Lecture 5: STANDARD & GUIDELINES IN...
Transcript of Lecture 5: STANDARD & GUIDELINES IN...
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Lecture 5: STANDARD & GUIDELINES IN CONTAMINATED LAND
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan Yaacob
Program Geologi, UKM
2/13/2011
• Soil and groundwater pollution in the past has not been identified as key environmental issue in
Malaysia.
• Currently there is no specific law to deal with soil and groundwater contamination in Malaysia
• Malaysia has its own soil and groundwater quality standard. (DOE soil standard: completed end of
2009)
Introduction
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Water Quality Standard
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Collect groundwater samples
Analysis
Exceed Max Cont Levels (MCLs)
Remedial action is necessary Water is clean
Below Max Cont Levels (MCLs)
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maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)
Regulations / Standards / Guidelines
Country Standards/Guidelines
United Kingdom a) The Interdepartmental Committee on the Redevelopment of
Contaminated Land, ICRCL -- 1976
b) The Dutch List (initially known as the "A B C List" but now
modified to the New Dutch List)
c) The Kelley Indices (Gasworks)
Australia The Environment Protection & Heritage Council
a draft National Environment Protection Measure (NEPM) for
contaminated land management (9 volumes)
Netherlands Soil Protection Act [Wet bodembescherming] (WBB) 1996
USA CERCLA or Superfund: Comprehensive Environment Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act
ASTM - American Society for Testing Materials
MALAYSIA Belum ada !!; Sedang diusahakan oleh DOE & SIRIM
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Environmental Quality Act 1974 (Act 127)
The Environmental Quality Act 1974 came in to force since 1975. However, there is no specific regulation with respect to soil and groundwater contamination.
MANAGEMENT FOR SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION
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Transfer of responsibility from local authorities to the Department of National Solid Waste Management in the Ministry of Housing and Local Government
Technical guideline #1 Technical guideline #2
Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Act 2007
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1. SIRIM BHD – ASTM, New Zealand
– GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENTING EARLY ACTION FOR SITE REMEDIATION - DMS 07z008r0 ( Project 1- completed and under MS publication stage )
– PRACTICE FOR ASSESSMENT OF ATTAINING CLEAN UP LEVEL FOR SITE CLOSURE - DMS 07z031r0 (Project 2 - under Public Comment stage for 2 months ( 1 Jun 08- 31 July 08) )
2. Department of Environment, DOE (consultant - ENSR Asia)
– A Study on Criteria and Standard for Managing and Restoring Contaminated Land in Malaysia
– Status: In progress (expected date line: December 2008)
NEW MALAYSIAN STANDARD FOR REMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED LAND
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June 2009
• Contaminated Land Management and Control Guidelines No. 2: Assessing and Reporting Contaminated Sites
Department of Environment
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia
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•Contaminated Land Management and Control Guidelines No. 1: Malaysian Recommended Site Screening Levels for Contaminated Land
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Parameter Unit Value
A B
Temperature ºc 40 40
pH - 6.0-9.0 5.5-9.0
BOD5 mg/l 20 50
COD mg/l 50 100
Suspended solid mg/l 50 100
Mercury mg/l 0.005 0.05
Cadmium mg/l 0.01 0.02
Chromium,hexavalent mg/l 0.05 0.05
arsenic mg/l 0.05 0.1
cyanide mg/l 0.05 0.1
lead mg/l 0.1 0.5
Chromium, trivalent mg/l 0.2 1
copper mg/l 0.2 1
Manganese mg/l 0.2 1
Nickel mg/l 0.2 1
tin mg/l 0.2 1
Zinc mg/l 1 1
Boron mg/l 1 4
Iron mg/l 1 5
Phenols mg/l 0.001 1
Chlorine mg/l 1 2
Sulphide mg/l 0.5 0.5
Oil and grease mg/l nd 10
Effluent Quality (Sewage and
Industrial Effluents) Regulations,
1979 in Environmental Quality Act,
1974;
nd = not detectable
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Standard A or B ?
