Lecture 3-1 Control Statements

8/3/2019 Lecture 3-1 Control Statements

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-3-1-control-statements 1/96

Dao Tran Hoang Chau, MScSchool of Computer Science and Engineering, HCMC International University

C O N T R O L S T AT E M E N T S , A R R AY S

OBJECT-ORIENTEDPROGRAMMING



ALGORITHMS

Algorithms

The actions to execute

The order in which these actions execute

Program control Specifies the order in which actions execute in a program

2



PSEUDOCODE

Pseudocode

An informal language similar to English

Helps programmers develop algorithms

Does not run on computers

3



CONTROL STRUCTURES

Sequential execution

Statements are normally executed one after the other in

the order in which they are written

Transfer of control

Can be performed by the goto statement

Structured programming eliminated goto statements

4



CONTROL STRUCTURES (CONT.)

UML activity diagram ( www.uml.org

)

Models the workflow (or activity) of a part of a software

system

Action-state symbols (rectangles with their sides replaced

with outward-curving arcs)

represent action expressions specifying actions to perform

Diamonds

Decision symbols

Merge symbols

6

http://www.uml.org/

http://www.uml.org/



SEQUENCE STRUCTURE ACTIVITYDIAGRAM.

8




Selection Statements

if statement

Single-selection statement

if…else statement

Double-selection statement

switch statementMultiple-selection statement

9




Repetition statements

Also known as looping statements

Repeatedly performs an action while its loop-continuationcondition remains true

while statement

Performs the actions in its body zero or more times

do…while statement

Performs the actions in its body one or more times

for statement

Performs the actions in its body zero or more times

10




Java has three kinds of control structures

Sequence statement,

Selection statements (three types) and

Repetition statements (three types)

All programs are composed of these control statements

Control-statement nesting

11



IF SINGLE-SELECTION STATEMENT

if statements

Execute an action if the specified condition is true

Can be represented by a decision symbol (diamond) in a

UML activity diagram

Transition arrows out of a decision symbol have guard

conditions

• Workflow follows the transition arrow whose guard condition is true

12



SINGLE-SELECTION STATEMENT UMLACTIVITY DIAGRAM.

13



IF…ELSE DOUBLE-SELECTION STATEMENT

if…else statement

Executes one action if the specified condition is true or a

different action if the specified condition is false

Conditional Operator ( ? : )

Java’s only ternary operator (takes three operands)

? : and its three operands form a conditional expression

Entire conditional expression evaluates to the second operandif the first operand is true

Entire conditional expression evaluates to the third operand if the first operand is false

14



GOOD PROGRAMMING PRACTICES

•Conditional expressions are more difficult to read

than if else statements and should be used to replace

only simple if else statements that choose betweentwo values.

15



IF ELSE DOUBLE-SELECTIONSTATEMENT UML ACTIVITY DIAGRAM.

16



IF…ELSE DOUBLE-SELECTION STATEMENT(CONT.)

Nested if…else statements

if…else statements can be put inside other if…else

statements

Dangling-else problem

elses are always associated with the immediately

preceding if unless otherwise specified by braces { }

Blocks

Braces { } associate statements into blocks

17



IF…ELSE DOUBLE-SELECTION STATEMENT(CONT.)

Logic errors

Fatal logic errors cause a program to fail and terminate

prematurely

Nonfatal logic errors cause a program to produce incorrect

results

Empty statements Represented by placing a semicolon ( ; ) where a statement

would normally be

Can be used as an if body18




•Forgetting one or both of the braces that delimit a

block can lead to syntax errors or logic errors in a

program.

• To avoid omitting one or both of the braces, some

programmers type the beginning and ending braces

of blocks before typing the individual statements

within the braces.

19



WHILE REPETITION STATEMENT

while statement

Repeats an action while its loop-continuation condition

remains true

Uses a merge symbol in its UML activity diagram

Merges two or more workflows

Represented by a diamond (like decision symbols) but has:

• Multiple incoming transition arrows,

• Only one outgoing transition arrow and

• No guard conditions on any transition arrows

20



COMMON PROGRAMMING ERROR

Not providing, in the body of a while statement, an

action that eventually causes the condition in the

while to become false normally results in a logic

error called an infinite loop , in which the loop never

terminates.

21



WHILE REPETITION STATEMENT UMLACTIVITY DIAGRAM.

22



PSEUDOCODE ALGORITHM TO SOLVETHE CLASS-AVERAGE PROBLEM.

