Lecture 2 - The Ships.ppt

64
THE SHIPS THE SHIPS

Transcript of Lecture 2 - The Ships.ppt

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THE SHIPSTHE SHIPS

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THE SHIPSTHE SHIPS

In our previous meeting, I was asking you to find outabout two important notions of sea transportation:

UKC ?Draft or also called Draught ?

ell us now, what they are!

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In understanding the ship, our previous concepts of UKC or draft

are very crucial" hey relate to the operational and environmental

safety"

UKC # Under Keel ClearanceDraft or also called Draught is related to depth level

$et%s have a look at them again briefly!

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&lease look at the illustration below"

'hat is the above ship draft?

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Features

  2 main parts : Hull   – shell of the ship

Machinery – Engines & ancillary equipment.  Hull usually designed for a particular

trade according to owner’s specication.

  Engine room houses machinery requiredto drive the vessels generators forlighting refrigeration etc.

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  !eneral factors in"uencing ship designtype & si#e:

 $rade which ship is to

operate %uilding and operating cost

urpose of the ship:

'(or what product)' $ramp or liner)

'*wn or to charter)

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+hip design will focus on this areas:(" )arket conditions

› How ,est to response to the changing needs.

› -aise standards & improve transit times.

› roper interface ,etween ship & ,erthingoperation to speed turnaround time.

*" Improving onboard technology› nformation & communication technology

E/.› 01-+$ ship navigation3communication

technology

› E4tend ship e5ciency.

SHIP DESIGNSHIP DESIGN

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+" hip safety› 6onsistent with e5ciency & improved

technology.

› !overn ,y 1* adopt convention to raise

safety of ships at sea.-" $arger vessels rather than additional

sailings› s trade increases ship7owners prefer

larger vessels than additional sailings.› -esulting vessels with increased

length more dec8s.

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  (aster vessels of increased si#e withimproved machinery & handling

equipment.  %etter standard of accommodation for

passengers & crews.

  (urther technology enhancement 7

more computeri#ed techniques in allarea.

FUTURE TRENDSFUTURE TRENDS

IN SHIP DESIGNIN SHIP DESIGN

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   $echnology that is used in the shippingindustry some of them are:

utomation dentication +ystem 9+

;essel $ra5c +ervice 9;$+ !lo,al 1arine /istress and +afety +ystem 9!1/++

<orld <ide 0avigational <arning +ervice9<<0<+.

 

;essels ,ecome more speciali#ed 9urpose,uilt.

  mproved technique of cargo handling toreduce turnaround time

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FormForm

Data Entry/ Output

Postal/

Fax

Data Entry/ Output

Computer 

@ Ship

Computer

@ Seaport

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Computer system at a ship Port computer system

Server 

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  Length  7 two types of vessel length: =*: =ength *verall

=<=: =ength <ater =ine

  Beam / Width – the.

  Draft / Draught – the.

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  Dispa!ement "eight 7 the actual totalweight of the vessel: the volume of thehull below the waterline, by the specic

gravity of the water .  Light ship "eight – the actual weight of

ship 9with no fuel passengers cargowater etc. on ,oard.

  Dead"eight t#nnage $DWT% – <eightthat the ship can actually carry. t includesthe crew passengers cargo fuel waterand stores.

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  Dispa!ement "eight 7 is simply thetotal weight of the volume of water a ship>displaces? when it is sitting in the water.

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  Standard Dispa!ement "eight 7 is,asically the same thing as >displacement tonnage? withone minor di@erence. <hen calculating standarddisplacement tonnage you su,tract the weight of any fueland pota,le water carried on ,oard the ship.

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  Dead"eight T#nnage $DWT% 7 is the weight9in tons of all the cargo fuel dry provisions supplies etc. carriedon ,oard the ship.

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  Light"eight T#nnage $LWT% 7 the weight of theship when it was ,uilt in the shipyard including allframing machinery dec8ing etc. not include the weightof any consuma,le such as fuel water oil or supplies.

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  Gr#ss T#nnage $GT% – a unitlessinde4 related to a shipAs overallinternal volume

  Gr#ss Register T#nnage $GRT% –;olume of spaces in ship measures incu,ic meters 9mB

  Nett t#nnage – !ross tonnage afterdeduction of ,ridge engine room etc.leaving only spaces concerned withcarrying of cargo.

