Lecture 5: Chapter 4: The sounds of language Lecturer: Haifa Alroqi
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Transcript of Lecture 5: Chapter 4: The sounds of language Lecturer: Haifa Alroqi
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Lecture 5: Chapter 4: The sounds of
language
Lecturer: Haifa Alroqi
Introduction to Linguistics - LANE 321
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What is a vowel? produced with a relatively free flow of
air
Vowels are all voiced
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Describing Vowels How do we describe/ classify consonants?
Voicing POA MOA
How do we describe/ classify vowels? How high is the highest part of the tongue in
the mouth? How front or back is the highest part of the
tongue in the mouth? Are the lips rounded or unrounded?
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Describing Vowels How high is the highest part of the
tongue in the mouth? High Mid Low
How front or back is the highest part of the tongue in the mouth? Front Central Back
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Vowel Height
High Mid Low
Upper High Lower High
[i], [u] [ɪ], [ʊ]
Upper Mid Lower Mid
[e], [ə], [o] [ɛ], [ʌ], [ɔ]
Upper Low
[æ], [ɒ]
Lower Low
[a], [ɑ]
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Vowel Height
High Mid Low
[i]eat/ key/ see
[ɛ]dead, pet, said
[æ]ban, laugh, sat
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Vowel Height Upper High [i], [u]
[i] (front)e.g. eat/ key/ see
[u] (back)e. g. move/ two/ too
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Vowel Height Lower High [ɪ], [ʊ]
[ɪ]e.g. hit, myth, women
[ʊ]e.g. could, foot, put
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Vowel Height Upper Mid [e], [ə], [o]
[e]e.g. great, tail, weight
[ə]e.g. above, sofa, support
[o]e.g. no, road, toe
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Vowel Height Lower Mid [ɛ], [ʌ], [ɔ]
[ɛ] e.g. dead, pet, said
[ʌ]e.g. blood, putt, tough
[ɔ]e.g. ball, caught, raw
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Vowel Height Upper Low
[æ] e.g. ban, laugh, sat
[ɒ]e.g. Tom, hot, got (UK)
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Vowel Height Lower Low
[a] e.g. bomb, swan (American)
[ɑ]e.g. spa, طويل, father
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Vowel Backness
Front Central Back
[i], [ɪ], [e],
[ɛ], [æ] [ə], [ʌ], [a] [u], [ʊ], [o], [ɔ], [ɑ], [ɒ]
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Front and back vowels
Who /hu/He /hi/
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Lip roundedness Rounded [u], [ʊ], [o], [ɔ], [ɒ] [u] e.g. noon
Unrounded [i], [ɪ], [e], [ɛ], [æ], [ə], [a], [ʌ] [i] e.g. heat
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Diphthongs A combination of two sounds begins with a vowel & ends with the glides [w] or [j] vowel + glide
[aw] cow, down, loud, doubt [ɔy] or [ɔj]
boy, toy, noise, void [ay] or [aj] ride, high, bye, eye, my
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Activity: identifying diphthongsCall top Fright joyTop Haste Avoid Proud
Hide
Fright [ay] Joy [ɔy] Avoid [ɔy] Proud [aw] hide [ay]
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Vowels’ full description Can be classified according to three
parameters: height, backness, and lip rounding
Examples: [i] high front unrounded vowel [u] high back rounded vowel
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Phonetic Transcription
The best-known system: The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
IPA has been developing since 1888. The system represents each sound of
human speech with a single symbol. The symbol is enclosed in brackets [ ]
or / /.
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Phonetic Transcription We can use IPA transcription across
languages, there is one symbol for EVERY possible human sound
There is a 1-1 correspondence of sound to symbol Cat [kæt] Cell [sɛl]
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Transcription PracticeTranscribe the following words
Kick Boot She The Thin
[kIk] [but] [ʃi] [ðə] [θɪn]
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Important terms
Articulatory phonetics articulators Consonants and vowels Places of articulation Manner of articulation Voicing Parameters for describing vowels Phonetic transcription
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Thank you Next class:
Plz read chapter 5: The sound patterns of language