Lecture 6 Lecture 6 Determiners (I)Determiners (I)

Teaching ContentsTeaching Contents 6.1 Collocations between determiners 6.1 Collocations between determiners

and nounsand nouns

6.2 Collocations between determiners6.2 Collocations between determiners

6.3 A comparative study of some dete6.3 A comparative study of some determiner usagerminer usage

Words that precede any pre-modifying Words that precede any pre-modifying adjectives in a noun phrase and which denote adjectives in a noun phrase and which denote such referential meanings as specific such referential meanings as specific reference, generic reference, definite quantity reference, generic reference, definite quantity or indefinite quantity are referred to as or indefinite quantity are referred to as determiners. determiners.

Determiners include: 1)articles 2) possessive Determiners include: 1)articles 2) possessive determiners 3) genitive nouns 4) determiners 3) genitive nouns 4) demonstrative determiners 5) relative demonstrative determiners 5) relative determiners 6) interrogative determiners 7) determiners 6) interrogative determiners 7) indefinite determiners 8) cardinal and ordinal indefinite determiners 8) cardinal and ordinal determiners 9) fractional and multiplicative determiners 9) fractional and multiplicative numerals 10) quantifiers. numerals 10) quantifiers.

6.1 Collocations between 6.1 Collocations between determiners determiners

and nounsand nouns The choice of determiners is closely related to The choice of determiners is closely related to

the three classes of nouns: singular count nounthe three classes of nouns: singular count nouns, plural count nouns and non-count nouns. Ths, plural count nouns and non-count nouns. These three classes of nouns need appropriate detese three classes of nouns need appropriate determiners to collocate with. erminers to collocate with.

(1) Determiners with all three classes of nouns(1) Determiners with all three classes of nouns Possessive determiners, genitive nouns, definiPossessive determiners, genitive nouns, defini

te article, some, any, no, the other, whosete article, some, any, no, the other, whose --- his book, his books, his money--- his book, his books, his money (2) Determiners with plural count nouns only (2) Determiners with plural count nouns only

both, two, three, etc. another two/three, many, (a) few, several,both, two, three, etc. another two/three, many, (a) few, several, these, those, a (great) number of these, those, a (great) number of

--- many books, these visitors--- many books, these visitors (3) Determiners with singular count nouns only(3) Determiners with singular count nouns only a(n), one, another, each, every, either, neither, many a, such aa(n), one, another, each, every, either, neither, many a, such a --- each student, every student, another student--- each student, every student, another student (4) Determiners with non-count nouns only(4) Determiners with non-count nouns only a (little) bit of, a great amount of, a great deal of, (a) lita (little) bit of, a great amount of, a great deal of, (a) lit

tle, muchtle, much --- a little money, much money--- a little money, much money (5) Determiners with singular and plural count nouns (5) Determiners with singular and plural count nouns

onlyonly the first, the second, the last, the nextthe first, the second, the last, the next --- the next meeting, the next meetings--- the next meeting, the next meetings (6) Determiners with singular and non-count nouns on(6) Determiners with singular and non-count nouns on

lyly

this, that, (the) leastthis, that, (the) least --- the least sign, the least knowledge--- the least sign, the least knowledge (7) Determiners with plural and noncount nouns (7) Determiners with plural and noncount nouns

onlyonly A lot of, lots of, plenty of, enough, more, most, suA lot of, lots of, plenty of, enough, more, most, su

ch, other, less (non-count, ch, other, less (non-count, plural nounsplural nouns(inflm.))(inflm.)) ---plenty of books, plenty of water---plenty of books, plenty of water

6.2 Collocations between 6.2 Collocations between

determinersdeterminers 1) According to their potential position, determi1) According to their potential position, determi

ners fall into three subclasses:ners fall into three subclasses: a) predeterminers: all, both, half; multiplicative a) predeterminers: all, both, half; multiplicative

numeral: double, twice, three times, etc.; fractionumeral: double, twice, three times, etc.; fractional numerals: one-third, two-fifths, etc. what, sunal numerals: one-third, two-fifths, etc. what, such (a/an)ch (a/an)

b) Central determiners: the articles, demonstratib) Central determiners: the articles, demonstrative determiners, possessive determiners, genitive ve determiners, possessive determiners, genitive nouns, some, any, no, every, each, either, neithnouns, some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough, what(ever), which(ever), whose,etc. er, enough, what(ever), which(ever), whose,etc.