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  Gr#ss Registered T#nnage $GRT% 7 is ameasurement of volume of all enclosed spaceson a ship with CDD cu,ic feet to one ton.

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  Net Registered T#nnage 7 is a measurement ofvolume however you only consider the volume of actualcargo storage areas when dividing the cu,ic volume in feet,y CDD to get your >tonnage?. $his includes any tan8s cargo

holds etc. that are normally used for transporting cargo.

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+hips are classied ,ase on the type of cargoa vessel can carry.

&' Genera !arg# shipGn7specialised vessels. >$a8e anything goanywhere?. 1ulti purpose.

=arge open cargo carrying space di@erent

dec8s for cargo segregation.Have heavy lift derric8s for handling cargo

-efrigerated general cargo ship

T(PE )F SHIPST(PE )F SHIPS

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*' Bu+ !arriers +ingle dec8 vessels transport single

commodity cargo 9grain sugar ores oil

chemical etc. =arge hatch. 0ot carry special cargo

handling equipment.

6argo is simply poured tipped orpumped into holds or tan8s of the ship.

6an ,e categori#ed into /ry %ul8 6arrierand wet ,ul8 carrier and gas carriers.

T(PE )F SHIPST(PE )F SHIPS

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T(PE )F SHIPST(PE )F SHIPS

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,'-#ntainer shipsac8ing of cargo into uniformly si#ed ,o4esfor easy handling.

+hips are designed mainly for carriage of

containers.+tandard si#e – 2D (ooter & D (ootercontainer.

.'Passenger ships6ruise and ferries

'R#0R# 1esse1ain feature: door or ramps that allow

vehicle to roll on and roll o@ the vessel.

T(PE )F SHIPST(PE )F SHIPS

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1erchant shipping may ,e divided into 2categories of service:

  &' LINER&' LINER

*'TR23P*'TR23P

/i@erent in terms of service renderedgeographical area covered theoperating pro,lems relationship

,etween vessel owner and vessel useractual employment of the ship.

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Intr#du!ti#n  ;essels play on regular

scheduled services from & todesignated ports.

 

+ail on schedule – full or not.  unctuality sailing & arrival

date is importantotherwise prestige willdecline.

  +trive to improve e5ciency &overall transit times.

  %ig "eet si#e & fairly largeshore esta,lishment.

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Intr#du!ti#n  *r 8nown as general trading

vessel.

  0ot operate on 4ed schedule.

   $rades in all part of the worldsearching for cargo.

  Purpose: to provide e5cientconvenient & economical

transportation required ,y themany 8inds of goods neededfor industriali#ed society.

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  rincipal reasons for the e4istence of trampservices:

› Ofers exibility in adapting tounanticipated & major changes in pattern

o shipping› Provides lo cost transportation to add

value to product such as agriculture!orestry! mining & ra materials"

  %usiness demands e@ected ,y seasonalmar8et conditions.

   $ramp companies are much smaller thanliner.

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&' Saiings

-egular & repeatedfrom & to designatedport.

1ust conform toesta,lishedschedules.

(requency of sailingsdepends on amountof ,usiness availa,le.

Liner Tramp

&' Saiings

;oyage or timecharters and ,ased oncargo

Each trip scheduledindividually.

6ould ma8e repetitivevoyages carryingsame commodity

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LINER 1s' TR23PLINER 1s' TR23P

2. Common (Public) carrier

Required by law to accept,

 without discrimination, any

legal cargo @ company.

Determine minimum

quantity of cargo which

must be presented byshippers.

“Console” small shipment.

Liner Tramp2. Contract (private) carrier

Carry full shipload.

Normally single commodityin bul.

!ne shipper @ many

shippers of the same ind

of cargo

LINER TR23P

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LINER 1s' TR23PLINER 1s' TR23P

3. Standard Contract

"niform contract of carriage

or #ill of $ading.

%ro&ision of contract apply

equally to all shippers,

regardless of si'e of

shipment @ commodities. (cceptance of #!$ ) agree

to all terms * condition set

forth. No negotiation.

