Lecture 2 Dr Ann Henry Forensic Applied Cognitive Psychology (Rape)

8/9/2019 Lecture 2 Dr Ann Henry Forensic Applied Cognitive Psychology (Rape)

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Dr Ann Henry

Tues 5th

November2013

FORENSIC & A!IED CO"NITI#E S$CHO!O"$

SE%A! OFFENDIN" '

RAE


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Theor(es o) *r(me

!AST !ECTRE


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Se+u,- O.en/(n ,rt 1 4 R,(sts

!ECTRE O#ER#IE


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Howitt (2009 /e6nes r,e ,s7n8,nte/ enetr,t(on o) the v,(n,9 ,nus or

mouth o) ,nother erson:

Th(s me,ns th,t 8omen 8ho ,buse *h(-/ren or,/u-ts ,re *overe/ by the most re*ent SexualOfences Act (2003)

St,tutory r,e (s en(-e enetr,t(on o) ,ny *h(-/be-o8 the ,e o) *onsent to se+u,- (nter*ourse

Issue o) ;*onsent< h,s been *ontrovers(,-

DEFINITIONS OF RAE


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Sexual Ofences Act (2003) (n*-u/es ,-e,- /e6n(t(on o) ;*onsent<A*t(ve *onsent o) the ,rt(es9 )ree )rom

),*tors th,t m(ht m(t(,te ,,(nst the)ree-y (ven *ho(*e su*h ,s thre,ts o)v(o-en*e9 /rus9 ,-*oho- or be(n ,s-ee:No -oner su=*(ent )or someone to

;,ssume< th,t *onsent h,/ been (ven:Ne8 ,ro,*h (s b,se/ on resumt(on th,t

*onsent h,/ ;NOT< been (ven:

!E"A! ASECTS


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D(=*u-t to ,ssess )re>uen*y o) r,e,s mu*h un/er reort(n /,r? 6ure

o) unreorte/ *r(meEst(m,te/ bet8een @5'5B o) r,es,re not reorte/ to the o-(*e (HerMajesty’s Inspector o!onsta"ulary# 200$

FREENC$ OF RAE


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O**u,t(on,- o-(*e *u-ture th,t tre,ts8(th sus(*(on ,--e,t(ons o) r,e

(%einer# 2000)

Controversy over ho8 m,ny

,--e,t(ons o) r,e ,re ),-se bet8een1B'50B (n v,r(ous stu&ies (%u'ney#200)

FREENC$ OF RAE


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Hen*e9 the )re>uen*y o) r,e *,nnotbe ,ssesse/ 8(th *ert,(nty:

ritis* !ri'e Sur+eys 4 r,n/omsurveys o) househo-/s 8h(*h ,ttemtsto ,ssess the r,te o) *r(me9 (n*-u/(nthose not reorte/ to the o-(*e:

8omen (n , 19000 /es*r(be/(n*(/ents th,t *ou-/ be *-,ss(6e/ ,sr,e (n rev(ous ye,r

FREENC$ OF RAE


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8omen (n 19000 *-,(me/ to h,ve beenr,e/ s(n*e ,e o) 1 ye,rs:

8omen (n 19000 *-,(me/ to h,ve su.ere/some )orm o) se+u,- ,ss,u-t v(*t(m(s,t(on (nthe rev(ous ye,r

@ 8omen (n 19000 h,/ su.ere/ some )ormo) se+u,- ,ss,u-t s(n*e the ,e o) 1

RITISH CRIGE SR#E$S


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#(*t(ms o) r,e usu,--y ?no8 the r,(st5B o) r,(sts 8ere the 8omenu,(nt,n*es11B 8ere e+',rtners11B 8ere /,tes10B 8ere other (nt(m,tes

omen r,e/ by , str,ner more -(?e-y toreort (t to the o-(*e 3B ,ree/ (n survey98here,s on-y B reorte/ r,e by ?no8n m,nHowitt (20,2)

RITISH CRIGE SR#E$


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HOGE OFFICE 2010


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A- O./%.I/ O1 S/A4O11/-5I-6 I- /-64A-5 A-5

A4/S (20,3)

