iie, is a phrase or clause that is not clearl# an logicall# relate to the wor orwors it "oi!ies 4i.e. is place next to5.

Two notes about angling "oi!iers:

nlike a "isplace "oi!ier, a angling "oi!ier cannot be correcte b# si"pl# "oving it to

a i!!erent place in a sentence. $n "ost cases, the angling "oi!ier appears at the beginning o! the sentence, although it

can also co"e at the en.

1o"eti"es the angling "oi!ier error occurs because the sentence !ails to speci!# an#thing towhich the "oi!ier can re!er.

Exa"ple

This sentence oes not speci!# ./(is looking toward the west. $n !act, there is nothing at all inthe sentence to which the "oi!#ing phraselooking toward the west can logicall# re!er. 1incethe "oi!ier looking toward the west, is sitting next to the funnel shaped cloud, the sentencesuggests that thecl(u)is oing the looking.

Exa"ple >

This sentence "eans that "# "other enrolle in "eical when she was nine #ears olB


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0t other ti"es the angling "oi!ier is place next to the wrong noun or noun substitute.

Exa"ple

=ecause o! the place"ent o! walking to the movies, this sentence suggests thatthe cloudburstis walking to the movieseven though a possible walker 8 Jim8 is "entionelater.

Exa"ple >

1ince having been fixed the night beforeis place next to Priscilla,the sentence "eansthat ",iscilla .as i


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"a# be correcte to

Now the sentence "eans that! .as l((i+' (.a,) /e .es0

sing the sa"e "etho, this angling "oi!ier

"a# be correcte to

Now the sentence "eans that Ji* .as ),e+c/e) /e cl(u)u,s0

C(,,eci(+ Me/() >2

. hange the angling "oi!ier phrase to a suborinate clause, creating a subject an verb.>. ?eave the rest o! the sentence as it is.

Thus, the angling "oi!ier

"a# be correcte to


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Now the sentence "eans that! 4not "# "otherB5 was nine #ears ol when "# "other enrolle in"eical school.

sing the sa"e "etho, the angling "oi!ier

"a# be correcte to

Now the sentence "eans that the ca,4not 7riscillaB5 was !ixe.

lick on the link below to co"plete the !inal exercise.

"R%N%UN-ANTECE$ENT AGREEMENT

0,(+(u+is a wor use to stan !or 4or take the place o!5 a +(u+.

0 wor can re!er to an earlier noun or pronoun in the sentence.

Exa"ple:

%e o not talk or write this wa#. 0uto"aticall#, we replace the noun Lincoln'swith a pronoun.

)ore naturall#, we sa#

The pronoun hisre!ers back to President Lincoln. President Lincoln isthe ANTECE$ENT!or the pronoun his.
http://www.towson.edu/ows/pronouns.htmhttp://www.towson.edu/ows/pronouns.htmhttp://www.towson.edu/ows/nouns.htmhttp://www.towson.edu/ows/pronouns.htmhttp://www.towson.edu/ows/nouns.htm


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0na+ece)e+ is a wor !or which a pronoun stans. 4anteC 'be!ore'5

The pronoun "ust agree with its anteceent in nu"ber.

Rule0 singular pronoun "ust replace a singular noun< a plural pronoun "ust replace a pluralnoun.

Thus, the "echanics o! the sentence above look like this:

Here are nine pronoun8anteceent agree"ent rules. These rules are relate to the rules !ouninsubject8verb agree"ent.

10 A /,ase(,clausee.ee+ /e suec a+) e,oes not change the nu"ber o! theanteceent.

Exa"ple:

20 !+)ei+ie ,(+(u+sas a+ece)e+s

1ingular ine!inite pronoun anteceents take singular pronoun re!erents.

Exa"ple:

7lural ine!inite pronoun anteceents re(uire plural re!erents.

7?+0?: several, few, both, many

Exa"ple:
http://www.towson.edu/ows/proref.htmhttp://www.towson.edu/ows/proref.htmhttp://www.towson.edu/ows/proref.htmhttp://www.towson.edu/ows/proref.htmhttp://www.towson.edu/ows/sub-verb.htm#ruleshttp://www.towson.edu/ows/sentelmt.htm#Phraseshttp://www.towson.edu/ows/sentelmt.htm#Clauseshttp://www.towson.edu/ows/pronouns.htm#indefinite%20pronounshttp://www.towson.edu/ows/proref.htmhttp://www.towson.edu/ows/sub-verb.htm#ruleshttp://www.towson.edu/ows/sentelmt.htm#Phraseshttp://www.towson.edu/ows/sentelmt.htm#Clauseshttp://www.towson.edu/ows/pronouns.htm#indefinite%20pronouns


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1o"e ine!inite pronouns that are "oi!ie b# a prepositional phrase"a# be either

singular or plural.

E$THE+ 1$ND?0+ O+ 7?+0?: some, any, none, all, most

Exa"ples:

1ugar is uncountable< there!ore, the sentence has a singular re!erent pronoun.

-ewelr# is uncountable< there!ore, the sentence has a singular re!erent pronoun.

Exa"ples:

)arbles are countable< there!ore, the sentence has a plural re!erent pronoun.
http://www.towson.edu/ows/prepositions.htmhttp://www.towson.edu/ows/prepositions.htm


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-ewels are countable< there!ore, the sentence has a plural re!erent pronoun.

30 C(*(u+) suecs(i+e) andalwa#s take a lu,alre!erent.

Exa"ple:

40 %ith c(*(u+) suecs (i+e) or/nor, the re!erent pronoun agrees with theanteceent closer to the pronoun.

Exa"ple A 4plural anteceent closer to pronoun5:

Exa"ple A> 4singular anteceent closer to pronoun5:

Note: Exa"ple A, with the plural anteceent closer to the pronoun, creates a s"oothersentence than exa"ple A>, which !orces the use o! the singular 'his or her.'

50 C(llecie N(u+s 4group, jur#, crow, tea", etc.5 "a# be singular or plural, epening on"eaning.

$n this exa"ple, the jur# is acting as one unit< there!ore, the re!erent pronoun issingular.
http://www.towson.edu/ows/sentences.htm#SIMPLE%20SENTENCEhttp://www.towson.edu/ows/sentences.htm#SIMPLE%20SENTENCE


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$n this exa"ple, the jur# "e"bers are acting as twelve iniviuals< there!ore, there!erent pronoun is plural.

$n this exa"ple, the jur# "e"bers are acting as twelve iniviuals< there!ore, there!erent pronoun is plural.

60 Tiles ( si+'le e+iies0 4books, organizations, countries, etc.5 take a singular re!erent.

E0)7?E1:

70 "lu,al (,* suecs .i/ a si+'ula, *ea+i+'take a singular re!erent. (news, measles,mumps, physics, etc)

E0)7?E:

80 veryor !any a be!ore a noun or a series o! nouns re(uires a singular re!erent.

E0)7?E1:


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90 "he number of vs. # number of be!ore a subject:

"he number ofis singular.

# number ofis plural.

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