Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some...
Transcript of Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some...
![Page 1: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Logic and the set theoryLecture 3: Propositional Logic
S. Choi
Department of Mathematical ScienceKAIST, Daejeon, South Korea
Fall semester, 2012
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 1 / 18
![Page 2: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Introduction
About this lecture
Argument forms
Logical operatorsFormalization: well formed formula (wff)Truth tableCourse homepages:http://mathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/logic.html andthe moodle page http://moodle.kaist.ac.kr
Grading and so on in the moodle. Ask questions in moodle.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 2 / 18
![Page 3: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Introduction
About this lecture
Argument formsLogical operators
Formalization: well formed formula (wff)Truth tableCourse homepages:http://mathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/logic.html andthe moodle page http://moodle.kaist.ac.kr
Grading and so on in the moodle. Ask questions in moodle.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 2 / 18
![Page 4: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Introduction
About this lecture
Argument formsLogical operatorsFormalization: well formed formula (wff)
Truth tableCourse homepages:http://mathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/logic.html andthe moodle page http://moodle.kaist.ac.kr
Grading and so on in the moodle. Ask questions in moodle.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 2 / 18
![Page 5: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Introduction
About this lecture
Argument formsLogical operatorsFormalization: well formed formula (wff)Truth table
Course homepages:http://mathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/logic.html andthe moodle page http://moodle.kaist.ac.kr
Grading and so on in the moodle. Ask questions in moodle.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 2 / 18
![Page 6: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Introduction
About this lecture
Argument formsLogical operatorsFormalization: well formed formula (wff)Truth tableCourse homepages:http://mathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/logic.html andthe moodle page http://moodle.kaist.ac.kr
Grading and so on in the moodle. Ask questions in moodle.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 2 / 18
![Page 7: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Introduction
About this lecture
Argument formsLogical operatorsFormalization: well formed formula (wff)Truth tableCourse homepages:http://mathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/logic.html andthe moodle page http://moodle.kaist.ac.kr
Grading and so on in the moodle. Ask questions in moodle.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 2 / 18
![Page 8: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Introduction
Some helpful references
Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw Hill
A mathematical introduction to logic, H. Enderton, AcademicPress.Whitehead, Russell, Principia Mathematica (our library). (Thiscould be a project idea. )http://plato.stanford.edu/contents.html has muchresource.http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/
linguistics-and-philosophy/24-241-logic-i-fall-2009/
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 3 / 18
![Page 9: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Introduction
Some helpful references
Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw HillA mathematical introduction to logic, H. Enderton, AcademicPress.
Whitehead, Russell, Principia Mathematica (our library). (Thiscould be a project idea. )http://plato.stanford.edu/contents.html has muchresource.http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/
linguistics-and-philosophy/24-241-logic-i-fall-2009/
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 3 / 18
![Page 10: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Introduction
Some helpful references
Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw HillA mathematical introduction to logic, H. Enderton, AcademicPress.Whitehead, Russell, Principia Mathematica (our library). (Thiscould be a project idea. )
http://plato.stanford.edu/contents.html has muchresource.http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/
linguistics-and-philosophy/24-241-logic-i-fall-2009/
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 3 / 18
![Page 11: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Introduction
Some helpful references
Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw HillA mathematical introduction to logic, H. Enderton, AcademicPress.Whitehead, Russell, Principia Mathematica (our library). (Thiscould be a project idea. )http://plato.stanford.edu/contents.html has muchresource.
http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/
linguistics-and-philosophy/24-241-logic-i-fall-2009/
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 3 / 18
![Page 12: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Introduction
Some helpful references
Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw HillA mathematical introduction to logic, H. Enderton, AcademicPress.Whitehead, Russell, Principia Mathematica (our library). (Thiscould be a project idea. )http://plato.stanford.edu/contents.html has muchresource.http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/
linguistics-and-philosophy/24-241-logic-i-fall-2009/
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 3 / 18
![Page 13: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Argument forms
Argument forms
P, Q, R represent some sentences (not nec. atomic)
Either today is Monday or Tuesday.P or Q.If you have bad grades in KAIST, then you can get kicked out.If P, then Q.If P and Q, then R. It is not the case R. It is not the case P and Q.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 4 / 18
![Page 14: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Argument forms
Argument forms
P, Q, R represent some sentences (not nec. atomic)Either today is Monday or Tuesday.