GINISTR$ OF STICE9 HOGE OFFICE & THE OFFICE FOR NATIONA! STATISTICS

A!SO A#AI!A!E ON THE GINISTR$ OF STICE9 HOGE OFFICE AND OFFICE

FOR NATIONA! STATISTICS ESITESAT:STICE:"O#:J

:HOGEOFFICE:"O#:JKRDSKINDE%:HTG

http://www.justice.gov.uk/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/index.htmhttp://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/index.htmhttp://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/index.htmhttp://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/index.htmhttp://www.justice.gov.uk/


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Table 2.1 - Prevalence of being a victim of a sexual offence in the last 12 months amongadults aged 16 to 59, average of 200910, 201011 and 201112 !"#$

Persons aged 16 to 59

England and Wales

Percentagewho were

victims onceor more

Offence Males Females All

Any sexual offence (including attempts) () !"# $"% "%

Most serious sexual offences (including attempts) !" !"% !"&

'ape (including attempts) !" !"# !"$

Assault y penetration (including attempts) !"! !"$ !"

Most serious sexual offences (excludingattempts) !" !"# !"$

'ape (excluding attempts) !"! !"& !"$

Assault y penetration (excluding attempts) !"! !" !"

Other sexual offences !"# $"& "&

Unweighted base(2) 20,692 24,203 44,895

() ucategory figures will not add up to the figures aove them ecause respondents mayhave een victims of separate incidents of different types of sexual offence"

($) *he ases given are for any sexual offence+ the ases for the other measures presentedwill e similar"

HOGE OFFICE 2013


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Table 2.2 - #stimated numbers of victims of sexual offences in the last 12 months among adults aged 16 to 59, average of200910, 201011 and 201112 !"#$

Persons aged 16 to 59

England and Wales

,umer of

victimsper

year(thousands) ()

Males Females All

Offence Estimate 'ange($) Estimate 'ange($) Estimate 'ange($)

Any sexual offence (including attempts)() -$ %#. /! #!# &00. ##$ #-& #&!. %-

Most serious sexual offences (includingattempts) $ %. / 1% 01. !& /- --. 0

'ape (including attempts) / & . % 0/ %#. 1% -1 0!. /%

Assault y penetration (including attempts) # ! . 1 & $!. # $&. #0

Most serious sexual offences (excludingattempts) / & % 0$ #- -- -! %# 1-

'ape (excluding attempts) 0 . %$ &/. 00 %1 #&. -&

Assault y penetration (excluding attempts) # ! . 1 $ $. &! $% %.

Other sexual offences 01 %. 1% &0/ &&&. #!0 #&0 &/%. #--

Unweighted base(3) 20,692 24,203 44,895

() ucategory figures will not add up to the figures aove them ecause respondents may have een victims of separate incidents ofdifferent types of sexual offence"

($) *he ranges presented in this tale have een calculated using a /% per cent confidenceinterval"

ESTIGATED NGERS OF #ICTIGS2013


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"ener,- Theory o) Cr(me 6ottre&son 7Hirsc*i# ,990)

Arues th,t o.en/(n (s , m,n()est,t(on o) ,bro,/er & more erv,s(ve ,nt(so*(,- *h,r,*ter8h(*h (nvo-ves not Lust *r(me9 but other s(m(-,rbeh,v(ours:

E:: em-oyment (nst,b(-(ty9 ,bsentee(sm )rom8or?9 ,-*oho- & /ru ,buse9 *(,rettes9(rresons(b-e /r(v(n9 m,r(t,- (nst,b(-(ty9 tru,n*y& unrote*te/ se+:

SE% OFFENDERS AS SECIA!ISTSK"ENERA!ISTSM


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Harris# Ma8erolle 7 ni:*t (2009)

Arues th,t se+ o.en/ers -,re-y se*(,-(se(n se+u,- *r(mes & /o not en,e (n othertyes o) ,*t(v(ty:

They ,rue th,t there (s ,n ;(m-(*(t<

,ssumt(on th,t those 8ho *omm(t se+o.en*es ,re not the s,me ,s non'se+u,-o.en/ers:

SECIA!IST SE% OFFENDERS


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4eclerc# !ale 7 ;roulx (200$)

Arue th,t se+ o.en/ers (n*-u/e both;ener,-(sts< ,n/ ;se*(,-(sts<

C,se )or ener,-(sts (s *ome--(n e::rev(ous h(stor(es o) non'se+u,- o.en/(n (s

*ommon ,monst se+ o.en/ershen they reo.en/9 (t


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Harris et al (2009) )oun/ th,t 4