1 Set total to zero

2 Set grade counter to one

3

4 While grade counter is less than or equal to ten

5 Prompt the user to enter the next grade

6 Input the next grade

7 Add the grade into the total

8 Add one to the grade counter

9

10 Set the class average to the total divided by ten

11 Print the class average 24



OUTLINE

1 // Fig. 4.6: GradeBook.java 2 // GradeBook class that solves class-average problem using

3 // counter-controlled repetition. 4 import java.util.Scanner; // program uses class Scanner 5

6 public class GradeBook

7 {

8 private String courseName; // name of course this GradeBook represents 9

10 // constructor initializes courseName 11 public GradeBook( String name )

12 {

13 courseName = name; // initializes courseName 14 } // end constructor 15

16 // method to set the course name 17 public void setCourseName( String name )

18 {

19 courseName = name; // store the course name 20 } // end method setCourseName 21

22 // method to retrieve the course name 23 public String getCourseName()

24 {

25 return courseName;

26 } // end method getCourseName 27

25

Assign a value to instance variable courseName

Declare method setCourseName

Declare method getCourseName



OUTLINE

28 // display a welcome message to the GradeBook user 29 public void displayMessage()

30 {

31 // getCourseName gets the name of the course 32 System.out.printf( "Welcome to the grade book for\n%s!\n\n",

33 getCourseName() );

34 } // end method displayMessage 35

36 // determine class average based on 10 grades entered by user 37 public void determineClassAverage()

38 {

39 // create Scanner to obtain input from command window 40 Scanner input = new Scanner( System.in );

41

42 int total; // sum of grades entered by user 43 int gradeCounter; // number of the grade to be entered next 44 int grade; // grade value entered by user 45 int average; // average of grades 46

47 // initialization phase 48 total = 0; // initialize total 49 gradeCounter = 1; // initialize loop counter 50

26

Declare method displayMessage

Declare method determineClassAverage

Declare and initialize Scannervariable input

Declare local int variables total,

gradeCounter, grade and average



OUTLINE

51 // processing phase 52 while ( gradeCounter <= 10 ) // loop 10 times 53 {

54 System.out.print( "Enter grade: " ); // prompt

55 grade = input.nextInt(); // input next grade 56 total = total + grade; // add grade to total 57 gradeCounter = gradeCounter + 1; // increment counter by 1 58 } // end while 59

60 // termination phase 61 average = total / 10; // integer division yields integer result 62

63 // display total and average of grades 64 System.out.printf( "\nTotal of all 10 grades is %d\n", total );

65 System.out.printf( "Class average is %d\n", average );

66 } // end method determineClassAverage 67

68 } // end class GradeBook

27

while loop iterates as long as

gradeCounter <= 10

Increment the counter variable gradeCounter

Calculate average grade

Display results




•Separate declarations from other statements in

methods with a blank line for readability.

•Experience has shown that the most difficult part of

solving a problem on a computer is developing the

algorithm for the solution. Once a correct algorithm

has been specified, the process of producing a

working Java program from the algorithm is normally

straightforward.

28




•All local variables must be initialized before their

values are used in expressions.

•Initialize each counter and total, either in its

declaration or in an assignment statement

29



OUTLINE

1 // Fig. 4.7: GradeBookTest.java 2 // Create GradeBook object and invoke its determineClassAverage method. 3

4 public class GradeBookTest

5 {

6 public static void main( String args[] )

7 {

8 // create GradeBook object myGradeBook and 9 // pass course name to constructor 10 GradeBook myGradeBook = new GradeBook(

11 "CS101 Introduction to Java Programming" );

12

13 myGradeBook.displayMessage(); // display welcome message 14 myGradeBook.determineClassAverage(); // find average of 10 grades 15 } // end main 16

17 } // end class GradeBookTest Welcome to the grade book for

CS101 Introduction to Java Programming!

Enter grade: 67Enter grade: 78Enter grade: 89Enter grade: 67Enter grade: 87Enter grade: 98Enter grade: 93Enter grade: 85Enter grade: 82Enter grade: 100

Total of all 10 grades is 846Class average is 84

30

Create a new GradeBook object

Pass the course’s name to the GradeBookconstructor as a string

Call GradeBook’sdetermineClassAverage method

“IT069 Object-Oriented Programming”



FORMULATING ALGORITHMS: SENTINEL-CONTROLLED REPETITION

Sentinel-controlled repetition

Also known as indefinite repetition

Use a sentinel value (also known as a signal, dummy or

flag value)

A sentinel value cannot also be a valid input value

32



SOFTWARE ENGINEERING OBSERVATIONS

•Many programs can be divided logically into three

phases:

•an initialization phase that initializes the variables;

•a processing phase that inputs data values and adjusts

program variables (e.g., counters and totals) accordingly;

•and a termination phase that calculates and outputs thefinal results.

