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Lecture 25.2- Nuclear Transformations
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Transcript of Lecture 25.2- Nuclear Transformations
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BELLWORK
1. What is the symbol for an alpha particle?2. Write the nuclear equation for the alpha
decay of Uranium-238.3. What is the symbol of a beta particle?4. Write the nuclear equation for the beta
decay of Carbon-14.5. Write the symbol for gamma radiation.6. Why is gamma radiation often not included
in a nuclear equation?
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Lecture 25.2- NuclearTransformations
Radon-222 is aradioactive isotope thatis present naturally inthe soil in some areas. Ithas a constant rate ofdecay. You will learnabout decay rates ofradioactive substances.
25.2
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The nucleus is held together by the strong nuclear forceThe strong nuclear force is thestrongest force known
Protons and neutrons are very closetogether
They exchange a teeny bit of mass backand forth.
When disrupted, the mass is convertedto energy according toE=mc2
The mass is tiny.The energy is immense.
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Protons and neutrons experience the strongnuclear force if close enough
Because protons repel each other thenucleus needs a certain proton to neutronratio for stability
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More than 1,500 different nuclei are known. Ofthose, only 264 are stable and do not decay orchange with time. These nuclei are in a regioncalled the band of stability.
25.2
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Nuclear Stability and Decay
The neutron-to-proton ratiodetermines thetype of decaythat occurs.
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A half-life (t1/2) is the time required forone-half of the nuclei of a radioisotopesample to decay to products.
After each half-life, half ofthe existing radioactiveatoms have decayed intoatoms of a new element.
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25.2
Stable Isotope
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The ratio of Carbon-14 tostable carbon in theremains of an organismchanges in a predictableway that enables thearchaeologist to obtain anestimate of its age.
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25.1
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25.1
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25.1
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for Sample Problem 25.1
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The conversion of an atom of oneelement to an atom of anotherelement is called transmutation.
Transmutation can occur byradioactive decay.
Or
when particles bombard thenucleus of an atom.
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The first artificial transmutation reaction involvedbombarding nitrogen gas with alpha particles.
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The elements in the periodic table withatomic numbers above 92, the atomicnumber of uranium, are called thetransuranium elements.
• All transuranium elements undergotransmutation.
• None of the transuranium elementsoccur in nature, and all of them areradioactive.
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Transuranium elements aresynthesized in nuclear reactors andnuclear accelerators.
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25.2 Section Quiz.
1. During nuclear decay, if the atomic numberdecreases by one but the mass number isunchanged, the radiation emitted is
a. a positron.
b. an alpha particle.
c. a neutron.
d. a proton.
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25.2 Section Quiz.
2. When potassium-40 (atomic number 19)decays into calcium-40 (atomic number 20),the process can be described as
a. positron emission.
b. alpha emission.
c. beta emission.
d. electron capture.
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25.2 Section Quiz.
3. If there were 128 grams of radioactivematerial initially, what mass remains after fourhalf-lives?
a. 4 grams
b. 32 grams
c. 16 grams
d. 8 grams
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25.2 Section Quiz.
4. When transmutation occurs, the ________always changes.
a. number of electrons
b. mass number
c. atomic number
d. number of neutrons
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25.2 Section Quiz
5. Transmutation occurs by radioactive decayand also by
a. extreme heating.
b. chemical reaction.
c. high intensity electrical discharge.
d. particle bombardment of the nucleus.