Wireless Sensor Node for Surface Seawater Density Measurements
Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.
-
Upload
sabina-mckinney -
Category
Documents
-
view
227 -
download
3
Transcript of Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.
![Page 1: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II)
Density and Pressure
![Page 2: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Why is the deep ocean cold?
![Page 3: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Vertical Structure of Temperature
Thermocline
Thermocline is a permanent hydrographic feature of temperate and tropical oceans.
![Page 4: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Seasonal evolution of thermocline at the mid-latitudes
Growing period
Decaying period
Downward heat transport from Sep. to Jan.
![Page 5: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Outstanding question: what sets the depth of the thermocline?
Vertical Structure of Temperature
![Page 6: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Transfer of Heat to the Ocean (heat flux)
Absorption of solar radiation decreases rapidly with depth
![Page 7: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Salinity variations are determined by the addition or removal of H2O from seawater
Processes such as evaporation and sea ice formation will increase the salinityProcesses such as rainfall, runoff, and ice melting will decrease the salinity
What controls the ocean’s salinity?
![Page 8: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Salinity
Temperature
How do the water masses move? c.f. Fig.5.13b
haloclineB
ecom
e u
nch
an
ged
wit
h t
ime
![Page 9: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Pressure in the Ocean (water is not absolutely incompressible)
p g h
0
( )z
p z g dz
( )p zg
z
Hydrostatic Equation
Hydrostatic Balance
![Page 10: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Seawater density is a function of both temperature and salinity (so-called TS diagram)
A
B
ρA < ρB
CρB < ρC
![Page 11: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
OCEANWATERMASSES
![Page 12: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Vertical profiles
DENSITY: controls the movement and stability of the ocean water masses
![Page 13: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Vertical circulation driven by density Thermohaline Circulation
(18%)
Tropical oceans: pycnocline ≈ thermocline
Mid-latitudes: pycnocline ≈ halocline
High latitudes: no pycnocline formation
Why? (important)
Den
sit
y
str
ati
ficati
on
![Page 14: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Density: amount of mass per unit volume
T S
Units: kg m-3
Linear Equation for “in situ” Density
Thermal expansion coefficient
Saline contraction coefficient
More on the DENSITY
![Page 15: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
But water is slightly compressible
![Page 16: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Density is actually a non-linear function of Temperature, Salinity and Pressure !
-31000 km mt
T S
( , , )pT S
Kg m-3
![Page 17: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Taking into account compressibility effects
Potential Temperature
![Page 19: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Taking into account compressibility effects
Potential Density
![Page 20: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
In situ TemperatureTemperature of a particle of water measured at a particular depth and pressure (no correction for compressibility effects)
Surface
Deep ocean
T1
T2
T1=θ1
T2≠θ1
At the ocean surface In Situ and Potential Temperature are the same!
θ1
θ1
Potential TemperatureTemperature that a particle would have if raised adiabatically to the surface of the ocean (corrects for the effects of compression
occurring at great depth make the particle warmer)
![Page 21: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
( , )
1000
,
T
pST
In situ Density
( , )
1000
,S p
Potential Density
![Page 22: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Histograms of Temp. and Salinity in the OceansTemperature
Salinity
Natural thermostate mechanism
tropical cirrus clouds resulting from deep convection contribute to long-wave radiative heating of the tropospheric column, and at the same time reduce solar insolation at the sea surface, in this way cooling the ocean. This dual tropospheric, long-wave radiative heating and surface, short-wave radiative cooling role of cirrus is called the thermostat mechanism.
The deep convection occurs only when the SST exceeds 27 C, which is associated with the so-called super-greenhouse effect
![Page 23: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
TS Diagram
Tem
pera
ture
Salinity
-31000 km mt Kg m-3
![Page 24: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Distribution of T and S in the Ocean
![Page 25: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Tracking Water Masses on TS diagrams
AABW: Antarctic Bottom Water
AAIW: Antarctic Intermediate
Water
NADW: North Atlantic Deep Water
![Page 26: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Tracking Water Masses on TS diagrams
![Page 27: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Worlds ocean Water Masses
![Page 28: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Properties of Seawater
Mixing (supplements of Ch.5.6)
![Page 29: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Molecular diffusion
Turbulent diffusion
How to mix water masses in the ocean?