c) Postdeterminers: cardinal numerals, ordinal nc) Postdeterminers: cardinal numerals, ordinal numerals, (ordinary cardinal numerals) next, last, umerals, (ordinary cardinal numerals) next, last, other, another, many, much, (a) few, (a) little, other, another, many, much, (a) few, (a) little,

fewer, (the) fewer, (the) fewest, less, (the) least, more, mfewest, less, (the) least, more, most, several, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a greost, several, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a great / large / good number of, a great / good dat / large / good number of, a great / good deal of, a large / small amount of, such eal of, a large / small amount of, such

2) Predeterminers and central determiners are m2) Predeterminers and central determiners are mutually exclusive. utually exclusive. No two of them ever occur togetNo two of them ever occur together in a noun phrase:her in a noun phrase:

*all both students, these your students *all both students, these your students Postdeterminers are not mutually exclusive. Postdeterminers are not mutually exclusive. TwTw

o or more of them can co-occur in a noun phrase:o or more of them can co-occur in a noun phrase: --- last few weeks, several hundred students--- last few weeks, several hundred students Word order of determiners Word order of determiners The normal order: predeterminers + central deterThe normal order: predeterminers + central deter

miners + postdeterminer miners + postdeterminer

------ All the four teachers ( Pr + C + Po )All the four teachers ( Pr + C + Po ) --- Half his lecture ( Pr + C )--- Half his lecture ( Pr + C ) --- All other students ( Pr + Po )--- All other students ( Pr + Po ) --- His many friends (C + Po)--- His many friends (C + Po) --- Another five weeks ( Po + Po)--- Another five weeks ( Po + Po) --- Few such cases ( Po + Po )--- Few such cases ( Po + Po ) (4) The lexical meanings of “last, past, next” var(4) The lexical meanings of “last, past, next” var

y before or after the cardinal numeral:y before or after the cardinal numeral: --- --- first twofirst two chapters chapters 头两章头两章 --- --- two firsttwo first chapters chapters 两个第一章两个第一章 --- --- last twolast two sentences sentences 最后两个句子最后两个句子 --- --- two lasttwo last sentences sentences 两个最后的句子两个最后的句子

The last two pages (= The last and The last two pages (= The last and penultimate page of a book) are penultimate page of a book) are missing.missing.

The two last pages (The last page in The two last pages (The last page in each of two books) are missing.each of two books) are missing.

The last two pages of this book are The last two pages of this book are missing.missing.

*The two last pages of this book are *The two last pages of this book are missing.missing.

The second last page is missing.(= the The second last page is missing.(= the page next to the last)page next to the last)

*The last second page is missing.*The last second page is missing.

According to the lexical meaning, some postdeterAccording to the lexical meaning, some postdeterminers can only be put miners can only be put before or afterbefore or after the other p the other postdeterminer:ostdeterminer:

a) ordinal numeral/ordinary ordinal numeral + carda) ordinal numeral/ordinary ordinal numeral + cardinal numeral/ (a) few, fewer, several, most, more, inal numeral/ (a) few, fewer, several, most, more, many, much, (a) little, less, least.many, much, (a) little, less, least.

e.g. He will stay here for the first 3 days of the monte.g. He will stay here for the first 3 days of the month.h.