P or Q.If you have bad grades in KAIST, then you can get kicked out.If P, then Q.If P and Q, then R. It is not the case R. It is not the case P and Q.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 4 / 18
![Page 15: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Argument forms
Argument forms
P, Q, R represent some sentences (not nec. atomic)Either today is Monday or Tuesday.P or Q.
If you have bad grades in KAIST, then you can get kicked out.If P, then Q.If P and Q, then R. It is not the case R. It is not the case P and Q.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 4 / 18
![Page 16: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Argument forms
Argument forms
P, Q, R represent some sentences (not nec. atomic)Either today is Monday or Tuesday.P or Q.If you have bad grades in KAIST, then you can get kicked out.
If P, then Q.If P and Q, then R. It is not the case R. It is not the case P and Q.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 4 / 18
![Page 17: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Argument forms
Argument forms
P, Q, R represent some sentences (not nec. atomic)Either today is Monday or Tuesday.P or Q.If you have bad grades in KAIST, then you can get kicked out.If P, then Q.
If P and Q, then R. It is not the case R. It is not the case P and Q.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 4 / 18
![Page 18: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Argument forms
Argument forms
P, Q, R represent some sentences (not nec. atomic)Either today is Monday or Tuesday.P or Q.If you have bad grades in KAIST, then you can get kicked out.If P, then Q.If P and Q, then R. It is not the case R. It is not the case P and Q.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 4 / 18
![Page 19: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Logical operators
Logical operators
It is not the case that: ¬ or˜
And: ∧ or &Or: ∨If ..., then... : →.If and only if: ↔.Seehttp://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pm-notation/.Seehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_connective/.` is used to mark the conclusion.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 5 / 18
![Page 20: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Logical operators
Logical operators
It is not the case that: ¬ or˜And: ∧ or &
Or: ∨If ..., then... : →.If and only if: ↔.Seehttp://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pm-notation/.Seehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_connective/.` is used to mark the conclusion.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 5 / 18
![Page 21: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Logical operators
Logical operators
It is not the case that: ¬ or˜And: ∧ or &Or: ∨
If ..., then... : →.If and only if: ↔.Seehttp://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pm-notation/.Seehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_connective/.` is used to mark the conclusion.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 5 / 18
![Page 22: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Logical operators
Logical operators
It is not the case that: ¬ or˜And: ∧ or &Or: ∨If ..., then... : →.
If and only if: ↔.Seehttp://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pm-notation/.Seehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_connective/.` is used to mark the conclusion.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 5 / 18
![Page 23: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Logical operators
Logical operators
It is not the case that: ¬ or˜And: ∧ or &Or: ∨If ..., then... : →.If and only if: ↔.
Seehttp://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pm-notation/.Seehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_connective/.` is used to mark the conclusion.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 5 / 18
![Page 24: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Logical operators
Logical operators
It is not the case that: ¬ or˜And: ∧ or &Or: ∨If ..., then... : →.If and only if: ↔.Seehttp://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pm-notation/.
Seehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_connective/.` is used to mark the conclusion.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 5 / 18
![Page 25: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Logical operators
Logical operators
It is not the case that: ¬ or˜And: ∧ or &Or: ∨If ..., then... : →.If and only if: ↔.Seehttp://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pm-notation/.Seehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_connective/.
` is used to mark the conclusion.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 5 / 18
![Page 26: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Logical operators
Logical operators
It is not the case that: ¬ or˜And: ∧ or &Or: ∨If ..., then... : →.If and only if: ↔.Seehttp://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pm-notation/.Seehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_connective/.` is used to mark the conclusion.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 5 / 18
![Page 27: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Logical operators
Precedence
The order of precedence determines which connective is the"main connective" when interpreting a non-atomic formula.