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landfill
River
Water uptake station
landfill
River
Water uptake station
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
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National Guidelines for Raw Drinking Water Quality from the Ministry of Health, MOH or KKM (Revised December 2000)
Parameter unit value
Sulphate mg/l 400
Hardness mg/l 500
Nitrate mg/l 10
Coliform MPN 10
Manganese mg/l 0.2
Chromium, hexavalent mg/l 0.05
Zinc mg/l 1.5
Arsenic mg/l 0.05
Selenium mg/l 0.01
Chloride mg/l 250
Phenols mg/l 0.002
TDS mg/l 1500
Iron mg/l 1
Copper mg/l 1
Lead mg/l 0.1
Cadmium mg/l 0.005
Mercury mg/l 0.001
Ministry of Health, Malaysia STAG3342::drwzwy::Geologi UKM2/13/2011
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CONTAMINATED SOIL GUIDELINES FOR HEAVY METALS IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
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ICRCLThe committee published comprehensive guidance documents
on:
• The development and after use of landfill sites - ICRCL 17/78 • The redevelopment of gasworks sites - ICRCL 18/79 • The redevelopment of sewage works and farms - ICRCL 23/79 • The redevelopment of scrap yards and similar sites - ICRCL 42/80 • The assessment and redevelopment of contaminated land - ICRCL
59/83 • Fire hazards of contaminated land - ICRCL 61/84 • Asbestos on contaminated sites - ICRCL 64/85 • The restoration and aftercare of metalliferous mining sites for
pasture and grazing - ICRCL 70/90
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ICRCL 59/83 Trigger Concentrations
• Group A - Contaminants that may pose hazards to health
• Group B – Phytotoxic contaminants - but not normally hazardous to health
• Group C - Organic contaminants
ICRCL 59/83 (The Interdepartmental Committee on the Redevelopment of Contaminated Land)
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Contaminant Planned Use Trigger Values
(mg / kg air-dried soil)
Group A (may pose hazards to health)
Threshold Action*
Arsenic Domestic gardens, allotments 10 -
Parks, playing fields, open space 40 -
Cadmium Domestic gardens, allotments 3 -
Parks, playing fields, open space 15 -
Chromium
(hexavalent)
Domestic gardens, allotments 25 -
Parks, playing fields, open space No Limit No Limit
Chromium
(total)
Domestic gardens, allotments 600 -
Parks, playing fields, open space 1,000 -
Lead Domestic gardens, allotments 500 -
Parks, playing fields, open space 2,000 -
Mercury Domestic gardens, allotments 1 -
Parks, playing fields, open space 20 -
Selenium Domestic gardens, allotments 3 -
Parks, playing fields, open space 6 -
ICRCL
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POSSIBLE ACTION VALUES FOR ICRCL METALSThe following are possible action values* for the ICRCL metals in high risk use classes. These are based on the mean of similar values from several other countries. They are merely examples and actual concentrations used in practice should be based on site specific circumstances taking into consideration soil type, proposed end use and sensitivity of recognised targets.
Contaminant Value* mg/kg
Arsenic 69
Cadmium 15
Chromium 664
Lead 813
Mercury 10
Selenium 17
Boron 100
Copper 423
Nickel 376
Zinc 1665
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Contaminant Planned UseTrigger Values
(mg / kg air-dried soil)
Group B
(Phytotoxic - but not normally hazardous to health)
Threshold Action*
Boron
(water-soluble)
Any uses where plants are grown 3 -
Copper Any uses where plants are grown 130 -
Nickel Any uses where plants are grown 70 -
Zinc Any uses where plants are grown 300 -
ICRCL
NOTES:
* Action concentration will be specified in the next edition of ICRCL 59/83 - [suggested levels below]
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Contaminant Planned UseTrigger Values
(mg / kg air-dried soil)
Group C - (Organic contaminants)Threshold Action
Polyaromatic
hydrocarbons
Domestic gardens, allotments, play areas 50 500
Landscaped areas, buildings, hard cover 1,000 10,000
Phenols Domestic gardens, allotments, 5 200
Landscaped areas, buildings, hard cover 5 1,000
Cyanide
(free)
Domestic gardens, allotments, landscaped
areas 25 500
Buildings, hard cover 100 500
Cyanide
(complex)
Domestic gardens, allotments 250 1,000
Landscaped areas 250 5,000
Buildings, hard cover 250 No Limit
Thiocyanate All proposed uses 50 No Limit
Sulphate Domestic gardens, allotments, landscaped
areas 2,000 10,000
Buildings 2,000 50,000
Hard cover 2,000 No Limit
Sulphide All proposed uses 250 1,000
Sulphur All proposed uses 5,000 20,000
Acidity Domestic gardens, allotments, landscaped
areas pH<5 pH<3
ICRCL
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A B C List (old dutch)
B-value
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A B C List (old dutch)
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The New DutchlistContaminant Soil Sediment
(mg/kg dry weight)
Groundwater
(µg/l)
MetalsOptimum
(Target
Value)
Action(Intervention
Value)
Optimum(Target
Value)
Action(Intervention
Value)
Arsenic 29 55 10 60
Barium 200 625 50 625
Cadmium 0.8 12 0.4 6
Chromium 100 380 1 30
Cobalt 20 240 20 100
Copper 36 190 15 75
Lead 85 530 15 75
Molybdenum 10 200 5 300
Nickel 35 210 15 75
Mercury 0.3 10 0.05 0.3
Zinc 140 720 65 800 STAG3342::drwzwy::Geologi UKM2/13/2011
Contaminant Soil Sediment
(mg/kg dry weight)
Groundwater
(µg/l)
Cyanides (CN) optimum action optimum action
Free (CN-) 1 20 5 1500
Complex (pH<5) 5 650 10 1500
Complex (pH>5) 5 50 10 1500
Thiocyanate (SCN) - - 20 1500
The New Dutchlist…cont
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Target values and intervention values for soil remediation(Netherlands)
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Bolehkah standard ini digunakan di Malaysia ??