There (s , rou o) ener,-(st vers,t(-e se+o.en/ers 4 more -(?e-y to sho8 s(ns o)

;sy*ho,thy<

There (s , rou o) ;se*(,-(st< se+ o.en/ers8ho ,re -(?e-y to sho8 emot(on,-

*onruen*e 8(th *h(-/ren9 re)eren*e o)m,-e v(*t(ms9 v(*t(ms ?no8n to them &se+u,- reo**u,t(on:

"ENERA!IST OR SECIA!IST SE%OFFENDERSM


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H,rr(s et ,- 200

R,(sts ,re ;ener,-(st< o.en/ers

Ch(-/ mo-esters ,re ;se*(,-(st< o.en/ers

Stu/y b,se/ on s,m-e o) 5@2 se+ o.en/ers (nG,ss,*husetts bet8een 15' 1:Cons(/ere/ , ;se*(,-(st< () the m,Lor(ty o) the(r

*r(mes ,re o) , ,rt(*u-,r tye:(th(n the(r s,m-e9 they )oun/ th,t ;se*(,-(st<

r,(sts 8ere r,re9 but se*(,-(st *h(-/ mo-esters8ere more *ommon:

"ENERA!IST OR SECIA!IST SE%OFFENDERSM


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Cross'over (s the e+tent to 8h(*h , se+o.en/er o.en/s ,,(nst v(*t(ms (n , v,r(etyo) *,teor(es: E:: ,/u-t 8omen9 (r- *h(-/ren9

boy *h(-/ren: The more the *ross'over9 the h,r/er to

e+-,(n the se+u,- o.en/(n (n terms o)/(.erent ,tterns o) *on/(t(on(n or so*(,-

-e,rn(n:A-so h,r/er to re/(*t )uture se+u,-

o.en/(n:

#ICTIG CATE"OR$ CROSS'O#ER


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Ch(-/hoo/ ,buse *ommoner (n se+ o.en/ersR,e o)ten ,sso*(,te/ 8(th ,ner

orlin: (,99


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H,,,s,-o & J,n??onen 1@

Se-)'reorte/ e+er(en*es o) *h(-/hoo/,buse (n men 8hose v(*t(ms 8ere over 1

ye,rs

Com,re/ 8(th v(o-ent o.en/ers 8(th nore*or/ o) ,buse:

G,t*he/ on number o) ),m(-y rob-ems9be(n (n *,re9 ,rent,- /(vor*e9 ,rents 8ho8ere subst,n*e ,busers et*:

$ON" SE% OFFENDERS


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Haapasalo 7 an==onen (,99$)Foun/ th,t se+ o.en/ers*-,(me/ to h,ve e+er(en*e/ more sy*ho-o(*,-

verb,- ,buse e:: ye--(n9 thre,ten(n9 r(/(*u-(n et*:

E+er(en*e o) sy*ho-o(*,- reLe*t(on & (so-,t(on 8,smore *ommon,rents more oen-y host(-e & ne,t(ve to8,r/s them ,s

*h(-/ren Ten/e/ to be (nore/9 s(b-(ns ),voure/

ere -o*?e/ u (n *-ose/ env(ronmentsGotherK ),ther be-(tt-e/ them9 /(/ sh,me)u- th(ns to

themD(/n


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!anter et al (2003)

r(t(sh stu/y e+-ore/ the verb,t(m tr,ns*r(ts m,/e by r,ev(*t(ms & *-,ss(6e/ the r,e *h,r,*ter(st(*s ,s7

Contro-' ,bout , tenth o) r,es v(*t(m boun/ or ,e/ or

b-(n/)o-/e/9 8e,on use/ et* The)t 4 ,bout , t8ent(eth o) r,es oo/s /em,n/e/ & sto-en

)rom the v(*t(m Invo-vement 4 ,bout , th(r/ o) r,es v(*t(m *om-(mente/

,bout her ,e,r,n*e & ?(sse/ & (m-(es th,t he ?no8s thev(*t(m

Host(-(ty 4 ,bout , >u,rter o) r,es v(*t(ms *-oth(n remove/(n v(o-ent m,nner9 v(*t(m thre,tene/9 ,ttemte/ ,n,-enetr,t(on9 v(*t(m /eme,ne/ or verb,--y (nsu-te/