As a way of reducing the number of necessary parentheses, onemay introduce precedence rules:Operator Precedence
I ¬I ∧I ∨I →I ↔
So for example, P ∨Q ∧ ¬R → S is short for(P ∨ (Q ∧ (¬R)))→ S.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 6 / 18
![Page 28: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Logical operators
Precedence
The order of precedence determines which connective is the"main connective" when interpreting a non-atomic formula.As a way of reducing the number of necessary parentheses, onemay introduce precedence rules:
Operator Precedence
I ¬I ∧I ∨I →I ↔
So for example, P ∨Q ∧ ¬R → S is short for(P ∨ (Q ∧ (¬R)))→ S.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 6 / 18
![Page 29: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Logical operators
Precedence
The order of precedence determines which connective is the"main connective" when interpreting a non-atomic formula.As a way of reducing the number of necessary parentheses, onemay introduce precedence rules:Operator Precedence
I ¬I ∧I ∨I →I ↔
So for example, P ∨Q ∧ ¬R → S is short for(P ∨ (Q ∧ (¬R)))→ S.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 6 / 18
![Page 30: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Logical operators
Precedence
The order of precedence determines which connective is the"main connective" when interpreting a non-atomic formula.As a way of reducing the number of necessary parentheses, onemay introduce precedence rules:Operator Precedence
I ¬
I ∧I ∨I →I ↔
So for example, P ∨Q ∧ ¬R → S is short for(P ∨ (Q ∧ (¬R)))→ S.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 6 / 18
![Page 31: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Logical operators
Precedence
The order of precedence determines which connective is the"main connective" when interpreting a non-atomic formula.As a way of reducing the number of necessary parentheses, onemay introduce precedence rules:Operator Precedence
I ¬I ∧
I ∨I →I ↔
So for example, P ∨Q ∧ ¬R → S is short for(P ∨ (Q ∧ (¬R)))→ S.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 6 / 18
![Page 32: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Logical operators
Precedence
The order of precedence determines which connective is the"main connective" when interpreting a non-atomic formula.As a way of reducing the number of necessary parentheses, onemay introduce precedence rules:Operator Precedence
I ¬I ∧I ∨
I →I ↔
So for example, P ∨Q ∧ ¬R → S is short for(P ∨ (Q ∧ (¬R)))→ S.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 6 / 18
![Page 33: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Logical operators
Precedence
The order of precedence determines which connective is the"main connective" when interpreting a non-atomic formula.As a way of reducing the number of necessary parentheses, onemay introduce precedence rules:Operator Precedence
I ¬I ∧I ∨I →
I ↔So for example, P ∨Q ∧ ¬R → S is short for(P ∨ (Q ∧ (¬R)))→ S.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 6 / 18
![Page 34: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Logical operators
Precedence
The order of precedence determines which connective is the"main connective" when interpreting a non-atomic formula.As a way of reducing the number of necessary parentheses, onemay introduce precedence rules:Operator Precedence
I ¬I ∧I ∨I →I ↔
So for example, P ∨Q ∧ ¬R → S is short for(P ∨ (Q ∧ (¬R)))→ S.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 6 / 18
![Page 35: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Logical operators
Precedence
The order of precedence determines which connective is the"main connective" when interpreting a non-atomic formula.As a way of reducing the number of necessary parentheses, onemay introduce precedence rules:Operator Precedence
I ¬I ∧I ∨I →I ↔
So for example, P ∨Q ∧ ¬R → S is short for
(P ∨ (Q ∧ (¬R)))→ S.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 6 / 18
![Page 36: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Logical operators
Precedence
The order of precedence determines which connective is the"main connective" when interpreting a non-atomic formula.As a way of reducing the number of necessary parentheses, onemay introduce precedence rules:Operator Precedence
I ¬I ∧I ∨I →I ↔
So for example, P ∨Q ∧ ¬R → S is short for(P ∨ (Q ∧ (¬R)))→ S.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 6 / 18
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Logical operators
Formalizations
We can formalize any sentence by dividing it into atomic parts.
It is not both raining and snowing.¬(R ∧ S)
It is not raining or is not snowing.¬R ∨ ¬S
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 7 / 18
![Page 38: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Logical operators
Formalizations
We can formalize any sentence by dividing it into atomic parts.It is not both raining and snowing.
¬(R ∧ S)
It is not raining or is not snowing.¬R ∨ ¬S
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 7 / 18
![Page 39: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Logical operators
Formalizations
We can formalize any sentence by dividing it into atomic parts.It is not both raining and snowing.¬(R ∧ S)
It is not raining or is not snowing.¬R ∨ ¬S
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 7 / 18
![Page 40: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Logical operators
Formalizations
We can formalize any sentence by dividing it into atomic parts.It is not both raining and snowing.¬(R ∧ S)
It is not raining or is not snowing.