Where will you be during the next few weeks?Where will you be during the next few weeks?b) cardinal numeral/ (a) few, fewer, several, most, b) cardinal numeral/ (a) few, fewer, several, most,

more, many, much, (a) little, less, least + such, mmore, many, much, (a) little, less, least + such, more, lessore, less

e.g. I have two more hats than he does.e.g. I have two more hats than he does. Many such regulations are also applicable to us.Many such regulations are also applicable to us.--- more: two/many/few/little/several more--- more: two/many/few/little/several more

Half :Half :Half the / half of the + pl. n. / [U] n.Half the / half of the + pl. n. / [U] n.e.g. Half (of) the pears are rotten.e.g. Half (of) the pears are rotten.Half (of) the bread is stale.Half (of) the bread is stale.Half (of) + proper n.Half (of) + proper n.e.g. Half (of) London was buzzing with gossip.e.g. Half (of) London was buzzing with gossip.Half a(n)+ singular n. / a half + singualr n. (Am.E)Half a(n)+ singular n. / a half + singualr n. (Am.E)e.g. We need half a kilo/ a half kilo of butter.e.g. We need half a kilo/ a half kilo of butter.I’ve been waiting here for half an hour/ half a dI’ve been waiting here for half an hour/ half a d

ay.ay. a half hour/ a half day.a half hour/ a half day.Sometimes, "a half + singular n.” can omit “a”Sometimes, "a half + singular n.” can omit “a”e.g. She has (a) half knowledge of English.e.g. She has (a) half knowledge of English.

Both:Both:

I got both ((of) the) vases in Spain.I got both ((of) the) vases in Spain.

Both ((of) these) parties shared one basic Both ((of) these) parties shared one basic belief.belief.

Both of + possessive determiner + pl. [C] n.Both of + possessive determiner + pl. [C] n.

Both (of) his parents died young.Both (of) his parents died young.

Both vs. twoBoth vs. two

Both (the) and both of the can be replaced by Both (the) and both of the can be replaced by “the two”, but the former refer to two things “the two”, but the former refer to two things or persons considered together and the or persons considered together and the latter refers to two things or persons latter refers to two things or persons considered separately.considered separately.

e.g. Both the students / The two students e.g. Both the students / The two students were excellent.were excellent.

“ “Both of + n./pro.” and “two of + n./pro.” Both of + n./pro.” and “two of + n./pro.” cannot be exchanged, because the former cannot be exchanged, because the former denotes appositive and the latter denotes denotes appositive and the latter denotes partial meaning.partial meaning.

e.g. Both of the students are excellent.e.g. Both of the students are excellent.

(two students totally)(two students totally)

Two of the students are excellent.Two of the students are excellent.

(two in three or more students)(two in three or more students)

But when “the two of + pro.” denotes But when “the two of + pro.” denotes appositive meaning, it equals “both of + appositive meaning, it equals “both of + pronoun”.pronoun”.

e.g. The two of them / Both of them are in e.g. The two of them / Both of them are in good health.good health.

Restrictions :Restrictions :1) all, both and half 1) all, both and half They can appear before articles, possessive deterThey can appear before articles, possessive deter

miners and demonstrative determiners, but not miners and demonstrative determiners, but not before “every, (n)either, each, some, any, no, before “every, (n)either, each, some, any, no, enough”.enough”.

e.g. all the year, both my books, half that applee.g. all the year, both my books, half that apple*all every year, both enough books, half either ap*all every year, both enough books, half either ap

ple.ple.2) Most and last2) Most and lasta) When “most” means “the majority or the lara) When “most” means “the majority or the lar

gest part”, it cannot appear after central detergest part”, it cannot appear after central determiners; neither can it have “the” when used aminers; neither can it have “the” when used as a pronoun.s a pronoun.

e.g. *The most/ Most farmers are still e.g. *The most/ Most farmers are still using the old methods.using the old methods.

*The most / Most meat is expensive*The most / Most meat is expensive

When used as the superlative degree of When used as the superlative degree of “many, much”,“many, much”,

it can have a central determiner.it can have a central determiner.

e.g. You’ve got the most money, so you can e.g. You’ve got the most money, so you can pay for the rest of us.pay for the rest of us.

George eats the most desserts.(= George George eats the most desserts.(= George eats more desserts than the rest of us.)eats more desserts than the rest of us.)

b) When “last” means “the one before this” (b) When “last” means “the one before this” (上上//前一前一 ), it cannot have the central determiner; ho), it cannot have the central determiner; however, when denoting “most recent”, it can. wever, when denoting “most recent”, it can.

e.g. We completed the project last year/ *the last yee.g. We completed the project last year/ *the last year.ar.

