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Transcript of Lecture 27 newton saint of science
LECTURE 27
NEWTON – THE SAINT OF SCIENCE
BIOGRAPHY 1642 – 1660
1.Born in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England on Christmas Day 1642
2.Son of Robert Newton, an independent farmer
3.His mother, named Hannah4.His father was illiterate and died 3 months
before Isaac was born5.Age 12 – King’s School in Grantham
CONT 1661 - 1667
1.Attended Trinity College, Cambridge2.Discovered the Binomial Theorem while in the
university 3.Worked on Chemistry, Prisms, Calculus,
Considered Lunar Forces1669– 1671
1.On Analysis by Infinite Series.2.Also became Lucassian Professor of Maths at
Trinity3.On the Methods of Series and Fluxions /
Calculus
CONT1672 : Lecture Series, began rivalry with Robert
Hooke1679
1.He posed problem of trying to determine the orbit of the planets, with a force varying inversely as the square of the distance from the sun
2.Newton had proved that the orbit was an ellipse
3.Sir Edmond Halley encourage Newton to publish these results.
1685 – 1686: Newton expanded this principle into his Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy)
CONT1693 – 1696
1. Major controversy with Gottfried Leibniz for invention of calculus
2. Newton did not publish until his Optics in 1704, Leibniz published in 1684
17051. Knighted; first scientist in England so honored2. Died on March 20th, 1727 due to gallstones.
NEWTON’S GREATEST WORKSMathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy♥Natural Philosophy was the study of the laws of
nature♥This book was divided into an introduction and three
books:i. Book 1 - the foundation of the science of
mathematicsii. Book 2 - inaugurates the theory of fluids iii.Book 3 - shows the laws of gravitation at work in
the universe
NEWTON’S GREATEST WORKSFormulated the rule of gravitationProvided mathematical solution for body motionHow to quantify the density of the Earth,
trajectory of comet & the mass of the sun.Contributed in differentiation, integration,
inverfluxion.Invented calculus and its application of dynamics
& astronomy which were not mentioned by Kepler & Copernicus
TRAJECTORY OF COMETS
DISCOVERIES &INVENTIONS
LAW OF GRAVITATION
THE PERFECT COINS
REFLECTING TELESCOPE
LAW OF MOTION
DISCOVERY ON OPTICS
Newton’s 4 Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy
♥ Observation♥ Hypothesis♥ Prediction♥ Confirmation
PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECT His law of universal gravitation showed the
power of the human mind Encouraged natural philosophers to approach
nature directly Insisted upon empirical rationalization to check
rational explanation Alchemy theory
- Alchemy and astrology were considered as divine
- Newton had strong believe on God & Christianity but at the same time on the scientific explanation on phenomena.
PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECT Age of Newton changed thinking perspective of
people. “Spontaneous generation” was seen as a factual
occurrence. Newton’s Regulae (Rules) of philosophizing –
established official relationship between conjecture, observation, experiment, & theory.
Intellectuals (deep thinkers!) of the Enlightenment sought the laws that govern human society
THE END
THANK YOU
PREPARED BY PATHUMAVATHY RAMANTHAN
10B