¬R ∨ ¬S
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 7 / 18
![Page 41: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Logical operators
Formalizations
We can formalize any sentence by dividing it into atomic parts.It is not both raining and snowing.¬(R ∧ S)
It is not raining or is not snowing.¬R ∨ ¬S
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 7 / 18
![Page 42: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Well formed formula or wff
Well formed formula or wff
((∧P) ∨Q¬R) This is a nonsense
We define inductively.
I Any sentence letter is wff. (atomic one)I If φ is wff, then so is ¬φ.I If φ and ψ are wff, so is (φ ∧ ψ), (φ ∨ ψ), (φ→ ψ), and (φ↔ ψ).
A subwff is a wff within a wff.As long as atomic sentence letters are well defined, there is noambiguity in the meaning of wff.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 8 / 18
![Page 43: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Well formed formula or wff
Well formed formula or wff
((∧P) ∨Q¬R) This is a nonsenseWe define inductively.
I Any sentence letter is wff. (atomic one)I If φ is wff, then so is ¬φ.I If φ and ψ are wff, so is (φ ∧ ψ), (φ ∨ ψ), (φ→ ψ), and (φ↔ ψ).
A subwff is a wff within a wff.As long as atomic sentence letters are well defined, there is noambiguity in the meaning of wff.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 8 / 18
![Page 44: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Well formed formula or wff
Well formed formula or wff
((∧P) ∨Q¬R) This is a nonsenseWe define inductively.
I Any sentence letter is wff. (atomic one)
I If φ is wff, then so is ¬φ.I If φ and ψ are wff, so is (φ ∧ ψ), (φ ∨ ψ), (φ→ ψ), and (φ↔ ψ).
A subwff is a wff within a wff.As long as atomic sentence letters are well defined, there is noambiguity in the meaning of wff.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 8 / 18
![Page 45: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Well formed formula or wff
Well formed formula or wff
((∧P) ∨Q¬R) This is a nonsenseWe define inductively.
I Any sentence letter is wff. (atomic one)I If φ is wff, then so is ¬φ.
I If φ and ψ are wff, so is (φ ∧ ψ), (φ ∨ ψ), (φ→ ψ), and (φ↔ ψ).
A subwff is a wff within a wff.As long as atomic sentence letters are well defined, there is noambiguity in the meaning of wff.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 8 / 18
![Page 46: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Well formed formula or wff
Well formed formula or wff
((∧P) ∨Q¬R) This is a nonsenseWe define inductively.
I Any sentence letter is wff. (atomic one)I If φ is wff, then so is ¬φ.I If φ and ψ are wff, so is (φ ∧ ψ), (φ ∨ ψ), (φ→ ψ), and (φ↔ ψ).
A subwff is a wff within a wff.As long as atomic sentence letters are well defined, there is noambiguity in the meaning of wff.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 8 / 18
![Page 47: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Well formed formula or wff
Well formed formula or wff
((∧P) ∨Q¬R) This is a nonsenseWe define inductively.
I Any sentence letter is wff. (atomic one)I If φ is wff, then so is ¬φ.I If φ and ψ are wff, so is (φ ∧ ψ), (φ ∨ ψ), (φ→ ψ), and (φ↔ ψ).
A subwff is a wff within a wff.
As long as atomic sentence letters are well defined, there is noambiguity in the meaning of wff.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 8 / 18
![Page 48: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Well formed formula or wff
Well formed formula or wff
((∧P) ∨Q¬R) This is a nonsenseWe define inductively.
I Any sentence letter is wff. (atomic one)I If φ is wff, then so is ¬φ.I If φ and ψ are wff, so is (φ ∧ ψ), (φ ∨ ψ), (φ→ ψ), and (φ↔ ψ).
A subwff is a wff within a wff.As long as atomic sentence letters are well defined, there is noambiguity in the meaning of wff.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 8 / 18
![Page 49: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Well formed formula or wff
Some exercises
Either there is no Starbuck’s in Daejeon or I do not buy coffeebeans.