34



ERROR-PREVENTION TIP

When performing division by an expression whose

value could be zero, explicitly test for this possibility

and handle it appropriately in your program (e.g., by

printing an error message) rather than allow the error

to occur

35



OUTLINE

1 // Fig. 4.9: GradeBook.java 2 // GradeBook class that solves class-average program using

3 // sentinel-controlled repetition. 4 import java.util.Scanner; // program uses class Scanner 5


7 {

8 private String courseName; // name of course this GradeBook represents 9

10 // constructor initializes courseName 11 public GradeBook( String name )

12 {



18 {



24 {



38

Assign a value to instance variable courseName

Declare method setCourseName

Declare method getCourseName



OUTLINE


30 {




36 // determine the average of an arbitrary number of grades 37 public void determineClassAverage()

38 {


41

42 int total; // sum of grades 43 int gradeCounter; // number of grades entered 44 int grade; // grade value 45 double average; // number with decimal point for average 46

47 // initialization phase 48 total = 0; // initialize total 49 gradeCounter = 0; // initialize loop counter 50

51 // processing phase 52 // prompt for input and read grade from user

53 System.out.print( "Enter grade or -1 to quit: " );

54grade = input.nextInt();

5539

Declare method displayMessage

Declare method determineClassAverage

Declare and initialize Scanner

variable input

Declare local int variables total,

gradeCounter and grade and

double variable average



OUTLINE

56 // loop until sentinel value read from user 57 while ( grade != -1 )

58 {

59 total = total + grade; // add grade to total 60 gradeCounter = gradeCounter + 1; // increment counter 61

62 // prompt for input and read next grade from user

63 System.out.print( "Enter grade or -1 to quit: " );

64 grade = input.nextInt();

65 } // end while 66

67 // termination phase 68 // if user entered at least one grade... 69 if ( gradeCounter != 0 )

70 {

71 // calculate average of all grades entered 72 average = (double) total / gradeCounter;

73

74 // display total and average (with two digits of precision) 75 System.out.printf( "\nTotal of the %d grades entered is %d\n",

76 gradeCounter, total );

77 System.out.printf( "Class average is %.2f\n", average );

78 } // end if 79 else // no grades were entered, so output appropriate message 80 System.out.println( "No grades were entered" );

81 } // end method determineClassAverage 82

83 } // end class GradeBook 40


grade != the sentinel

value, -1

Calculate average gradeusing (double) to

perform explicit

conversion

Display average grade

Display “No grades were entered” message




•In a sentinel-controlled loop, the prompts requesting

data entry should explicitly remind the user of the

sentinel value.

•Omitting the braces that delimit a block can lead to

logic errors, such as infinite loops. To prevent this

problem, some programmers enclose the body of

every control statement in braces even if the body

contains only a single statement.

41



FORMULATING ALGORITHMS:NESTED CONTROL STATEMENTS

Control statements can be nested within one

another

Place one control statement inside the body of the other

45



PSEUDOCODE FOREXAMINATION-RESULTS PROBLEM.

1 Initialize passes to zero

2 Initialize failures to zero

3 Initialize student counter to one

4

5 While student counter is less than or equal to 10

6 Prompt the user to enter the next exam result

7 Input the next exam result

8

9 If the student passed

10 Add one to passes

11 Else

12 Add one to failures

13

14 Add one to student counter

15

16 Print the number of passes

17 Print the number of failures

18

19 If more than eight students passed

20 Print “Raise tuition”

46



OUTLINE

1 // Fig. 4.12: Analysis.java 2 // Analysis of examination results. 3 import java.util.Scanner; // class uses class Scanner 4

5 public class Analysis

6 {

7 public void processExamResults

8 {


11

12 // initializing variables in declarations

13 int passes = 0; // number of passes

14 int failures = 0; // number of failures

15 int studentCounter = 1; // student counter 16 int result; // one exam result (obtains value from user) 17

18 // process 10 students using counter-controlled loop 19 while ( studentCounter <= 10 )

20 {

21 // prompt user for input and obtain value from user 22 System.out.print( "Enter result (1 = pass, 2 = fail): " );

23 result = input.nextInt();

24

47


studentCounter <= 10



OUTLINE

25 // if...else nested in while

26 if ( result == 1 ) // if result 1,

27 passes = passes + 1; // increment passes;

28 else // else result is not 1, so 29 failures = failures + 1; // increment failures

30

31 // increment studentCounter so loop eventually terminates 32 studentCounter = studentCounter + 1;

33 } // end while 34

35 // termination phase; prepare and display results 36 System.out.printf( "Passed: %d\nFailed: %d\n", passes, failures );

37

38 // determine whether more than 8 students passed 39 if ( passes > 8 )

40 System.out.println( "Raise Tuition" );

41 } // end method processExamResults 42

43 } // end class Analysis 48

Determine whether this student passed

or failed and increment the

appropriate variable

Determine whether more than eight

students passed the exam



ERROR-PREVENTION TIP

Initializing local variables when they are declared

helps the programmer avoid any compilation errors

that might arise from attempts to use uninitializeddata.