Liner Tramp

3. Negotiated contract

Negotiate separate contract

+Charter %arty for e&ery

employment of &essels.

Rate depends on bargaining

abilities owner * charterer.

-erms of agreement onlyapply on ship named in C% *

designated shipment only.

LINER TR23P

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LINER 1s' TR23PLINER 1s' TR23P

4. Freight ate!

dentical charges for all

shippers of the same item.

/ary from one sailing route to

another.

Rate compiled into detailed

listings +freight tariffs. “Rate agreement” between

carriers to stabili'e rate *

competition

Liner Tramp

4. Freight ate!

0luctuate according to

supply of * demand for

ships.

ntense competition

between ships.

/oyage charter1 rate baseon per ton cargo loaded.

-ime charter1 agreed sum

per day.

LINER TR23PLINER TR23P

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". Service!

0requency, port of call, ship

capabilities are ad2usted to

meet demand of shippers

%olitical, technology, economic

factors influenced changes in

ser&ice. 3ithdrawal from route are

publici'ed in ad&ance, to

maintain dependability.

Liner Tramp

". Service!

4er&ice * rate are

determined by negotiations.

4uit requirement

contracting parties.

Regular * repeated &oyage

on same route or portare not necessary.

LINER 1s' TR23PLINER 1s' TR23P

LINER TR23PLINER TR23P

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#. $e!!el!

Complete line of &essels

Refrigerated, Ro1Ro, and

container ships are operatedon most routes.

#ig in si'e * speed.

Liner Tramp

#. $e!!el!

5ost tramp ships are

general purpose.

5oderate si'e * speed.

Carry bul * assorted

general cargo.

%. Cargo $alue 6igh &alue goods

 Charged at higher freight rate.

%. Cargo value 6omogeneous cargo * low

intrinsic &alue.

 Coal, grain, sugar, oil * gas

LINER 1s' TR23PLINER 1s' TR23P

LINER TR23PLINER TR23P

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&. 'rganiation

$arge * comple7.

Di&isions by functions ) traffic,

operations, finance * mgmt.

5ain personal contact with

shippers.

Liner Tramp

&. 'rganiation

"sually ha&e small staffs

in home office, with little

di&isions.

8mploy agent to ser&ice

the ships in port of call *

are paid on a fee basis. 4end super&isory

personnel to o&ersee

functions of agents.

LINER 1s' TR23PLINER 1s' TR23P

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SHIPMENS

O!

"OODS

Container Ship #i$ui% &ul'

$I./0

!o/!o Dry &ul'

01)&

INTERN2TI)N2L N24IG2TI)NINTERN2TI)N2L N24IG2TI)N

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(nless an% to the extent other)ise a*ree% +y the (n%er)riters inaccor%ance )ith Clause , +elo), the vessel shall not enter- navi*ate or

remain in the areas speci.ie% +elo) at any time or- )here applica+le-

+et)een the %ates speci.ie% +elo) +oth %ays inclusive01

1rea ( 2 1rcticNorth o. 234N5 #at.

&arents Sea.

except .or calls at 6ola &ay- Murmans' or any port or place in Nor)ay- provi%e% that the

vessel %oes not enter- navi*ate or remain north o. 274,38 N5 #at5 or east o. ,94 E5 #on*5

1rea * 3 .orthern eas

:hite Sea5

Chu'chi Sea5

INTERN2TI)N2L N24IG2TI)NINTERN2TI)N2L N24IG2TI)N

LI3ITSLI3ITS

INTERN2TI)N2L N24IG2TI)NINTERN2TI)N2L N24IG2TI)N

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1rea + 2 4altic"ul. o. &othnia north o. a line +et)een (mea ;,4 938 N5 #at50 an% <asa ;,4 3;8 N5 #at50

+et)een =3th Decem+er an% 79th May5

:here the vessel is e$ual to or less than >3-333 D:- "ul. o. Finlan% east o. 7?4 98 E5

#on*5 +et)een =9th Decem+er an% =9th May5

<essels *reater than >3-333 D: may not enter- navi*ate or remain in the "ul. o.