He came here last Sunday.He came here last Sunday.His last letter came to me two weeks ago.His last letter came to me two weeks ago.3) Some, much3) Some, muchSome, much are central determiners, while “few, Some, much are central determiners, while “few,

many, several and little” are postderterminers. Smany, several and little” are postderterminers. So we cannot use “some, much” to denote quantio we cannot use “some, much” to denote quantity in noun phrases with other central determiners.ty in noun phrases with other central determiners.

e.g. *His some/several friends often come to see hie.g. *His some/several friends often come to see him. m.

I’m sorry to have given you *the/so much I’m sorry to have given you *the/so much trouble.trouble.

4) Every, what4) Every, whatWhen such central determiners as “every, nWhen such central determiners as “every, n

o, any” as well as “what, which, whose” o, any” as well as “what, which, whose” precede postdeterminers, they cannot have precede postdeterminers, they cannot have predeterminers.predeterminers.

e.g. every other line---*half every other linee.g. every other line---*half every other lineNo three books ---*all no three booksNo three books ---*all no three booksAny other cars --- *both any other carsAny other cars --- *both any other carsWhat little help -- *all what little helpWhat little help -- *all what little helpWhose forty dollars -- *double whose dollars Whose forty dollars -- *double whose dollars

Wh-words such as “what, whose” cannot be Wh-words such as “what, whose” cannot be used with “all, both, half”used with “all, both, half”

e.g. I’m interested in *all what plan / all of we.g. I’m interested in *all what plan / all of what plans she has made.hat plans she has made.

Multiplicative and fractional numerals can preMultiplicative and fractional numerals can precede “what”.cede “what”.

Generally, multiplicative numerals cannot be Generally, multiplicative numerals cannot be used as nouns (*+of +what), but “double” cused as nouns (*+of +what), but “double” can, preceded by “the”.an, preceded by “the”.

e.g. He eats twice what / *twice of what you eat.e.g. He eats twice what / *twice of what you eat.He eats three times what / * three times of whaHe eats three times what / * three times of wha

t you eat.t you eat.It costs double what / the double of what it did.It costs double what / the double of what it did.

Fractional numerals can function as Fractional numerals can function as nouns without “the” before it.nouns without “the” before it.

e.g. She could pay only one-third (of) what e.g. She could pay only one-third (of) what she owed.she owed.

When “twice” denotes time frequency When “twice” denotes time frequency instead of multiple, it is an adverb and instead of multiple, it is an adverb and functions as an adverbial.functions as an adverbial.

e.g. We meet twice a week.e.g. We meet twice a week.

5) such5) such

no/any +such + [U] n. / pl. n.no/any +such + [U] n. / pl. n.

e.g. No such help has been given to me.e.g. No such help has been given to me.

Any such factors should be considered.Any such factors should be considered.

No/any + such + singular n.No/any + such + singular n.

e.g. *No such a thing/ No such thing has e.g. *No such a thing/ No such thing has ever happened.ever happened.

*Any such a computer / Any such computer *Any such a computer / Any such computer will meet my need.will meet my need.

6.3 A comparative study of some 6.3 A comparative study of some determiner usagedeterminer usage

11））Many , much : negative and interrogative sentMany , much : negative and interrogative sentences. ences.

a lot of, lots of, plenty of: affirmative sentence (ia lot of, lots of, plenty of: affirmative sentence (informal styles)nformal styles)

a large number of, numerous: affirmative sentena large number of, numerous: affirmative sentence (formal styles)ce (formal styles)

Many ,muchMany ,much : affirmative sentence : affirmative sentence In an object clause (whether/if)In an object clause (whether/if) --- I wonder if many students will have time to wor--- I wonder if many students will have time to wor

kk b) In a noun phrase composed of “how, too, so/as b) In a noun phrase composed of “how, too, so/as

+ many/ much + head + many/ much + head

--- I forget how many there are.--- I forget how many there are. --- We have as many copies as you need.--- We have as many copies as you need. c) In a noun phrase functioning as subjectc) In a noun phrase functioning as subject --- Much work has been done.--- Much work has been done. --- There is much milk left in the glass.--- There is much milk left in the glass. 2) (a) few, (a) little2) (a) few, (a) little Less / least (little): go with mass nouns. OccasionallLess / least (little): go with mass nouns. Occasionall

y used with plural nouns in informal writing: (fewey used with plural nouns in informal writing: (fewer: fml.)r: fml.)

