Lecture 2 - The Ships.ppt

7/23/2019 Lecture 2 - The Ships.ppt

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THE SHIPSTHE SHIPS



THE SHIPSTHE SHIPS

In our previous meeting, I was asking you to find outabout two important notions of sea transportation:

UKC ?Draft or also called Draught ?

ell us now, what they are!



In understanding the ship, our previous concepts of UKC or draft

are very crucial" hey relate to the operational and environmental

safety"

UKC # Under Keel ClearanceDraft or also called Draught is related to depth level

$et%s have a look at them again briefly!



&lease look at the illustration below"

'hat is the above ship draft?



Features

2 main parts : Hull – shell of the ship

Machinery – Engines & ancillary equipment. Hull usually designed for a particular

trade according to owner’s specication.

Engine room houses machinery requiredto drive the vessels generators forlighting refrigeration etc.



!eneral factors in"uencing ship designtype & si#e:

$rade which ship is to

operate %uilding and operating cost

urpose of the ship:

'(or what product)' $ramp or liner)

'*wn or to charter)



+hip design will focus on this areas:(" )arket conditions

› How ,est to response to the changing needs.

› -aise standards & improve transit times.

› roper interface ,etween ship & ,erthingoperation to speed turnaround time.

*" Improving onboard technology› nformation & communication technology

E/.› 01-+$ ship navigation3communication

technology

› E4tend ship e5ciency.

SHIP DESIGNSHIP DESIGN



+" hip safety› 6onsistent with e5ciency & improved

technology.

› !overn ,y 1* adopt convention to raise

safety of ships at sea.-" $arger vessels rather than additional

sailings› s trade increases ship7owners prefer

larger vessels than additional sailings.› -esulting vessels with increased

length more dec8s.



(aster vessels of increased si#e withimproved machinery & handling

equipment. %etter standard of accommodation for

passengers & crews.

(urther technology enhancement 7

more computeri#ed techniques in allarea.

FUTURE TRENDSFUTURE TRENDS

IN SHIP DESIGNIN SHIP DESIGN



$echnology that is used in the shippingindustry some of them are:

utomation dentication +ystem 9+

;essel $ra5c +ervice 9;$+ !lo,al 1arine /istress and +afety +ystem 9!1/++

<orld <ide 0avigational <arning +ervice9<<0<+.

;essels ,ecome more speciali#ed 9urpose,uilt.

mproved technique of cargo handling toreduce turnaround time



FormForm

Data Entry/ Output

Postal/

Fax

Data Entry/ Output

Computer

@ Ship

Computer

@ Seaport



Computer system at a ship Port computer system

Server



Length 7 two types of vessel length: =*: =ength *verall

=<=: =ength <ater =ine

Beam / Width – the.

Draft / Draught – the.



Dispa!ement "eight 7 the actual totalweight of the vessel: the volume of thehull below the waterline, by the specic

gravity of the water . Light ship "eight – the actual weight of

ship 9with no fuel passengers cargowater etc. on ,oard.

Dead"eight t#nnage $DWT% – <eightthat the ship can actually carry. t includesthe crew passengers cargo fuel waterand stores.



Dispa!ement "eight 7 is simply thetotal weight of the volume of water a ship>displaces? when it is sitting in the water.



Standard Dispa!ement "eight 7 is,asically the same thing as >displacement tonnage? withone minor di@erence. <hen calculating standarddisplacement tonnage you su,tract the weight of any fueland pota,le water carried on ,oard the ship.



Dead"eight T#nnage $DWT% 7 is the weight9in tons of all the cargo fuel dry provisions supplies etc. carriedon ,oard the ship.



Light"eight T#nnage $LWT% 7 the weight of theship when it was ,uilt in the shipyard including allframing machinery dec8ing etc. not include the weightof any consuma,le such as fuel water oil or supplies.



Gr#ss T#nnage $GT% – a unitlessinde4 related to a shipAs overallinternal volume

Gr#ss Register T#nnage $GRT% –;olume of spaces in ship measures incu,ic meters 9mB

Nett t#nnage – !ross tonnage afterdeduction of ,ridge engine room etc.leaving only spaces concerned withcarrying of cargo.



Gr#ss Registered T#nnage $GRT% 7 is ameasurement of volume of all enclosed spaceson a ship with CDD cu,ic feet to one ton.



Net Registered T#nnage 7 is a measurement ofvolume however you only consider the volume of actualcargo storage areas when dividing the cu,ic volume in feet,y CDD to get your >tonnage?. $his includes any tan8s cargo

holds etc. that are normally used for transporting cargo.



+hips are classied ,ase on the type of cargoa vessel can carry.

&' Genera !arg# shipGn7specialised vessels. >$a8e anything goanywhere?. 1ulti purpose.

=arge open cargo carrying space di@erent

dec8s for cargo segregation.Have heavy lift derric8s for handling cargo

-efrigerated general cargo ship

T(PE )F SHIPST(PE )F SHIPS



*' Bu+ !arriers +ingle dec8 vessels transport single

commodity cargo 9grain sugar ores oil

chemical etc. =arge hatch. 0ot carry special cargo

handling equipment.