While Java does not require that local variable

initializations be incorporated into declarations, it

does require that local variables be initialized before

their values are used in an expression.

49



OUTLINE

1 // Fig. 4.13: AnalysisTest.java 2 // Test program for class Analysis. 3

4 public class AnalysisTest5 {6 public static void main( String args[] )7 {8 Analysis application = new Analysis(); // create Analysis object 9 application.processExamResults(); // call method to process results 10 } // end main 11

12 } // end class AnalysisTest Enter result (1 = pass, 2 = fail): 1Enter result (1 = pass, 2 = fail): 2Enter result (1 = pass, 2 = fail): 1Enter result (1 = pass, 2 = fail): 1Enter result (1 = pass, 2 = fail): 1Enter result (1 = pass, 2 = fail): 1Enter result (1 = pass, 2 = fail): 1Enter result (1 = pass, 2 = fail): 1Enter result (1 = pass, 2 = fail): 1Enter result (1 = pass, 2 = fail): 1Passed: 9Failed: 1Raise Tuition

Enter result (1 = pass, 2 = fail): 1Enter result (1 = pass, 2 = fail): 2Enter result (1 = pass, 2 = fail): 1Enter result (1 = pass, 2 = fail): 2Enter result (1 = pass, 2 = fail): 1Enter result (1 = pass, 2 = fail): 2Enter result (1 = pass, 2 = fail): 2Enter result (1 = pass, 2 = fail): 1Enter result (1 = pass, 2 = fail): 1Enter result (1 = pass, 2 = fail): 1Passed: 6Failed: 4

50

Create an Analysis object

More than 8 students passed the exam



COMPOUND ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS

Compound assignment operators

An assignment statement of the form:

variable = variable operator expression ;

where operator is +, -, *, / or % can be written as:

variable operator = expression ;

example: c = c + 3; can be written as c += 3;

This statement adds 3 to the value in variable c and stores the

result in variable c

51



INCREMENT AND DECREMENT OPERATORS

Unary increment and decrement operators

Unary increment operator (++) adds one to its operand

Unary decrement operator (--) subtracts one from its

operand

Prefix increment (and decrement) operator

Changes the value of its operand, then uses the new value of

the operand in the expression in which the operation appears

Postfix increment (and decrement) operator

Uses the current value of its operand in the expression in which the operation appears, then changes the value of the

operand

53




Unlike binary operators, the unary increment and

decrement operators should be placed next to their

operands, with NO intervening spaces.

54



OUTLINE

1 // Fig. 4.16: Increment.java

2 // Prefix increment and postfix increment operators.

3

4 public class Increment

5 {


7 {

8 int c;

9

10 // demonstrate postfix increment operator

11 c = 5; // assign 5 to c

12 System.out.println( c ); // print 513 System.out.println( c++ ); // print 5 then postincrement

14 System.out.println( c ); // print 6

15

16 System.out.println(); // skip a line

17

18 // demonstrate prefix increment operator

19 c = 5; // assign 5 to c


21 System.out.println( ++c ); // preincrement then print 6


23

24 } // end main

25

26 } // end class Increment

556

566

56

Postincrementing the c variable

Preincrementing the c variable



PRECEDENCE AND ASSOCIATIVITY OFTHE OPERATORS DISCUSSED SO FAR.

Operators Associativity Type

++ -- right to left unary postfix

++ -- + - ( type ) right to left unary prefix

* / % left to right Multiplicative

+ - left to right Additive

< <= > >= left to right Relational

== != left to right Equality

?: right to left Conditional

= += -= *= /= %= right to left assignment

58



PRIMITIVE TYPES

Java is a strongly typed language

All variables have a type

Primitive types in Java are portable across all

platforms that support Java

59



FOR REPETITION STATEMENT

Handles counter-controlled-repetition details

67



OUTLINE

1 // Fig. 5.2: ForCounter.java 2 // Counter-controlled repetition with the for repetition statement. 3

4 public class ForCounter

5 {


7 {

8 // for statement header includes initialization,

9 // loop-continuation condition and increment

10 for ( int counter = 1; counter <= 10; counter++ )

11 System.out.printf( "%d ", counter );

1213 System.out.println(); // output a newline 14 } // end main 15 } // end class ForCounter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

68

Control-variable name is counter

Control-variable initial value is 1

Condition tests for

counter’s final value

Increment for counter



FOR REPETITION STATEMENT (CONT.)

for ( initialization ; loopContinuationCondition ;increment )

statement ;

can usually be rewritten as:

initialization ;while ( loopContinuationCondition )