¬S ∨ ¬B.If I buy coffee beans, then there is no Starbuck’s in Daejeon.B → ¬S.If there were no God, then no movement is possible. But there aremovements. Hence, God exists.¬G→ ¬M, M, ` G.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 9 / 18
![Page 50: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Well formed formula or wff
Some exercises
Either there is no Starbuck’s in Daejeon or I do not buy coffeebeans.¬S ∨ ¬B.
If I buy coffee beans, then there is no Starbuck’s in Daejeon.B → ¬S.If there were no God, then no movement is possible. But there aremovements. Hence, God exists.¬G→ ¬M, M, ` G.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 9 / 18
![Page 51: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Well formed formula or wff
Some exercises
Either there is no Starbuck’s in Daejeon or I do not buy coffeebeans.¬S ∨ ¬B.If I buy coffee beans, then there is no Starbuck’s in Daejeon.
B → ¬S.If there were no God, then no movement is possible. But there aremovements. Hence, God exists.¬G→ ¬M, M, ` G.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 9 / 18
![Page 52: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Well formed formula or wff
Some exercises
Either there is no Starbuck’s in Daejeon or I do not buy coffeebeans.¬S ∨ ¬B.If I buy coffee beans, then there is no Starbuck’s in Daejeon.B → ¬S.
If there were no God, then no movement is possible. But there aremovements. Hence, God exists.¬G→ ¬M, M, ` G.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 9 / 18
![Page 53: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Well formed formula or wff
Some exercises
Either there is no Starbuck’s in Daejeon or I do not buy coffeebeans.¬S ∨ ¬B.If I buy coffee beans, then there is no Starbuck’s in Daejeon.B → ¬S.If there were no God, then no movement is possible. But there aremovements. Hence, God exists.
¬G→ ¬M, M, ` G.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 9 / 18
![Page 54: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Well formed formula or wff
Some exercises
Either there is no Starbuck’s in Daejeon or I do not buy coffeebeans.¬S ∨ ¬B.If I buy coffee beans, then there is no Starbuck’s in Daejeon.B → ¬S.If there were no God, then no movement is possible. But there aremovements. Hence, God exists.¬G→ ¬M, M, ` G.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 9 / 18
![Page 55: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Well formed formula or wff
Some exercises
Either it is raining, or it’s both snowing and raining.
R ∨ (R ∧ S).Either it is both raining and snowing or it is snowing but not raining.(R ∧ S) ∨ (S ∧ ¬R).
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 10 / 18
![Page 56: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Well formed formula or wff
Some exercises
Either it is raining, or it’s both snowing and raining.R ∨ (R ∧ S).
Either it is both raining and snowing or it is snowing but not raining.(R ∧ S) ∨ (S ∧ ¬R).
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 10 / 18
![Page 57: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Well formed formula or wff
Some exercises
Either it is raining, or it’s both snowing and raining.R ∨ (R ∧ S).Either it is both raining and snowing or it is snowing but not raining.
(R ∧ S) ∨ (S ∧ ¬R).
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 10 / 18
![Page 58: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Well formed formula or wff
Some exercises
Either it is raining, or it’s both snowing and raining.R ∨ (R ∧ S).Either it is both raining and snowing or it is snowing but not raining.(R ∧ S) ∨ (S ∧ ¬R).
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 10 / 18
![Page 59: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Truth table
Semantics of the logical operators
semantics: the study of meaning.
Each atomic formula has a truth or false value in a real world (orworld A).Each wff has a truth or false value in a real world (or world A).This depends on the truth values of atomic formulas.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 11 / 18
![Page 60: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Truth table
Semantics of the logical operators
semantics: the study of meaning.Each atomic formula has a truth or false value in a real world (orworld A).
Each wff has a truth or false value in a real world (or world A).This depends on the truth values of atomic formulas.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 11 / 18
![Page 61: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Truth table
Semantics of the logical operators
semantics: the study of meaning.Each atomic formula has a truth or false value in a real world (orworld A).Each wff has a truth or false value in a real world (or world A).