6argo is simply poured tipped orpumped into holds or tan8s of the ship.

6an ,e categori#ed into /ry %ul8 6arrierand wet ,ul8 carrier and gas carriers.




,'-#ntainer shipsac8ing of cargo into uniformly si#ed ,o4esfor easy handling.

+hips are designed mainly for carriage of

containers.+tandard si#e – 2D (ooter & D (ootercontainer.

.'Passenger ships6ruise and ferries

'R#0R# 1esse1ain feature: door or ramps that allow

vehicle to roll on and roll o@ the vessel.




1erchant shipping may ,e divided into 2categories of service:

&' LINER&' LINER

*'TR23P*'TR23P

/i@erent in terms of service renderedgeographical area covered theoperating pro,lems relationship

,etween vessel owner and vessel useractual employment of the ship.



Intr#du!ti#n ;essels play on regular

scheduled services from & todesignated ports.

+ail on schedule – full or not. unctuality sailing & arrival

date is importantotherwise prestige willdecline.

+trive to improve e5ciency &overall transit times.

%ig "eet si#e & fairly largeshore esta,lishment.



Intr#du!ti#n *r 8nown as general trading

vessel.

0ot operate on 4ed schedule.

$rades in all part of the worldsearching for cargo.

Purpose: to provide e5cientconvenient & economical

transportation required ,y themany 8inds of goods neededfor industriali#ed society.



rincipal reasons for the e4istence of trampservices:

› Ofers exibility in adapting tounanticipated & major changes in pattern

o shipping› Provides lo cost transportation to add

value to product such as agriculture!orestry! mining & ra materials"

%usiness demands e@ected ,y seasonalmar8et conditions.

$ramp companies are much smaller thanliner.



&' Saiings

-egular & repeatedfrom & to designatedport.

1ust conform toesta,lishedschedules.

(requency of sailingsdepends on amountof ,usiness availa,le.

Liner Tramp

&' Saiings

;oyage or timecharters and ,ased oncargo

Each trip scheduledindividually.

6ould ma8e repetitivevoyages carryingsame commodity



LINER 1s' TR23PLINER 1s' TR23P

2. Common (Public) carrier

Required by law to accept,

without discrimination, any

legal cargo @ company.

Determine minimum

quantity of cargo which

must be presented byshippers.

“Console” small shipment.

Liner Tramp2. Contract (private) carrier

Carry full shipload.

Normally single commodityin bul.

!ne shipper @ many

shippers of the same ind

of cargo

LINER TR23P




3. Standard Contract

"niform contract of carriage

or #ill of $ading.

%ro&ision of contract apply

equally to all shippers,

regardless of si'e of

shipment @ commodities. (cceptance of #!$ ) agree

to all terms * condition set

forth. No negotiation.

Liner Tramp

3. Negotiated contract

Negotiate separate contract

+Charter %arty for e&ery

employment of &essels.

Rate depends on bargaining

abilities owner * charterer.

-erms of agreement onlyapply on ship named in C% *

designated shipment only.

LINER TR23P




4. Freight ate!

dentical charges for all

shippers of the same item.

/ary from one sailing route to

another.

Rate compiled into detailed

listings +freight tariffs. “Rate agreement” between

carriers to stabili'e rate *

competition

Liner Tramp

4. Freight ate!

0luctuate according to

supply of * demand for

ships.

ntense competition

between ships.

/oyage charter1 rate baseon per ton cargo loaded.

-ime charter1 agreed sum

per day.

LINER TR23PLINER TR23P



". Service!

0requency, port of call, ship

capabilities are ad2usted to

meet demand of shippers

%olitical, technology, economic

factors influenced changes in

ser&ice. 3ithdrawal from route are

publici'ed in ad&ance, to

maintain dependability.

Liner Tramp

". Service!

4er&ice * rate are

determined by negotiations.

4uit requirement

contracting parties.

Regular * repeated &oyage

on same route or portare not necessary.





#. $e!!el!

Complete line of &essels

Refrigerated, Ro1Ro, and

container ships are operatedon most routes.

#ig in si'e * speed.

Liner Tramp

#. $e!!el!

5ost tramp ships are

general purpose.

5oderate si'e * speed.

Carry bul * assorted

general cargo.

%. Cargo $alue 6igh &alue goods

Charged at higher freight rate.

%. Cargo value 6omogeneous cargo * low

intrinsic &alue.

Coal, grain, sugar, oil * gas





&. 'rganiation

$arge * comple7.

Di&isions by functions ) traffic,

operations, finance * mgmt.

5ain personal contact with

shippers.

Liner Tramp

&. 'rganiation

"sually ha&e small staffs

in home office, with little

di&isions.

8mploy agent to ser&ice

the ships in port of call *

are paid on a fee basis. 4end super&isory

personnel to o&ersee

functions of agents.




SHIPMENS

O!