{ statement ;increment ;

}

71



UML ACTIVITY DIAGRAM

FOR THE FOR STATEMENT

75



EXAMPLES USING THE FOR STATEMENT

Varying control variable in for statement Vary control variable from 1 to 100 in increments of 1 for ( int i = 1; i <= 100; i++ )

Vary control variable from 100 to 1 in increments of –1

for ( int i = 100; i >= 1; i-- ) Vary control variable from 7 to 77 in increments of 7 for ( int i = 7; i <= 77; i += 7 )

Vary control variable from 20 to 2 in decrements of 2 for ( int i = 20; i >= 2; i -= 2 )

Vary control variable over the sequence: 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17,20 for ( int i = 2; i <= 20; i += 3 )

Vary control variable over the sequence: 99, 88, 77, 66, 55,44, 33, 22, 11, 0 for ( int i = 99; i >= 0; i -= 11 )

76



OUTLINE

1 // Fig. 5.5: Sum.java 2 // Summing integers with the for statement. 3

4 public class Sum

5 {


7 {

8 int total = 0; // initialize total 9

10 // total even integers from 2 through 20 11 for ( int number = 2; number <= 20; number += 2 )

12 total += number;

13

14 System.out.printf( "Sum is %d\n", total ); // display results 15 } // end main

16 } // end class Sum Sum is 110

78

increment number by 2 each iteration



EXAMPLES USING THE FOR STATEMENT(CONT.)

Initialization and increment expression can be

comma-separated lists of expressions

E.g., lines 11-12 of Fig. 5.5 can be rewritten as

for ( int number = 2; number <= 20; total += number, number +=

2 )

; // empty statement

79



OUTLINE

1 // Fig. 5.6: Interest.java 2 // Compound-interest calculations with for. 3

4 public class Interest

5 {


7 {

8 double amount; // amount on deposit at end of each year 9 double principal = 1000.0; // initial amount before interest 10 double rate = 0.05; // interest rate 11

12 // display headers 13 System.out.printf( "%s%20s\n", "Year", "Amount on deposit" );

14

81

Java treats floating-points astype double

Second string is right justified and

displayed with a field width of 20



OUTLINE

15 // calculate amount on deposit for each of ten years

16 for ( int year = 1; year <= 10; year++ )

17 {

18 // calculate new amount for specified year

19 amount = principal * Math.pow( 1.0 + rate, year );

20

21 // display the year and the amount

22 System.out.printf( "%4d%,20.2f\n", year, amount );

23 } // end for

24 } // end main 25 } // end class Interest Year Amount on deposit

1 1,050.00

2 1,102.503 1,157.634 1,215.515 1,276.286 1,340.107 1,407.108 1,477.469 1,551.3310 1,628.89

82

Calculate amount with forstatement

Use the comma (,) formatting flag to display

the amount with a thousands separator



EXAMPLES USING THE FOR STATEMENT(CONT.)

Formatting output

Field width

Minus sign (-) formatting flag

Comma (,) formatting flag

static method

ClassName .methodName ( arguments )

83



DO…WHILE REPETITION STATEMENT

do…while structure

Similar to while structure

Tests loop-continuation after performing body of loop i.e., loop body always executes at least once

85



OUTLINE

1 // Fig. 5.7: DoWhileTest.java 2 // do...while repetition statement. 3

4 public class DoWhileTest

5 {


7 {

8 int counter = 1; // initialize counter 9

10 do

11 {

12 System.out.printf( "%d ", counter );

13 ++counter;

14 } while ( counter <= 10 ); // end do...while 15

16 System.out.println(); // outputs a newline 17 } // end main 18 } // end class DoWhileTest 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

86

Declares and initializes

control variable counter

Variable counter’s value is displayed

before testing counter’s final value



DO...WHILE REPETITION STATEMENT UMLACTIVITY DIAGRAM.

87




Always include braces in a do...while statement,

even if they are not necessary. This helps eliminate

ambiguity between the while statement and ado...while statement containing only one

statement.

88



SWITCH MULTIPLE-SELECTION STATEMENT

switch statement

Used for multiple selections

89



OUTLINE

1 // Fig. 5.9: GradeBook.java 2 // GradeBook class uses switch statement to count A, B, C, D and F grades. 3 import java.util.Scanner; // program uses class Scanner 4


6 {

7 private String courseName; // name of course this GradeBook represents 8 private int total; // sum of grades

9 private int gradeCounter; // number of grades entered 10 private int aCount; // count of A grades11 private int bCount; // count of B grades

12 private int cCount; // count of C grades

13 private int dCount; // count of D grades

14 private int fCount; // count of F grades

15

16 // constructor initializes courseName;

17 // int instance variables are initialized to 0 by default 18 public GradeBook( String name )