![Page 30: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Horizontal Stirring and Mixing
![Page 31: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Horizontal Stirring and Mixing
![Page 32: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Mixing of two water masses with same Density
O1T1 S1 O2T2 S2
2
1
3
Vertical Stirring and Mixing
![Page 33: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
y
z +
_
Mixing along surfaces of Constant Density
Surfaces ofconstant density(i.e. isopycnal)
![Page 34: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
y
z
+
_
Mixing along surfaces of Constant Density
Along - Isopycnal diffusive mixing
Surfaces ofconstant density
![Page 35: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
y
z +
_
Along - Isopycnal diffusive mixing Across - Isopycnal diffusive mixing
Mixing across surfaces of Constant Density
Surfaces ofconstant density
![Page 36: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
y
z
b
+
_
the “skew flux”
Diapycnal Mixing
Definitions of Mixing
Surfaces ofconstant density
![Page 37: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
y
z
b
+
_
the “skew flux”advection
Diapycnal Mixingturbulent diffusion
Definitions of Mixing
Surfaces ofconstant density
![Page 38: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Diabatic exchanges with the atmosphere at the surface
Adiabatic changes and Mixing in ocean interior
T1 S1 T2 S2
非絕熱
絕熱
![Page 39: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Surface:•Wind stirring and vertical mixing in the surface layer
•Surface fluxes of heat and salt buoyancy fluxes
•Surface Waves
Interior:•Along Isopycnal
eddies and fronts
•Across Isopycnalinternal wave breaking
Bottom:Breaking internal waves over rough topography
Summary of major mixing processes in the Ocean
(Important concepts)
![Page 40: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Ocean Circulation and ClimateMixing energy and dissipation of tides
Mixing rates in the ocean govern the rate at which the ocean absorbs heat and greenhouse gases, mitigating climate. Global climate change forecasts are uncertain in part due to uncertainty in the global average ocean mixing rate. Mixing rates in the ocean vary geographically depending on bottom roughness. Shown are mixing rates observed during an oceanographic survey across the Brazil Basin in the South Atlantic Ocean. Low mixing rates (purple) were found over the smooth topography to the west, and higher mixing rates (colors) over the rough topography to the east (Mauritzen et al. 2002, JGR)
![Page 41: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Properties of Seawater
Dissolved Gases (Ch.5.6)(focus on O2 and CO2)
![Page 42: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Dissolved Gases(ml l-1)Air
Seawater
Total pressure = sum of partial pressures
![Page 43: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Oxygen
Saturation curve
![Page 44: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Main regulator is the activity of organisms (biological oceanography later)
![Page 45: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Dissolved Gases in the OceanOxygen profile
Anoxic environment
compensation depth
Respiration:Animal, plants and microbial decomposition
![Page 46: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Main sources of O2 in the surface layer: photosynthesis and diffusion across the air-sea interfaceWhy does the O2-minimum layer coincide with the pycnocline layer? (important)
Why does the concentration increase with depth toward the deep seas? (important)
![Page 47: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Why is the pH of seawater close to neutral?
10log [ ]pH H
(Seawater pH=7.5-8.5)
pOH ?
![Page 48: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Carbon Dioxide and Carbonate system
Why is this important (important)?
1. Regulates temperature of our planet
2. Important for the ocean biota
3. Regulates the acidity of sea water
The pH of water is directly linked to the CO2 system
![Page 49: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Carbonic Acid
2 2 2 3 3H O CO H CO H HCO
Bicarbonate Ion
Sources for acidity in the ocean
Carbon Dioxide and Carbonate system
23 3HCO H CO
Carbonate (碳酸鹽 )
![Page 50: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
At the pH of normal seawater, HCO3- makes up about 80% of the carbon species
More H+ ions need to be releasedless H+ ions need to be released
![Page 51: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
(b) Photosynthesis and respiration
![Page 52: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
10log [ ]pH H
Carbonate Buffer self-regulating system
Why are the CaCO3 shells dissolved in the cold, deep water, but not in the warm, shallow water (important) ?
![Page 53: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
As temperature is low,
The cold water has a higher gas-saturation value
As the water becomes deeper,
The higher pressure also has a higher gas-saturation value
Thus, the dissolved CO2
amount increases and makes the water acidic, and melts the CaCO3 shells that sink to the deep-sea floor.
