Lecture 2- Electricity System in Society

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MA9001 Introduction to EnergyTopic #2 Electricity System in Society

presented by

ooAssociate Professor & Deputy Head

Power Engineering Division

School of Electrical & Electronic En ineerin

30 July 2011

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Contents

1. Overview of Electrical Energy Systems;

. ,

Electricity;

3. Environmental Impact of Overhead Transmission Lines;

4. The Sin a ore Scenario.

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References

1. Environment Impacts of Transmission Lineshttp://psc.wi.gov/thelibrary/publications/electric/electric10.pdf

2. EMAs Statement of Opportunities 2010http://www.ema.gov.sg/media/files/publications/soo/EMA_SOO_2010_web-2.pdf

3. EE3015 Power Systems & Conversion Lecture Notes

4. EE8085 Electricity for Modern Society

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Overview of Electrical Energy Systems

Electricity may be generated from (1) traditional non-renewable fossil fuels such as gas, oil and coal or (2)

, , ,

biomass, geothermal heat and tidal waves. Most traditional generating sources produce electricity

through synchronous generators.

Climate change concerns coupled with high oil prices

increasing renewable energy legislation, incentives andcommercialization.

Renewable technologies are also suited to rural orremote areas.

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Schematic of Coal-fired Generating Station

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Generation, Transmission and Distribution

The structure of the electric power or energy system isvery large & complex. Nevertheless, it can be divided intofive basic subsystems.

Energy Energy Transmission Distribution Load

(Fuel) (Generator)

sink)

, fissionable material (nuclear) water in a dam (hydro)

renewable sources

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Generator that transforms non-electrical energy toelectrical energy; usually rotating-machinery type; poweroutput from few kilowatts to a few thousand MW; voltagelevels 440 V to 25 kV.

generating stations to major load centers; voltage levels

of 115 kV to 765 kV (less than 138 kV usually referred toas su -transm ss on system ; over ea nesunderground cables.

over transmission system & low over distribution system,etc).

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Distribution system transports transmitted energy fromtransmission system to users; voltage levels typically 1kV to 33 kV.

Loads: industrial, commercial, residential, farm, etc.

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Environmental Impact of Overhead

Aesthetical Effects

gr cu ura an

Airports and Airstrips

Endangered/Threatened and Protected Species

Audible Noise

Property Owner - ROW Compensation and PropertyValue

Radio and Television Reception

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Underground Cables

ngapore as ca e networ except n rura areas

Cables have conductors insulated from one another and

Advantages of Underground Cable Network Could be used in urban areas where overhead lines cannot be

ns a e w appropr a e c earances.

Allows for a shorter route than that of overhead.

No sighting of transmission poles - aesthetically pleasing.

Disadvantages of Underground Cable Network Increase in soil disturbance.

. Oil-filled underground cables can leak and contaminate surrounding

soils.

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The Singapore Scenario

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Singapore Oil, Gas and Electricity Industry

Sin a ore is one of to three oil-refinin centers and thethird largest oil trading hub in the world.

Natural gas is imported via long pipelines fromrom en nsu ar a ays a an n ones a.

Fuel Mix for Electricity Generation Others include diesel,Syngas and refuse incineration

To meet the growing demand for electricity and enhance

its energy security, Singapore embarked on thedevelopment of a S$1.5-billion government-funded LNGterminal facil it .

12Source: EMA


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Singapore LNG Terminal Facility

Terminal (Jurong Island) Construction has started. It will

be ready for operation in 2013.

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Electricit consum tion is l inked to GDP.

Electricity Demand

Maximum demand has increased by almost 73% from3,485 MW in 1995 to 6,041 MW in 2009.

Demand is expected to increase at an annual rate of 2.5to 3.0% from 2010 onwards. Peak demand in 2011 isaround 6 500 MW.

Total Annual ElectricityDemand Trends (Forecastis based on GDP and

population projections)

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Source: EMA


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Distribution of Power Plants in Singapore

average annual rate of around 3 per cent from 2003-08.

About 70% of Singapores generation capacity islocated in the western part of Singapore.