19 {



25 {


90



OUTLINE


31 {




37{




43 // input arbitrary number of grades from user 44 public void inputGrades()

45 {

46 Scanner input = new Scanner( System.in );47

48 int grade; // grade entered by user 49

50 System.out.printf( "%s\n%s\n %s\n %s\n",

51 "Enter the integer grades in the range 0-100.",

52 "Type the end-of-file indicator to terminate input:",

53 "On UNIX/Linux/Mac OS X type <ctrl> d then press Enter",

54 "On Windows type <ctrl> z then press Enter" );

55 91



OUTLINE

56 // loop until user enters the end-of-file indicator 57 while ( input.hasNext() )

58 {

59 grade = input.nextInt(); // read grade 60 total += grade; // add grade to total 61 ++gradeCounter; // increment number of grades 62

63 // call method to increment appropriate counter 64 incrementLetterGradeCounter( grade );65 } // end while

66 } // end method inputGrades 67

68 // add 1 to appropriate counter for specified grade 69 public void incrementLetterGradeCounter( int numericGrade )

70 {

71 // determine which grade was entered

72 switch ( grade / 10 )

73 {

74 case 9: // grade was between 90

75 case 10: // and 100

76 ++aCount; // increment aCount

77 break; // necessary to exit switch

78

79 case 8: // grade was between 80 and 89

80 ++bCount; // increment bCount

81 break; // exit switch82

92

Loop condition uses method hasNext to

determine whether there is more data to input

switch statement determines

which case label to execute,

depending on controlling expression

(grade / 10 ) is

controlling expression



OUTLINE


84 ++cCount; // increment cCount

85 break; // exit switch

86


88 ++dCount; // increment dCount

89 break; // exit switch

90

91 default: // grade was less than 60 92 ++fCount; // increment fCount

93 break; // optional; will exit switch anyway 94 } // end switch

95 } // end method incrementLetterGradeCounter 96

97 // display a report based on the grades entered by user

98 public void displayGradeReport()

99 {

100 System.out.println( "\nGrade Report:" );

101

102 // if user entered at least one grade... 103 if ( gradeCounter != 0 )

104 {

105 // calculate average of all grades entered 106 double average = (double) total / gradeCounter;

107

93

default case for grade less than 6



OUTLINE

108 // output summary of results

109 System.out.printf( "Total of the %d grades entered is %d\n",

110 gradeCounter, total );

111 System.out.printf( "Class average is %.2f\n", average );

112 System.out.printf( "%s\n%s%d\n%s%d\n%s%d\n%s%d\n%s%d\n",

113 "Number of students who received each grade:",

114 "A: ", aCount, // display number of A grades

115 "B: ", bCount, // display number of B grades

116 "C: ", cCount, // display number of C grades

117 "D: ", dCount, // display number of D grades

118 "F: ", fCount ); // display number of F grades

119 } // end if

120 else // no grades were entered, so output appropriate message

121 System.out.println( "No grades were entered" );

122 } // end method displayGradeReport

123} // end class GradeBook

94




• The keystroke combinations for entering end-of-file

are system dependent.

•Forgetting a break statement when one is needed in

a switch is a logic error.

95




Provide a default case in switch statements.

Including a default case focuses you on the need to

process exceptional conditions.

98

SWITCH MULTIPLE-SELECTION



SWITCH MULTIPLE SELECTIONSTATEMENT UML ACTIVITY DIAGRAM

WITH BREAK STATEMENTS.

99




Although each case and the default case in a

switch can occur in any order, place the default

case last. When the default case is listed last, thebreak for that case is not required. Some

programmers include this break for clarity and

symmetry with other cases.

100



OUTLINE

1 // Fig. 5.12: BreakTest.java 2 // break statement exiting a for statement. 3 public class BreakTest

4 {


6 {

7 int count; // control variable also used after loop terminates 8

9 for ( count = 1; count <= 10; count++ ) // loop 10 times 10 {

11 if ( count == 5 ) // if count is 5,

12 break; // terminate loop 13

14 System.out.printf( "%d ", count );

15 } // end for 16

17 System.out.printf( "\nBroke out of loop at count = %d\n", count );18 } // end main 19 } // end class BreakTest 1 2 3 4Broke out of loop at count = 5

103

BreakTest

.javaLine 9

Lines 11-12

Programoutput

Loop 10 times

Exit for statement (break)

when count equals 5



OUTLINE

1 // Fig. 5.13: ContinueTest.java 2 // continue statement terminating an iteration of a for statement. 3 public class ContinueTest

4 {


6 {

7 for ( int count = 1; count <= 10; count++ ) // loop 10 times 8 {

9 if ( count == 5 ) // if count is 5,

10 continue; // skip remaining code in loop 11

12 System.out.printf( "%d ", count );

13 } // end for 14

15 System.out.println( "\nUsed continue to skip printing 5" );

16 } // end main 17 } // end class ContinueTest 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10Used continue to skip printing 5

104

Continue

Test.java

Line 7

Lines 9-

10

Programoutput

Loop 10 times

Skip line 12 and proceed to

line 7 when count equals 5




Some programmers feel that break and continue

violate structured programming. Since the same

effects are achievable with structured programmingtechniques, these programmers do not use break or

continue.

