Lecture 20 change conflict crisis 4 environment and development
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Transcript of Lecture 20 change conflict crisis 4 environment and development
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Change, Conflict
and Crisis
4
environment & developmentE U A 6 0 1 a n d 6 2 0 C o n t e m p o r a r y W o r l d A r e n a
Change, conflict and crisis
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Can the environment on which humans depend, survive the human demand for
‘development’
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Is sustainable development
sustainable
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Definitions1
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Change and the 70s2
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Crisis now3 ?
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Definitions1
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What are wetalking about?
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T h eE n v i r o n m e n t
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The sum of all external conditions affecting the life, development and survival of any form of animal or plant,
covering
all life on earth
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complex web of interrelationships between abiotic (non-living-air, water, soil) and biotic (living organisms-animal and plants) components which sustain all life on the earth, including social and health aspects of human beings
“
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d e v e l o p m e n t
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positive change for human beings and their surroundings
“
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measured with metrics
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GDP, GNP, PCI
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Or…
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HDIHuman Development Index
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Change and the 70s2
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Little recognition of relationships between development and environment until 1970s
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Rise of Green Movement
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capitalist development
damaging environment
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Acid rain confirmed in Europe
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Moved up agenda as transnational nature recognized
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But defining moments and workable
solutions rare
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brundtland Report
1987
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d e v e l o p m e n ts u s t a i n a b l e
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meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
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encompassMu
st
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use of natural
resources
Activities related to
population
economic and social activities
impacts on the environment
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Resources considered
infinite
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pollution and environmental degradation inevitable
consequences of
industrial development
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state systemG r e a t e r t h a n
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Engages…
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large corporations
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transnational networks
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Global institutions
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environment added to
security agenda
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Crisis now3 ?
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The Limits to Growth
population and industrial growth
cease before 2100“
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Homer-Dixon(1999)
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Relationship between population growth, rising energy consumption, global warming, ozone layer depletion, cropland scarcity, deforestation, rising scarcity of free water, declining fish stocks and loss of biodiversity
“
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Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change
(IPCC)
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prolonged droughts, expanded desertification
increased severity of storms with heavy flooding and erosion
longer and more severe heat waves
Water shortages
decreased grain yields
climate-induced spreading ranges of pests and disease
lost and contaminated groundwater
deteriorated freshwater lakes, coastal fisheries, mangroves, coral reefs
coastal flooding
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Crises and tensions4
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Crisis of
participants
Crisis of the
global
system
Crisis in the
global
system
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Growing awareness of complexity and interconnectedness of global planetary system
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Recognition of dependency of development upon environment
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Concern that ‘development’ may be damaging environment
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Environment may be damaging to people
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Conflict amongst various epistemic communities like academia/research bodies
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uncertainty about fate of planet as a source of conflict
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time
values
threat
awareness
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Combination of long-term and often ‘invisible’ problems with short-term and highly visible disasters
time
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Difficulty of clarifying and confirming : disagreement in ‘epistemic communities’
threat
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Which are real?
awareness
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tensions between values (ideology) of states, industries, ‘experts’, activists and planetary population
values
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coming together
over crises
People
IGOs NGOs
BINGOsINGOs
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Still leaves tensions and conflicts
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Anthropogenic or not ?
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If so…
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whose crisis is it anyway?
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Affluent or poor to blame?
North or South?
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Solutions
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technical or
political
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wind farms and recycling?
?
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imagining of technical solutions like
c o l d f u s i o n
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or challenging/rejecting mass
consumption
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d e v e l o p ments u s t a i n a b l e
?
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is the solution part of theproblem?
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Perpetuates exploitation of natural resources for wealth accumulation
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Sustainable development too
anthropocentric
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Privileges humans at the expense of other animals
Neglects dependency of humans on entire ecosystem
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Seventy out of the top 100 human food crops, which supply about 90 percent of the world's nutrition, are pollinated by bees
Greenpeace
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fundamental conflict between rising demand and
shrinking resources... Sustainable development
is… yoking together two ideas that may be
irreconcilable: our established notions of
development and our emergent awareness of
sustainability
KC Bell, 2013 “
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We need to develop sustainability, not sustainable development“
KC Bell, 2013
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persistent prioritization of national
gains/losses condemns us
to extinction?
Int. institutions
and rules but prioritizing
market incentives
creates inherent
contradiction?
Problems stem from
exploitation and
dependency – anything
new or useful to
say?
Emphasises battle of
ideas as key issue, and
role of epistemic
dominance
Real. Lib. Marx. Constr.