This depends on the truth values of atomic formulas.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 11 / 18
![Page 62: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Truth table
Semantics of the logical operators
semantics: the study of meaning.Each atomic formula has a truth or false value in a real world (orworld A).Each wff has a truth or false value in a real world (or world A).This depends on the truth values of atomic formulas.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 11 / 18
![Page 63: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Truth table
Truth tables
Truth table generator:
I http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_table,I http://logik.phl.univie.ac.at/~chris/gateway/formular-uk-zentral.html, complete (i.e. has all the steps)
I http://svn.oriontransfer.org/TruthTable/index.rhtml, hasxor, complete.
I One has to learn some notations... Sometimes use 0 and 1 insteadof F and T .
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 12 / 18
![Page 64: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Truth table
Truth tables
Truth table generator:I http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_table,
I http://logik.phl.univie.ac.at/~chris/gateway/formular-uk-zentral.html, complete (i.e. has all the steps)
I http://svn.oriontransfer.org/TruthTable/index.rhtml, hasxor, complete.
I One has to learn some notations... Sometimes use 0 and 1 insteadof F and T .
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 12 / 18
![Page 65: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Truth table
Truth tables
Truth table generator:I http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_table,I http://logik.phl.univie.ac.at/~chris/gateway/formular-uk-zentral.html, complete (i.e. has all the steps)
I http://svn.oriontransfer.org/TruthTable/index.rhtml, hasxor, complete.
I One has to learn some notations... Sometimes use 0 and 1 insteadof F and T .
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 12 / 18
![Page 66: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Truth table
Truth tables
Truth table generator:I http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_table,I http://logik.phl.univie.ac.at/~chris/gateway/formular-uk-zentral.html, complete (i.e. has all the steps)
I http://svn.oriontransfer.org/TruthTable/index.rhtml, hasxor, complete.
I One has to learn some notations... Sometimes use 0 and 1 insteadof F and T .
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 12 / 18
![Page 67: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Truth table
Truth tables
Truth table generator:I http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_table,I http://logik.phl.univie.ac.at/~chris/gateway/formular-uk-zentral.html, complete (i.e. has all the steps)
I http://svn.oriontransfer.org/TruthTable/index.rhtml, hasxor, complete.
I One has to learn some notations... Sometimes use 0 and 1 insteadof F and T .
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 12 / 18
![Page 68: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Truth table
Truth tables
Elementary ones:
I ¬aI a ∧ bI a ∨ bI a→ b.I a↔ b or (a→ b) ∧ (b → a)I Every wff can be evaluated from this.I In computer science xor .
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 13 / 18
![Page 69: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Truth table
Truth tables
Elementary ones:I ¬a
I a ∧ bI a ∨ bI a→ b.I a↔ b or (a→ b) ∧ (b → a)I Every wff can be evaluated from this.I In computer science xor .
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 13 / 18
![Page 70: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Truth table
Truth tables
Elementary ones:I ¬aI a ∧ b
I a ∨ bI a→ b.I a↔ b or (a→ b) ∧ (b → a)I Every wff can be evaluated from this.I In computer science xor .
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 13 / 18
![Page 71: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Truth table
Truth tables
Elementary ones:I ¬aI a ∧ bI a ∨ b
I a→ b.I a↔ b or (a→ b) ∧ (b → a)I Every wff can be evaluated from this.I In computer science xor .
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 13 / 18
![Page 72: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Truth table
Truth tables
Elementary ones:I ¬aI a ∧ bI a ∨ bI a→ b.
I a↔ b or (a→ b) ∧ (b → a)I Every wff can be evaluated from this.I In computer science xor .
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 13 / 18
![Page 73: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Truth table
Truth tables
Elementary ones:I ¬aI a ∧ bI a ∨ bI a→ b.I a↔ b or (a→ b) ∧ (b → a)
I Every wff can be evaluated from this.I In computer science xor .
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 13 / 18
![Page 74: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Truth table
Truth tables
Elementary ones:I ¬aI a ∧ bI a ∨ bI a→ b.I a↔ b or (a→ b) ∧ (b → a)I Every wff can be evaluated from this.
I In computer science xor .
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 13 / 18
![Page 75: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Truth table
Truth tables
Elementary ones:I ¬aI a ∧ bI a ∨ bI a→ b.I a↔ b or (a→ b) ∧ (b → a)I Every wff can be evaluated from this.I In computer science xor .