• There is a tension between achieving quality

software engineering and achieving the best-

performing software. Often, one of these goals is

achieved at the expense of the other. For all but the 105



5.8 LOGICAL OPERATORS

Logical operators

Allows for forming more complex conditions

Combines simple conditions

Java logical operators

&& (conditional AND)

|| (conditional OR)

& (boolean logical AND)

| (boolean logical inclusive OR)

^ (boolean logical exclusive OR) 106



5.8 LOGICAL OPERATORS (CONT.)

Conditional AND (&&) Operator

Consider the following if statement

if ( gender == FEMALE && age >= 65 )

++seniorFemales;

Combined condition is true

if and only if both simple conditions are true

Combined condition is false

if either or both of the simple conditions are false

107

| && (CONDITIONAL AND)



FIG. 5.14 | && (CONDITIONAL AND)OPERATOR TRUTH TABLE.

expression1 expression2 expression1 && expression2false false False false true False true false False true true True

108




Conditional OR (||) Operator

Consider the following if statement

if ( ( semesterAverage >= 90 ) || ( finalExam >= 90 )

System.out.println( “Student grade is A” );

Combined condition is true

if either or both of the simple condition are true

Combined condition is false

if both of the simple conditions are false

109

| || (CONDITIONAL OR) OPERATOR



FIG. 5.15 | || (CONDITIONAL OR) OPERATORTRUTH TABLE.

expression1 expression2 expression1 || expression2false false false false true true true false true true true true

110




Short-Circuit Evaluation of Complex Conditions

Parts of an expression containing && or || operators are

evaluated only until it is known whether the condition is

true or false

E.g., ( gender == FEMALE ) && ( age >= 65 )

Stops immediately if gender is not equal to FEMALE

111



COMMON PROGRAMMING ERRORS

In expressions using operator &&, a condition - we

will call this the dependent condition - may require

another condition to be true for the evaluation of thedependent condition to be meaningful.

In this case, the dependent condition should be

placed after the other condition, or an error might

occur.

For example, in the expression ( i != 0 ) && (

10 / i == 2 ), the second condition must appear 112




Boolean Logical AND (&) Operator

Works identically to &&

Except & always evaluate both operands

Boolean Logical OR (|) Operator

Works identidally to ||

Except | always evaluate both operands

113



ERROR-PREVENTION TIPS

For clarity, avoid expressions with side effects in

conditions.

The side effects may look clever, but they can makeit harder to understand code and can lead to subtle

logic errors.

114




Boolean Logical Exclusive OR (^)

One of its operands is true and the other is false

Evaluates to true

Both operands are true or both are false

Evaluates to false

Logical Negation (!) Operator

Unary operator

115

G 6 | ^ (BOOLEAN LOGICAL EXCLUSIVE



FIG. 5.16 | ^ (BOOLEAN LOGICAL EXCLUSIVEOR) OPERATOR TRUTH TABLE.

expression1 expression2 expression1 ^ expression2false false false false true true true false true true true false

116

FIG. 5.17 |! (LOGICAL NEGATION, OR



LOGICAL NOT) OPERATOR TRUTHTABLE.

expression !expression

false true true false

117



OUTLINE

1 // Fig. 5.18: LogicalOperators.java 2 // Logical operators. 3

4 public class LogicalOperators

5 {


7 {

8 // create truth table for && (conditional AND) operator 9 System.out.printf( "%s\n%s: %b\n%s: %b\n%s: %b\n%s: %b\n\n",

10 "Conditional AND (&&)", "false && false", ( false && false ),

11"false && true", ( false && true ),

12 "true && false", ( true && false ),

13 "true && true", ( true && true ) );

14

15 // create truth table for || (conditional OR) operator 16 System.out.printf( "%s\n%s: %b\n%s: %b\n%s: %b\n%s: %b\n\n",

17 "Conditional OR (||)", "false || false", ( false || false ),

18 "false || true", ( false || true ),

19 "true || false", ( true || false ),

20 "true || true", ( true || true ) );

21

22 // create truth table for & (boolean logical AND) operator 23 System.out.printf( "%s\n%s: %b\n%s: %b\n%s: %b\n%s: %b\n\n",

