Lecture 6Form classes or parts of

speech

•Objectives:To teach the parts of speech.

Learning outcomes :The students will be able to learn &use : Form classes.

How do you know class membership of the form of a

word?

Form classes are large and open; they readily admit new members, that is new words coming into the language from other languages, as well as new words formed within English, such as minibus

Nouns •How are nouns identified?

•By two aspects:- by inflectional morphemes like the

plural(-s pl) ‘s’& possessive ‘s’(-s ps)•- by noun forming derivational

morphemes added to verbs, adjectives, nouns,adverbs .

Activity 1.Give examples of nouns with inflectional morphemes

S pl1................2..................3..............4............

Possessive SSing. 1...........................pl.1..................

EX 12-1 Underline the words that are nouns according to inflectional

criteria

1.Our president has a new plan.2.The janitors has not seen the

umberlla.3.The counselor may plan a different

approach. Home work 5,6

•Nouns can also be formed by derivational suffixes added to verbs, adjectives, nouns, adverbs. Give examples(on the board)

•examples:•Accept achieve

•Advise• examples of nouns on P 168

Source adjectives Derived nounsKind kindnessPure purity

-source derived nounAsia Asian

Activity 2 Form/make nouns

1.arrive.......................2.assist................

3.important...................4.brave.............

5.book........................6.friend..............

7.cartoon…………………8.free.…………

Verbs •Verbs have a maximum of five different

forms:Base, 3rdperson singular, present

participle ,past tense, past participleFor example:-ride- rides-rode- riding, ridden.Ex 12-4 p170

Give examples of five forms of verbs

1.Base : buy 2.3rd person singular.........................3.present participle ........................... 4.past tense ...................................

5 .past participle....................................

P 171 examples

Adjectives

According to derivational suffixes:An adjective is a word that is inflected with er or est and that it is capable of forming adverbs with ly or nouns with ness

Give examples of adjectives

Adverbs The adverb has four suffixes:

Ly , wise, ward, and s –and the free form like:Examples:

1.Source adjective derived adverb-fortunate fortunately

2.Source noun derived adverbClock clock wise

3. Source noun derived adverb-north northward

4.. Source noun derived adverb night nights

The s is used for words denoting a time period:

-He works days.-He is busy mealtimes.

-She plays golf Saturdays.

-likeSource noun derived adverb

student student like

Source noun derived adverb casual casual-like

non-suffixing forms:

However, there remains a number of words that do not have (not allow) an inflectional or derivational suffixes; these are non-suffixing forms:

1.Words that are traditionally called nouns

:advice, tennis.2.Words that are traditionally called

adverbs: often, never3 .2.Words that are traditionally known

as adjectives: only 4.most of the words in the structure

classes: the, from, since

EX 12-8 176 HomeworkClassify words according to the form class to which they belong. Av(adverb) or Aj(adjective).

Mid –Term ExamThe end

STRUCTURE CLASSES

Structure classes don not belong to the classes that have affixes identifying their parts of speech.

Structure classes characteristics

Members are recognized by position. a structure class is small, the larger one

prepositions having only about fifty membersa structure class has a stable membership, and is a closed class, that

is ,it rarely admit new members .

•Because structure classes are small, stable and ,closed we get to know their membership individually. These are: qualifiers,prepositions,determiners,auxiliaries,pronouns

Qualifiers

•Qualifiers occurs before adjectival or adverbial .Examples of qualifiers very, rather. Their function is to modify the head. Examples:

•-the dinner was ……….. good.•-she performed ……..skillfully.

Ex 13-1

Underline the qualifier and indicate whether the qualifier modifies an adjectives or an adverb:

-that is very kind of you-you played quite acceptably in

the second half.

Ex 13-2

-1.you are too kind.2.Are you completely happy with

your courses?3.This water is freezing cold.

HOMEORK 6-10Examples of qualifiers on page 181.

Prepositions•Prepositions are words that are

usually followed by a noun, noun phrase, personal pronoun ,or noun substitutes, which are called objects of prepositions. English has a small group of prepositions.

Ex 13-4Underline the preposition and the object of preposition twice.

1 .the car stopped at the station.

2.we walk under the tree.3-10 homework

Compound prepositions•Examples: p 184

• Two parts: Instead of, due to, because of…

•With noun: in spite of, in front of, in addition to…

Ex 13-7

Underline the compound prepositions:

1.we arrived a head of time.2.in case of accident ,call your

insurance agent.

SOME preposition come at the end as in,Relative clause

PassiveInfinitiveExclamationQW questions

determiners

a determiner is a word that preceds a noun and serve as a signal that a noun is soon to follow. These are:

Articles: a,an,and thePossessive pronouns:my,your,his,her…

Demonstratives:this,that,these,thosePossessive proper noun

Auxiliaries •Auxiliaries are associated with

the verb and are of three kinds:•A.Modal auxiliaries, can, may,

shall, will,could…•The present form of modal

auxiliaries does not take s in the thrd person singular .

B.the two primary auxiliaries be, havehave be stem

has/have am, is,are Present tense

having being Present participle

Was/were Past tense

had been Past participle

c.do