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 13 / 18
![Page 76: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Truth table
Examples
To construct a truth table for a complex wff, we find the truthvalues for its smallest subwffs and then use the truth tables for thelogical operators for larger subwff and so on....
¬S ∧ ¬B.(¬G→ ¬M)→ (M → G).Also compare P → Q and ¬P ∨Q. Check(P → Q)↔ (¬P ∨Q)).This is used to compare.You can also use ¬((P → Q) xor (¬P ∨Q)).
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 14 / 18
![Page 77: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Truth table
Examples
To construct a truth table for a complex wff, we find the truthvalues for its smallest subwffs and then use the truth tables for thelogical operators for larger subwff and so on....¬S ∧ ¬B.
(¬G→ ¬M)→ (M → G).Also compare P → Q and ¬P ∨Q. Check(P → Q)↔ (¬P ∨Q)).This is used to compare.You can also use ¬((P → Q) xor (¬P ∨Q)).
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 14 / 18
![Page 78: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Truth table
Examples
To construct a truth table for a complex wff, we find the truthvalues for its smallest subwffs and then use the truth tables for thelogical operators for larger subwff and so on....¬S ∧ ¬B.(¬G→ ¬M)→ (M → G).
Also compare P → Q and ¬P ∨Q. Check(P → Q)↔ (¬P ∨Q)).This is used to compare.You can also use ¬((P → Q) xor (¬P ∨Q)).
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 14 / 18
![Page 79: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Truth table
Examples
To construct a truth table for a complex wff, we find the truthvalues for its smallest subwffs and then use the truth tables for thelogical operators for larger subwff and so on....¬S ∧ ¬B.(¬G→ ¬M)→ (M → G).Also compare P → Q and ¬P ∨Q. Check(P → Q)↔ (¬P ∨Q)).
This is used to compare.You can also use ¬((P → Q) xor (¬P ∨Q)).
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 14 / 18
![Page 80: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Truth table
Examples
To construct a truth table for a complex wff, we find the truthvalues for its smallest subwffs and then use the truth tables for thelogical operators for larger subwff and so on....¬S ∧ ¬B.(¬G→ ¬M)→ (M → G).Also compare P → Q and ¬P ∨Q. Check(P → Q)↔ (¬P ∨Q)).This is used to compare.
You can also use ¬((P → Q) xor (¬P ∨Q)).
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 14 / 18
![Page 81: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Truth table
Examples
To construct a truth table for a complex wff, we find the truthvalues for its smallest subwffs and then use the truth tables for thelogical operators for larger subwff and so on....¬S ∧ ¬B.(¬G→ ¬M)→ (M → G).Also compare P → Q and ¬P ∨Q. Check(P → Q)↔ (¬P ∨Q)).This is used to compare.You can also use ¬((P → Q) xor (¬P ∨Q)).
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 14 / 18
![Page 82: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Truth table
Tautology and a contradiction
Given some formula, any assignment of T and F yields T in thetruth table. Such a formula is said to be a tautology.
P ∨ ¬P.Given some formula, any assignment of T and F yields F in thetruth table. Such a formula is said to be a contradiction.(truth-functionally inconsistent)P ∧ ¬P.The formula which are not one of the above is said to betruth-functionally contingent.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 15 / 18
![Page 83: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Truth table
Tautology and a contradiction
Given some formula, any assignment of T and F yields T in thetruth table. Such a formula is said to be a tautology.P ∨ ¬P.
Given some formula, any assignment of T and F yields F in thetruth table. Such a formula is said to be a contradiction.(truth-functionally inconsistent)P ∧ ¬P.The formula which are not one of the above is said to betruth-functionally contingent.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 15 / 18
![Page 84: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Truth table
Tautology and a contradiction
Given some formula, any assignment of T and F yields T in thetruth table. Such a formula is said to be a tautology.P ∨ ¬P.Given some formula, any assignment of T and F yields F in thetruth table. Such a formula is said to be a contradiction.(truth-functionally inconsistent)
P ∧ ¬P.The formula which are not one of the above is said to betruth-functionally contingent.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 15 / 18
![Page 85: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Truth table
Tautology and a contradiction
Given some formula, any assignment of T and F yields T in thetruth table. Such a formula is said to be a tautology.P ∨ ¬P.Given some formula, any assignment of T and F yields F in thetruth table. Such a formula is said to be a contradiction.(truth-functionally inconsistent)P ∧ ¬P.