Finlan% east o. 7?4 98 E5 #on*5 at any time5

"ul. o. &othnia- "ul. o. Finlan% an% a%Aacent )aters north o. 9>4 78 N5 #at5 +et)een ?th 

Banuary an% 9th May- except .or calls at Stoc'holm- allinn or Helsin'i5

"ul. o. !i*a an% a%Aacent )aters east o. 774 E5 #on*5 an% south o. 9>4 N5 #at5 +et)een 7?th 

Decem+er an% 9th May5

1rea - 3 5reenland

"reenlan% territorial )aters5

INTERN2TI)N2L N24IG2TI)NINTERN2TI)N2L N24IG2TI)N

LI3ITSLI3ITS

INTERN2TI)N2L N24IG2TI)NINTERN2TI)N2L N24IG2TI)N

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1rea 6 2 .orth 1merica 7east8North o. 974 =38 N5 #at5 an% +et)een 934 :5 #on*5 an% =334 :5 #on*5

"ul. o. St5 #a)rence- St5 #a)rence !iver an% its tri+utaries east o. #es Escoumins0- Strait o.

&elle Isle )est o. &elle Isle0- Ca+ot Strait )est o. a line +et)een Cape !ay an% Cape

North0 an% Strait o. Canso north o. the Canso Cause)ay0- +et)een 7=st Decem+er an%

,3th pril5

St5 #a)rence !iver an% its tri+utaries )est o. #es Escoumins0 +et)een =st Decem+er an%

,3th pril5

St5 #a)rence Sea)ay5

"reat #a'es5

1rea 9 3 .orth 1merica 7west8

North o. 94 ,38 N5 #at5 an% +et)een =334 :5 #on*5 an% =234 :5 #on*5

 ny port or place in the ueen Charlotte Islan%s or the leutian Islan%s5

INTERN2TI)N2L N24IG2TI)NINTERN2TI)N2L N24IG2TI)N

LI3ITSLI3ITS

INTERN2TI)N2L N24IG2TI)NINTERN2TI)N2L N24IG2TI)N

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1rea 2 outhern ;ceanSouth o. 934S5 #at5 except )ithin the trian*ular area .orme% +y rhum+ lines %ra)n +et)een

the .ollo)in* points

934 S5 #at5 934 :5 #on*5

924 S5 #at5 ;24 ,38 :5 #on*5

934 S #at5 =;34 :5 #on*5

1rea < 3 Kerguelen=Cro>et

erritorial )aters o. 6er*uelen Islan%s an% Croet Islan%s5

INTERN2TI)N2L N24IG2TI)NINTERN2TI)N2L N24IG2TI)N

LI3ITSLI3ITS

INTERN2TI)N2L N24IG2TI)NINTERN2TI)N2L N24IG2TI)N

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1rea 2 /ast 1siaSea o. O'hots' north o. 994 N5 #at5 an% east o. =34 E5 #on*5 +et)een =st Novem+er an% =st 

Bune5

Sea o. O'hots' north o. 9,4 N5 #at5 an% )est o. =34 E5 #on*5 +et)een =st Novem+er an% =st 

Bune5

East sian )aters north o. ;4N5 #at5 an% )est o. the 6urile Islan%s an% )est o. the

6amchat'a Peninsula +et)een =st Decem+er an% =st May5

1rea (@ 3 4ering ea

&erin* Sea except on throu*h voya*es an% provi%e% that1

 the vessel %oes not enter- navi*ate or remain north o. 94 ,38 N5 #at5 an%

the vessel enters an% exits )est o. &ul%ir Islan% or throu*h the mchit'a- mu'ta or (nima' Passes an%the vessel is e$uippe% an% properly .itte% )ith t)o in%epen%ent marine ra%ar sets- a *lo+al positionin*

system receiver or #oranGC ra%io positionin* receiver0- a ra%io transceiver an% "MDSS- a

)eather .acsimile recor%er or alternative e$uipment .or the receipt o. )eather an% routein*

in.ormation0 an% a *yrocompass- in each case to +e .ully operational an% manne% +y $uali.ie%

personnel an%

the vessel is in possession o. appropriate navi*ational charts correcte% up to %ate- sailin* %irections an%

pilot +oo's5

INTERN2TI)N2L N24IG2TI)NINTERN2TI)N2L N24IG2TI)N

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