--- I’ve got less friends this year than ever before. --- I’ve got less friends this year than ever before. 3) some, any3) some, anya) In negative sentences and questionsa) In negative sentences and questionsb) Some + singular [C] n. = a certain n.b) Some + singular [C] n. = a certain n. any + singular [C] n. = every n.any + singular [C] n. = every n.

4) all, both, every, each, either, neither, any4) all, both, every, each, either, neither, any The negative forms of all and both are The negative forms of all and both are

respectively none and neither. respectively none and neither. None: no one, personal and impersonal. None: no one, personal and impersonal. No one: personal only No one: personal only --- None of us are /is afraid of it.--- None of us are /is afraid of it. --- There is none of it left.--- There is none of it left. --- No one fails the examination.--- No one fails the examination. --- Neither sentence is correct English --- Neither sentence is correct English

All vs. wholeAll vs. whole

1) All , whole + pl. n.1) All , whole + pl. n.

All ((of) the) men must leave their coats All ((of) the) men must leave their coats here, but all (the)here, but all (the)

Women may take theirs with them.Women may take theirs with them.

all + pl. n. =every n. Whole + pl. n. = all + pl. n. =every n. Whole + pl. n. = complete/entirecomplete/entire

e.g. All Indian tribes suffered from e.g. All Indian tribes suffered from settlement in America. (= Every Indian settlement in America. (= Every Indian tribe…)tribe…)

Whole Indian tribes were killed off. (= Whole Indian tribes were killed off. (= Complete Indian tribes were killed off; Complete Indian tribes were killed off; nobody was left alive in these tribes.)nobody was left alive in these tribes.)

2) All, whole + singular n. / [U] n.2) All, whole + singular n. / [U] n.

a) all, all the, the whole + day, night, week, a) all, all the, the whole + day, night, week, year, summer, winter; * +hour/centuryyear, summer, winter; * +hour/century

e.g. I waited all (the) week/the whole week e.g. I waited all (the) week/the whole week for him to answer.for him to answer.

In structures with nouns denoting time, “all” In structures with nouns denoting time, “all” cannot be pro.cannot be pro.

?I waited all of the week for him to answer.?I waited all of the week for him to answer.

In negative sentences, “all” just precedes In negative sentences, “all” just precedes zero article.zero article.

e.g. I haven’t seen him all day / *all the day.e.g. I haven’t seen him all day / *all the day.

b) When “all the”, “the whole” can be used b) When “all the”, “the whole” can be used with singular nouns that can be divided, they cwith singular nouns that can be divided, they can be replaced by “all of the” (“the” cannot an be replaced by “all of the” (“the” cannot be omitted).be omitted).

e.g. He ate the whole loaf / all (of) the loaf by hie.g. He ate the whole loaf / all (of) the loaf by himself.mself.

““All of the / the whole + singular n.” is more ofAll of the / the whole + singular n.” is more often than “all the + singular n.”.ten than “all the + singular n.”.

e.g. I haven’t read all of the book / the whole boe.g. I haven’t read all of the book / the whole book.ok.

““All the” cannot be used with singular [C] n. thAll the” cannot be used with singular [C] n. that be be divided, so “the whole” is used.at be be divided, so “the whole” is used.

e.g. *All the hall / The whole hall resounded with e.g. *All the hall / The whole hall resounded with applause.applause.