Land has been set aside for a new generation plant to.

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Projected Reserve Margin

the annual peak demand based on LOLP of 3 days/year.

With indicative new generation plantings (KeppelMerlimaus 410 MW cogen in 2012, Island Powers two 400MW gas turbines in 2013 and 2014 respectively, SembCorpMarines 450 MW co en and Tuas Powers 400 MW asturbine in 2014) in the pipeline, the reserve margin is

projected to be above 30% over the next ten years.

Projected Reserve Margin(as of June 2010)

Source: EMA

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Singapore Electricity Industry Structure

Source: EMA

SP: Singapore

EMA: Energy

Market Authority

EMC: Energy

Market

Company

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To understand how demand side management (DSM)

can benefit Singapore, one needs to understand howthe market clearing process works.


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National Electricity Market of Singapore

. DSM can help to change its elasticity as customers have

the option of using their own generation or deferring theuse of electricity.

Market Clearing Price (MCP)

InelasticStaircase prices areSource: EMA

emansubmitted by Gencos.

shown by the verticalline is the half-hourly

obtained from PowerSystem Operator (PSO)

.

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With the incorporation of DSM via microgrids and/or theDemand Elasticity and Competition

assoc a e energy managemen sys ems, e eman sno longer a vertical l ine.

As can be seen from the left dia ram when demand is

elastic, the electricity MCP is generally lower. By introducing more competition among Gencos

overnmen s o , e e ec r c y s genera y ower as can be seen from the right diagram.

introduced in 2004 to check market power.

SupplySupply

PE PEDemand

Demand

Quantity (MWh)

QEQuantity (MWh)

QE

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Electricity Tariff in Singapore

High Tension Tariff: Contracted and uncontracted capacity charges are 6.96 & 10.44$/kW/Month; kWh peak, off-peak period and kVARh charges 25.77, 15.95 & 0.59 .

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Clean Energy Initiatives in Singapore

Singapore is located in tropical sunbelt with an average solar yield of

1,150 kWh/kWp/year.

Potential to tap on solar energy for power generation.

Energy from solar would be intermittent and highly variable due toheavy cloud cover.

Solar PV System on a HDB Building 21


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Grid Tied Solar PV System

Renewable Energy Corporation, Germanys SolarEnergy Power and Singapore-based Eco-Solar.

Selected Solar PV Installations: Glaxo WellcomeManufacturing (57 kWp), Changi Budget Terminal (250

, .

Illustration Courtesy of Phoenix Solar22


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Biofuels

.to establish the worlds largest commercial-scalebiodiesel production facility in Singapore.

Waste to Electricity Plants in Singapore

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Wind Energy

. Wind speed increases with elevation.

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though a newly developed small turbine requires 2.5 m/s. For the turbine to reach its rated capacity, typically a

wind speed of approximately 12 m/s is needed.

Skystream 3.7 single-phase 2.4-kW wind turbine at EEE

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EMA Launched IES Project

to be im lemented at NTU, CleanTechPark at Jln Bahar, & selected residential,commercial and industrial buildings.

Source: EMA

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Intelligent Energy System (IES) Project at NTU

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Source: EMA/Accenture


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Overall IES Solution

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Source: EMA/Accenture


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IHD, Home Automation

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Intelligent Micro-Grid with Renewable

Ener Technolo ies for Pulau Ubin The off-grid concept wil l displace the diesel generators

currently being used by organizations, small businessesand individual homes on the island.

The project will showcase how clean and renewable,

and economically sustainable manner for an off-grid

community. Pulau Ubin will also host a number of plug and play test-

bedding facili ties for various clean and renewable energysolutions. This will hel elevate Sin a ore as a l ivin

laboratory to research, develop and demonstrate newenergy technologies.

Source: EMA

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Intelligent Micro-Grid with Renewable

Ener Technolo ies for Pulau Ubin Contd The design and construction of the agreed concept plan

are tar eted to be com leted b end 2011.

Source: Images

for Pulau Ubin

Map

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Lecture 2- Electricity System in Society

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