24 "Boolean logical AND (&)", "false & false", ( false & false ),

25 "false & true", ( false & true ),

26 "true & false", ( true & false ),

27 "true & true", ( true & true ) ) ;

28

118

LogicalOp

erators. java(1 of 3)

Lines 9-13

Lines 16-20

Lines 23-27

Conditional AND truth table

Conditional OR truth table

Boolean logical AND

truth table



OUTLINE

29 // create truth table for | (boolean logical inclusive OR) operator 30 System.out.printf( "%s\n%s: %b\n%s: %b\n%s: %b\n%s: %b\n\n",

31 "Boolean logical inclusive OR (|)",

32 "false | false", ( false | false ),

33 "false | true", ( false | true ),

34 "true | false", ( true | false ),

35 "true | true", ( true | true ) );

36

37 // create truth table for ^ (boolean logical exclusive OR) operator 38 System.out.printf( "%s\n%s: %b\n%s: %b\n%s: %b\n%s: %b\n\n",

39 "Boolean logical exclusive OR (^)",

40 "false ^ false", ( false ^ false ),

41 "false ^ true", ( false ^ true ),

42 "true ^ false", ( true ^ false ),

43 "true ^ true", ( true ^ true ) );

44

45 // create truth table for ! (logical negation) operator 46 System.out.printf( "%s\n%s: %b\n%s: %b\n", "Logical NOT (!)",47 "!false", ( !false ), "!true", ( !true ) );

48 } // end main 49 } // end class LogicalOperators

119

LogicalOp


Lines 30-35

Lines 38-43

Lines 46-47

Boolean logical inclusive

OR truth table

Boolean logical exclusive

OR truth table

Logical negation truth table



OUTLINE

Conditional AND (&&)false && false: falsefalse && true: falsetrue && false: falsetrue && true: true

Conditional OR (||)false || false: falsefalse || true: truetrue || false: truetrue || true: true

Boolean logical AND (&)false & false: falsefalse & true: falsetrue & false: falsetrue & true: true

Boolean logical inclusive OR (|)false | false: falsefalse | true: truetrue | false: truetrue | true: true

Boolean logical exclusive OR (^)

false ^ false: falsefalse ^ true: truetrue ^ false: truetrue ^ true: false

Logical NOT (!)!false: true!true: false

120

LogicalOp


Program output

FIG 5 19 | PRECEDENCE/ASSOCIATIVITY OF



FIG. 5.19 | PRECEDENCE/ASSOCIATIVITY OFTHE OPERATORS DISCUSSED SO FAR.

Operators Associativity Type

++ -- right to left unary postfix

++ - + - !( type) right to left unary prefix

* / % left to right multiplicative

+ - left to right additive< <= > >= left to right relational

== != left to right equality

& left to right boolean logical AND

^ left to right boolean logical exclusive OR

| left to right boolean logical inclusive OR

&& left to right conditional AND

|| left to right conditional OR?: right to left conditional

= += -= *= /= %= right to left assignment

121

5 9 STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING



5.9 STRUCTURED PROGRAMMINGSUMMARY

Sequence structure

“built-in” to Java

Selection structure if, if…else and switch

Repetition structure

while, do…while and for

122

FIG. 5.20 | JAVA’S SINGLE-ENTRY/SINGLE-



EXIT SEQUENCE, SELECTION ANDREPETITION STATEMENTS.

123

FIG 5 21 | RULES FOR FORMING



FIG. 5.21 | RULES FOR FORMINGSTRUCTURED PROGRAMS.

Rules for Forming Structured Programs

1 Begin with the simplest activity diagram (Fig. 5.22).

2 Any action state can be replaced by two action states in sequence.

3 Any action state can be replaced by any control statement (sequence of action states,

if, if else, switch, while, do while or for).

4 Rules 2 and 3 can be applied as often as you like and in any order.

124

| SIMPLEST ACTIVITY DIAGRAM



FIG. 5.22 | SIMPLEST ACTIVITY DIAGRAM.

125

FIG. 5.23 | REPEATEDLY APPLYING THESTACKING RULE (RULE 2) OF FIG 5 21



STACKING RULE (RULE 2) OF FIG. 5.21TO THE SIMPLEST ACTIVITY DIAGRAM.

126

FIG. 5.24 | REPEATEDLY APPLYING THENESTING RULE (RULE 3) OF FIG 5 21 TO



NESTING RULE (RULE 3) OF FIG. 5.21 TOTHE SIMPLEST ACTIVITY DIAGRAM.

127

FIG. 5.25 | “UNSTRUCTURED” ACTIVITY



FIG. 5.25 | UNSTRUCTURED ACTIVITY

DIAGRAM.

Lecture 3-1 Control Statements

Documents

Transcript of Lecture 3-1 Control Statements