"OODS

Container Ship #i$ui% &ul'

$I./0

!o/!o Dry &ul'

01)&

INTERN2TI)N2L N24IG2TI)NINTERN2TI)N2L N24IG2TI)N



(nless an% to the extent other)ise a*ree% +y the (n%er)riters inaccor%ance )ith Clause , +elo), the vessel shall not enter- navi*ate or

remain in the areas speci.ie% +elo) at any time or- )here applica+le-

+et)een the %ates speci.ie% +elo) +oth %ays inclusive01

1rea ( 2 1rcticNorth o. 234N5 #at.

&arents Sea.

except .or calls at 6ola &ay- Murmans' or any port or place in Nor)ay- provi%e% that the

vessel %oes not enter- navi*ate or remain north o. 274,38 N5 #at5 or east o. ,94 E5 #on*5

1rea * 3 .orthern eas

:hite Sea5

Chu'chi Sea5


LI3ITSLI3ITS




1rea + 2 4altic"ul. o. &othnia north o. a line +et)een (mea ;,4 938 N5 #at50 an% <asa ;,4 3;8 N5 #at50

+et)een =3th Decem+er an% 79th May5

:here the vessel is e$ual to or less than >3-333 D:- "ul. o. Finlan% east o. 7?4 98 E5

#on*5 +et)een =9th Decem+er an% =9th May5

<essels *reater than >3-333 D: may not enter- navi*ate or remain in the "ul. o.

Finlan% east o. 7?4 98 E5 #on*5 at any time5

"ul. o. &othnia- "ul. o. Finlan% an% a%Aacent )aters north o. 9>4 78 N5 #at5 +et)een ?th

Banuary an% 9th May- except .or calls at Stoc'holm- allinn or Helsin'i5

"ul. o. !i*a an% a%Aacent )aters east o. 774 E5 #on*5 an% south o. 9>4 N5 #at5 +et)een 7?th

Decem+er an% 9th May5

1rea - 3 5reenland

"reenlan% territorial )aters5


LI3ITSLI3ITS




1rea 6 2 .orth 1merica 7east8North o. 974 =38 N5 #at5 an% +et)een 934 :5 #on*5 an% =334 :5 #on*5

"ul. o. St5 #a)rence- St5 #a)rence !iver an% its tri+utaries east o. #es Escoumins0- Strait o.

&elle Isle )est o. &elle Isle0- Ca+ot Strait )est o. a line +et)een Cape !ay an% Cape

North0 an% Strait o. Canso north o. the Canso Cause)ay0- +et)een 7=st Decem+er an%

,3th pril5

St5 #a)rence !iver an% its tri+utaries )est o. #es Escoumins0 +et)een =st Decem+er an%

,3th pril5

St5 #a)rence Sea)ay5

"reat #a'es5

1rea 9 3 .orth 1merica 7west8

North o. 94 ,38 N5 #at5 an% +et)een =334 :5 #on*5 an% =234 :5 #on*5

ny port or place in the ueen Charlotte Islan%s or the leutian Islan%s5


LI3ITSLI3ITS




1rea 2 outhern ;ceanSouth o. 934S5 #at5 except )ithin the trian*ular area .orme% +y rhum+ lines %ra)n +et)een

the .ollo)in* points

934 S5 #at5 934 :5 #on*5

924 S5 #at5 ;24 ,38 :5 #on*5

934 S #at5 =;34 :5 #on*5

1rea < 3 Kerguelen=Cro>et

erritorial )aters o. 6er*uelen Islan%s an% Croet Islan%s5


LI3ITSLI3ITS




1rea 2 /ast 1siaSea o. O'hots' north o. 994 N5 #at5 an% east o. =34 E5 #on*5 +et)een =st Novem+er an% =st

Bune5

Sea o. O'hots' north o. 9,4 N5 #at5 an% )est o. =34 E5 #on*5 +et)een =st Novem+er an% =st

Bune5

East sian )aters north o. ;4N5 #at5 an% )est o. the 6urile Islan%s an% )est o. the

6amchat'a Peninsula +et)een =st Decem+er an% =st May5

1rea (@ 3 4ering ea

&erin* Sea except on throu*h voya*es an% provi%e% that1

the vessel %oes not enter- navi*ate or remain north o. 94 ,38 N5 #at5 an%

the vessel enters an% exits )est o. &ul%ir Islan% or throu*h the mchit'a- mu'ta or (nima' Passes an%the vessel is e$uippe% an% properly .itte% )ith t)o in%epen%ent marine ra%ar sets- a *lo+al positionin*

system receiver or #oranGC ra%io positionin* receiver0- a ra%io transceiver an% "MDSS- a

)eather .acsimile recor%er or alternative e$uipment .or the receipt o. )eather an% routein*

in.ormation0 an% a *yrocompass- in each case to +e .ully operational an% manne% +y $uali.ie%

personnel an%

the vessel is in possession o. appropriate navi*ational charts correcte% up to %ate- sailin* %irections an%

pilot +oo's5


LI3ITSLI3ITS

Lecture 2 - The Ships.ppt

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Transcript of Lecture 2 - The Ships.ppt