Each vs. every:Each vs. every:1) “Each” and “every” can be exchanged wh1) “Each” and “every” can be exchanged wh

en preceding “time” and “one”.en preceding “time” and “one”.e.g. Every / Each time I wash the car it rains.e.g. Every / Each time I wash the car it rains.Every one / Each (one) of the students should haEvery one / Each (one) of the students should ha

ve his/their own books.ve his/their own books.2) “Every” cannot be replaced by “each” wh2) “Every” cannot be replaced by “each” wh

en…en…a) “every” is used with such abstract nouns as a) “every” is used with such abstract nouns as

“assistance, kindness, confidence, encourage“assistance, kindness, confidence, encouragement, effort” and denotes “as possible; the gment, effort” and denotes “as possible; the greatest”(reatest”(一切可能的，最大的一切可能的，最大的 ))

e.g. He gave us every / *each assistance/encourae.g. He gave us every / *each assistance/encouragement.gement.

He made every/*each attempt to go there.He made every/*each attempt to go there.b) not, almost, nearly, practically + everyb) not, almost, nearly, practically + every every + singleevery + singlee.g. Not every / *each house on the island has e.g. Not every / *each house on the island has

electricity.electricity.Almost every /*each building was damaged iAlmost every /*each building was damaged i

n the earthquake.n the earthquake.I answer every/*each single letter I receive.I answer every/*each single letter I receive.c) “every” means “once in each” (c) “every” means “once in each” ( 每隔…；每隔…；每逢…每逢… ))

e.g. He comes to see us every 4 days /*each 4 e.g. He comes to see us every 4 days /*each 4 days.days.

However, “every + cardinal numeral + pl. However, “every + cardinal numeral + pl. [C] n.” can be “every + ordinal numeral + [C] n.” can be “every + ordinal numeral + singular [C] n.”.singular [C] n.”.

e.g. He comes to see us every 4th day.e.g. He comes to see us every 4th day.Change the oil in the car every 5000 miles /*eChange the oil in the car every 5000 miles /*e

ach 5000 miles / every 5000th mile.ach 5000 miles / every 5000th mile.every other line (day) = every other line (day) = 每隔一行每隔一行 // 天，即每第天，即每第二行二行 // 每逢第二天每逢第二天

Every third line (day)=Every third line (day)= 每隔二行每隔二行 // 天，即每第三天，即每第三行行 // 每逢第三天每逢第三天

Every fourth line (day)=Every fourth line (day)= 每隔三行每隔三行 // 天，即每第天，即每第四行四行 // 每逢第四天每逢第四天

Every fifth day/year=Every fifth day/year= 每隔四天每隔四天 // 年，即每逢第年，即每逢第五天五天 // 年或每五天年或每五天 // 年年

““every + 3 + pl. n.” can be replaced by “everevery + 3 + pl. n.” can be replaced by “every + third/other +singular n.”, but “every + 2 y + third/other +singular n.”, but “every + 2 + pl. n.” cannot be “second + singular n.”.+ pl. n.” cannot be “second + singular n.”.

e.g. We go to the movies every 3 weeks/ every te.g. We go to the movies every 3 weeks/ every third week/ every other week.hird week/ every other week.

Take some medicine every two days / *every seTake some medicine every two days / *every second daycond day

““Every other” can also mean “all the otherEvery other” can also mean “all the others”(s”(其余的其余的 ). Here “every + 3 + pl. n.” and ). Here “every + 3 + pl. n.” and “every + other + singular n.” cannot be exc“every + other + singular n.” cannot be exchanged.hanged.

e.g. Every other girl /* Every three girls in the ce.g. Every other girl /* Every three girls in the class got a present but me!lass got a present but me!

““Every” denotes three or more than three Every” denotes three or more than three people or things; “each” refers to two or people or things; “each” refers to two or more than two people or things. So when more than two people or things. So when referring to three or more than three referring to three or more than three they can be exchanged; when denoting they can be exchanged; when denoting “two” only “each” is used.“two” only “each” is used.

e.g. Every / Each man in the crowd raised e.g. Every / Each man in the crowd raised his hand.his hand.

Each / *Every sex has its own Each / *Every sex has its own psychological characteristics.psychological characteristics.