→NO Calcareous oozes at high latitudes
![Page 54: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Carbon Dioxide and Carbonate system
Why is it important?
1. Regulates temperature of our planet2. Important for ocean biota3. Regulates the pH value of sea water
![Page 56: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
CO2
Temperature
70 ppm
![Page 57: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
CO2 changes in the last 300 yr
70 ppm
Industrial Revolution
![Page 58: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
CO2 changes in the last 50 yr
OceansBiosphere
Rock Weathering
![Page 59: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
How much CO2 can be dissolved by the ocean (role of ocean uptake in regulating the global climate)?
Process that control CO2 absorption in the ocean
Chemical
Biological
Physical
Carbon Cycle
![Page 60: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Grand Carbon Cycle
![Page 61: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
The Carbonate System
2 2 2 2
23 3
( ) ( )
( ) 2 ( )
H O CO gas H CO aq
H HCO aq H CO aq
2 23 3( ) ( )CaCO s Ca aq CO
from dissolution of Calcium Carbonate
from dissolved CO2 gas
sources of inorganic carbon
Biology and Physics participate in the equilibrium of the carbonate system
NOTE:
![Page 62: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
2 2 2 2
23 3
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
CO CO gas H CO aq
HCO aq CO aq
Total dissolved inorganic carbon
this is very small not found in this form
![Page 63: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Total dissolved inorganic carbon
formation and decomposition of organic matter(1)
2 23 3( ) ( )CaCO s Ca aq CO
from dissolution of Calcium Carbonate(2)
![Page 64: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
High pH
2 2 2 3 3( )H O CO gas H CO H HCO
Carbon Dioxide and Carbonate system
23 32HCO H CO
Low pH-
+
![Page 65: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Distribution of Carbon species in water
323
[ ]
[ ]
HCO
CO
+ 323
[ ]
[ ]
HCO
CO
-
![Page 66: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Control of pH10log [ ]pH H
23 3( ) ( )HCO aq H CO aq
very rapid reaction in seawater
at equilibrium
23
3
[ ][ ]
[ ]
H COK
HCO
Equilibrium constant
323
[ ][ ]
[ ]
K HCOH
CO
hydrogen ion concentration
![Page 67: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
323
[ ]
[ ]
HCO
CO
+ 323
[ ]
[ ]
HCO
CO
-
23
3
[ ][ ]
[ ]
H COK
HCO
hydrogen ion concentration
![Page 68: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Concept of Alkalinity (鹼度 )
3 2 2
23 2 2
( ) ( )
( ) 2 ( )
HCO aq H H O CO gas
CO aq H H O CO gas
23 3[ ] 2[ ]A HCO CO
![Page 69: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Alkalinity
23 3[ ] 2[ ]A HCO CO
22 3 3[ ] [ ] [ ]CO HCO CO
2 2 2 2
23 3
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
CO CO gas H CO aq
HCO aq CO aq
22 3[ ] [ ]A CO CO
![Page 70: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
![Page 71: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
![Page 72: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Why is the pH of seawater close to neutral?
10log [ ]pH H
seawaterpH=7.5-8.5
![Page 73: Lecture 4b (Ch. 5 of text) Properties of Seawater (Part II) Density and Pressure.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110213/56649e165503460f94b00f5b/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
So you want the day off :
Lets take a look at what you are asking for :There are 365 days in the year available for work.There are 52 weeks in the year, in which you already have 2 days off per week, leaving 261 (365 − 52x2) days available for work.Since you spend 16 hours each day away from work, you have used up 170 days (16 x 261 / 24), leaving only 91 days available.You spend 50 minutes each day in coffee breaks which accounts for 27 days {[91 x (8 – 50/60)]/24} per year, leaving only 64 (91-27) days available.With 1 hour lunch period each day, you have used up another 46 days, leaving only 18 (64-46) days available for work.You normally spend 2 days per year on sick leave.This leaves only 16 days available for work.Normally, we are off for 5 holidays per year, so your available working time is down to 11 days.I generously give you 10 days vacation per year, which leaves ONLY 1 DAY available for work, and I'll be damned if I'm going to let you take that very day off.