Lecture 3. Evolution. Alfred Russel Wallace “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural...
-
Upload
lesley-hensley -
Category
Documents
-
view
213 -
download
0
Transcript of Lecture 3. Evolution. Alfred Russel Wallace “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural...
![Page 1: Lecture 3. Evolution. Alfred Russel Wallace “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649f0e5503460f94c22c36/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Lecture 3. Evolution
![Page 2: Lecture 3. Evolution. Alfred Russel Wallace “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649f0e5503460f94c22c36/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Lecture 3. Evolution. Alfred Russel Wallace “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649f0e5503460f94c22c36/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Alfred Russel Wallace
![Page 4: Lecture 3. Evolution. Alfred Russel Wallace “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649f0e5503460f94c22c36/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
“On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life”(1859)
![Page 5: Lecture 3. Evolution. Alfred Russel Wallace “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649f0e5503460f94c22c36/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Canis familiaris
![Page 6: Lecture 3. Evolution. Alfred Russel Wallace “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649f0e5503460f94c22c36/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
• Variation: There is variation among
the individuals of most natural populations
• Inheritance: Some of that variation is inherited
• Competition: Populations tend to produce more offspring than the evolution can support
• Survival of the Fittest: Those individuals whose traits best adapt them to the environment will survive better and leave more offspring than those with less adaptive traits
![Page 7: Lecture 3. Evolution. Alfred Russel Wallace “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649f0e5503460f94c22c36/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Key forces which influencethe evolution of species
• Environmental changes (e.g. geographic isolation of marsupials)
• Random factors (e.g. Genetic drift due to the founder effect)
![Page 8: Lecture 3. Evolution. Alfred Russel Wallace “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649f0e5503460f94c22c36/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Lecture 3. Evolution. Alfred Russel Wallace “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649f0e5503460f94c22c36/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
CONVERGENT
EVOLUTION
•Different species come to resemble each other due to the similarities in their habitats (ecological niches)
**
![Page 10: Lecture 3. Evolution. Alfred Russel Wallace “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649f0e5503460f94c22c36/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
DIVERGENT
EVOLUTION
•Increasing separation between related species due to the process of adaptive radiation
*
*
![Page 11: Lecture 3. Evolution. Alfred Russel Wallace “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649f0e5503460f94c22c36/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Analogous Homologous structures structures
• Structures that are similar in the way they look because they share similar function but evolved independently
• Structures that share the same origin (e.g. ancestral mammalian limb) but serve different function in different species
![Page 12: Lecture 3. Evolution. Alfred Russel Wallace “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649f0e5503460f94c22c36/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Analogous structure
![Page 13: Lecture 3. Evolution. Alfred Russel Wallace “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649f0e5503460f94c22c36/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
VESTIGIAL ORGAN: no longer useful but still retained
A vestigial structure in the skeleton of a baleen whale.The pelvic bones have no apparent function.
![Page 14: Lecture 3. Evolution. Alfred Russel Wallace “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649f0e5503460f94c22c36/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Common Fallacies about Evolution
• Progressivism Fallacy
• Teleology Fallacy (Purposivism Fallacy)
<-HUMAN
![Page 15: Lecture 3. Evolution. Alfred Russel Wallace “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649f0e5503460f94c22c36/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Lecture 3. Evolution. Alfred Russel Wallace “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649f0e5503460f94c22c36/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
How Fast is Evolution?
• Gradualism Hypothesis
(Charles Darwin)
• Punctuated Equilibrium Hypothesis (Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldrege)
![Page 17: Lecture 3. Evolution. Alfred Russel Wallace “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649f0e5503460f94c22c36/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
DARWIN’S FINCHES
![Page 18: Lecture 3. Evolution. Alfred Russel Wallace “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649f0e5503460f94c22c36/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Natural Selection in Action*
![Page 19: Lecture 3. Evolution. Alfred Russel Wallace “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649f0e5503460f94c22c36/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Daphne Major
Normal year Drought year
![Page 20: Lecture 3. Evolution. Alfred Russel Wallace “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649f0e5503460f94c22c36/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The story of the ground finch
• Medium Ground Finch (Geospiza fortis)
• Seed Eater
• Every year on Daphne all the birds are caught and measured
• Their food size is measured
Ground finch
![Page 21: Lecture 3. Evolution. Alfred Russel Wallace “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649f0e5503460f94c22c36/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Beak Depth is Inherited
![Page 22: Lecture 3. Evolution. Alfred Russel Wallace “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649f0e5503460f94c22c36/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Figure 01.08
Drought
Seed size and
hardness
Year
What happened to the food ?
![Page 23: Lecture 3. Evolution. Alfred Russel Wallace “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649f0e5503460f94c22c36/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Drought
What happened to the finches?
Beak size
Year
![Page 24: Lecture 3. Evolution. Alfred Russel Wallace “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649f0e5503460f94c22c36/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Finch Summary
• Beak depth is a trait that responds to changing environmental conditions
• Beaks appear to be an adaptation for feeding
• Evolution is a process-continually in operation– Sometimes measurable in real time
![Page 25: Lecture 3. Evolution. Alfred Russel Wallace “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649f0e5503460f94c22c36/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
• Variation
• Inheritance
• Competition
• Survival of the Fittest