The formula which are not one of the above is said to betruth-functionally contingent.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 15 / 18
![Page 86: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Truth table
Tautology and a contradiction
Given some formula, any assignment of T and F yields T in thetruth table. Such a formula is said to be a tautology.P ∨ ¬P.Given some formula, any assignment of T and F yields F in thetruth table. Such a formula is said to be a contradiction.(truth-functionally inconsistent)P ∧ ¬P.The formula which are not one of the above is said to betruth-functionally contingent.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 15 / 18
![Page 87: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Truth table
Examples
(¬G→ ¬M)→ (M → G).
(P → Q)↔ (¬P ∨Q)).((P → Q)→ R)→ (P → R).
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 16 / 18
![Page 88: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Truth table
Examples
(¬G→ ¬M)→ (M → G).(P → Q)↔ (¬P ∨Q)).
((P → Q)→ R)→ (P → R).
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 16 / 18
![Page 89: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Truth table
Examples
(¬G→ ¬M)→ (M → G).(P → Q)↔ (¬P ∨Q)).((P → Q)→ R)→ (P → R).
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 16 / 18
![Page 90: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Truth table
Truth table for argument forms
Here, we will have a number of premises P1,P2, . and aconclusion Q. We need to find the validity of P1,P2, ... ` Q
Pi s are complex.To check validity... We check when if every Pi is true, then so is Q.Or you can form (P1 ∧ P2 ∧ · · · ∧ Pn)→ Q.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 17 / 18
![Page 91: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Truth table
Truth table for argument forms
Here, we will have a number of premises P1,P2, . and aconclusion Q. We need to find the validity of P1,P2, ... ` QPi s are complex.
To check validity... We check when if every Pi is true, then so is Q.Or you can form (P1 ∧ P2 ∧ · · · ∧ Pn)→ Q.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 17 / 18
![Page 92: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Truth table
Truth table for argument forms
Here, we will have a number of premises P1,P2, . and aconclusion Q. We need to find the validity of P1,P2, ... ` QPi s are complex.To check validity... We check when if every Pi is true, then so is Q.
Or you can form (P1 ∧ P2 ∧ · · · ∧ Pn)→ Q.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 17 / 18
![Page 93: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Truth table
Truth table for argument forms
Here, we will have a number of premises P1,P2, . and aconclusion Q. We need to find the validity of P1,P2, ... ` QPi s are complex.To check validity... We check when if every Pi is true, then so is Q.Or you can form (P1 ∧ P2 ∧ · · · ∧ Pn)→ Q.
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 17 / 18
![Page 94: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Truth table
Examples
P → Q,P → ¬Q ` ¬P.
((P → Q) ∧ (P → ¬Q))→ ¬P.R ` P ↔ (P ∨ (P ∧Q)).R → (P ↔ (P ∨ (P ∧Q))).
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 18 / 18
![Page 95: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Truth table
Examples
P → Q,P → ¬Q ` ¬P.((P → Q) ∧ (P → ¬Q))→ ¬P.
R ` P ↔ (P ∨ (P ∧Q)).R → (P ↔ (P ∨ (P ∧Q))).
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 18 / 18
![Page 96: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Truth table
Examples
P → Q,P → ¬Q ` ¬P.((P → Q) ∧ (P → ¬Q))→ ¬P.R ` P ↔ (P ∨ (P ∧Q)).
R → (P ↔ (P ∨ (P ∧Q))).
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 18 / 18
![Page 97: Lecture 3: Propositional Logic S. Choimathsci.kaist.ac.kr/~schoi/Logiclec3.pdf · Introduction Some helpful references Richard Jeffrey, Formal logic: its scope and limits, Mc Graw](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022043019/5f3b139db10c581f895b3ff7/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Truth table
Examples
P → Q,P → ¬Q ` ¬P.((P → Q) ∧ (P → ¬Q))→ ¬P.R ` P ↔ (P ∨ (P ∧Q)).R → (P ↔ (P ∨ (P ∧Q))).
S. Choi (KAIST) Logic and set theory September 10, 2012 18 / 18