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Kelly Indices (Former GLC) Guidelines for Contaminated Soilsspecifically developed for gasworks sites in London: Suggested Range of Values (mg/kg on air-dried soils, except for pH)
Parameter UncontaminatedSlight
ContaminationContaminated
Heavy
Contamination
Unusually Heavy
Contamination
pH (acid) 6-7 5-6 4-5 2-4 < 2
pH
(alkaline)7-8 8-9 9-10 10-12 > 12
Antimony 0-30 30-50 50-100 100-500 > 500
Arsenic 0-30 30-50 50-100 100-500 > 500
Boron 0-2 2-5 5-50 50-250 > 250
Barium 0-500 500-1000 1000-2000 2000-1.0% > 1.0%
Beryllium 0-5 5-10 10-20 20-50 > 50
Cadmium 0-1 1-3 3-10 10-50 > 50
Chromium 0-100 100-200 200-50 500-2500 > 2500
Copper 0-100 100-200 200-500 500-2500 > 2500
Cyanide
(free)0-1 1-5 5-50 50-100 > 100
Cyanide 0-5 5-25 25-250 250-500 > 500
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Ferricyanide 0-100 100-500 500-1000 1000-5000 > 5000
Lead 0-500 500-1000 1000-2000 200-10,000 > 10,000
Lead (available) 0-200 200-500 500-1000 1000-5000 > 5000
Mercury 0-1 1-3 3-10 10-50 > 50
Manganese 0-500 500-1000 1000-2000 2000-10,000 > 10,000
Magnesium 0-500 500-1000 1000-2000 2000-1.0% > 1.0%
Nickel (available) 0-20 20-50 50-200 200-1000 > 1000
PAHs (Coal Tar) 0-500 500-1000 1000-2000 2000-1.0% > 1.0%
Phenol 0-2 2-5 5-50 50-250 > 250
Selenium 0-1 1-3 3-10 10-50 > 50
Sulphate 0-2000 2000-5000 5000-1.0% 1.0%-5.0% > 5.0%
Sulphur (free) 0-100 100-500 500-1000 1000-5000 > 5000
Sulphide 0-10 10-20 20-100 100-500 > 500
Thiocyanate 0-10 10-50 50-100 100-500 > 500
Toluene extract 0-5000 5000-1.0% 1.0-5.0% 5.0-25.0% > 25.0%
Vanadium 0-100 100-200 200-500 500-2500 > 2500
Zinc (available) 0-250 250-500 500-1000 1000-5000 > 5000
Zinc (equivalent) 0-250 250-500 500-2000 2000-1.0% > 1.0%
Parameter UncontaminatedSlight
ContaminationContaminated Heavy Contamination Unusually Heavy Contamination
Kelly Indices (Former GLC)…cont
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British Standard
Title Organization Year
BS 10175: Investigation of Potentially
Contaminated Sites: Code of Practice
BSI 2001
BS 5930: Code of Practice for Site Investigations BSI 1999
BS 6068-6.11:1993/ ISO 5667-11:1993 - Water
Quality, Part 6: Sampling - Section 6.11 Guidance
on Sampling of Groundwaters
BSI 1993
BS 6068-6.18:2001/ ISO 5667-18:2001 - Water
Quality - Sampling, Part 18: Guidance on Sampling
of Groundwater at Contaminated Sites
BSI 2000
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Australia (draft)
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USEPA
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USEPA
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The end
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