Some r,es sho8e/ m(+e/ ,tterns

ATTERNS IN RAE


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"roth9 uress & Ho-mstrom 1@@

o8er',ssur,n*e r,(st

o8er',ssert(ve r,(st

Aner'ret,-(,tory r,(st

Aner'e+*(tement r,(st

T$ES OF RAISTS


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Howitt (,99,a) ,rues th,t se+u,- /er(v,t(on (s not ,nessent(,- *omonent o) r,e

o8er',ssur,n*e r,(st (s the most *ommon tyeR,e /e,-s 8(th (nse*ur(t(es ,bout m,s*u-(n(ty

R,e on-y rov(/es short term re,ssur,n*e ,bout m,s*u-(n(ty9so nee/s to r,e ,,(n

For*e (s not re,t & thre,ts m,y be (nvo-ve/9 but 8e,on notuse/

R,e (s -,nne/ 4 r(or surve(--,n*e o) v(*t(m

I) v(*t(m (s ,ss(ve enouh9 se+u,- ),nt,s(es m(ht bee+resse/ /ur(n r,e Trohy (tems o) *-oth(n m(ht be t,?en )or )uture

m,sturb,t(on

OER ASSRANCE RAISTS


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Howitt (,99,a)

O.en/er (s usu,--y se+u,--y *on6/ent

R,e e+resses h(s v(r(-(ty & se+u,-(ty & o8er over 8omen

#(*t(ms m,y be )oun/ (n so*(,- -o*,t(ons e:: /(s*os9 ubs or,rt(es

In(t(,--y h(s m,nner m(ht be )r(en/-y9 but *h,nes very >u(*?-y

#(o-en*e (s e+treme9 ese*(,--y (n -,ter st,es

O.en*es m,y be s*,ttere/ & (rreu-,r (n terms o) )re>uen*y

OER ASSERTI#E RAISTS


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Howitt (,99,a)

H(h -eve-s o) ,ner to8,r/s 8omen

Invo-ves short (ntense ,tt,*?s b-(t

O)ten , s(m(-,r(ty bet8een the v(*t(m & the 8om,n he h,s theru/e ,,(nst

Att,*?s m,y be ),(r-y reu-,r ,s , *onse>uen*e o) the bu(-/'u o) ,ner

AN"ER'RETA!IATOR$ RAIST


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urt 10 8or? on *u-tur,- myths *on*ern(n r,e

She /eve-o the ;R,e Gyth A**et,n*e S*,-e<

,se/ on v(*t(m'b-,m(n & not(ons th,t 8omen /eserve tobe or 8,nt to be r,e/

E:: P() , (r- en,es (n ne*?(n or ett(n & she -ets th(nset out o) h,n/9 (t


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Hall 7 aron:an (,99$)

E+-ore/ r,e st,t(st(*s (n 50 st,tes (n the SA

Cu-tur,- s(--over 4 me,sure/ (n terms o) ;!e(t(m,te #(o-en*eIn/e+ e:: ,**et,n*e o) *oror,- un(shment (n s*hoo-s

"en/er (ne>u,-(ty 4 e*onom(*9 -e,- & o-(t(*,- st,tus o)8omen e:: roort(on o) the st,te


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Con(*t(n ev(/en*e o) the ro-e -,ye/ by se+u,- ),nt,s(es &se+u,- o.en/(n:

(--(,ms et ,- 200 )oun/ th,t r,tes o) se+u,- ),nt,s(es (n

o.en/er & non'o.en/er ou-,t(ons 8ere s(m(-,r us(nun(vers(ty stu/ents

G,n(-(o 2010 /(/ , system,t(* rev(e8 o) @ stu/(es (nvo-v(n1@1 se+u,- mur/erers: Con*-u/e/ th,t se+u,- ),nt,s(es m(ht

-e,/ to se+u,- mur/er 8hen the o.en/er h,/ , tr,um,t(*e,r-y -()e e+er(en*es ,n/Kor more e+treme so*(,-K se+u,-/ys)un*t(ons:

SE%A! FANTAS$ & SE%A!OFFENDIN"


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FEGINIST THEOR$

E--(s 1 ,rues th,t r,e (s bu(-t (nto the en/er

stru*ture o) so*(etyR,e (s -(?e-y to be ,sso*(,te/ 8(th /(s,r(t(es (n

so*(,- st,tus & o8erR,e mot(v,te/ r(m,r(-y by /es(re )or o8er &

/om(n,n*e9 r,ther th,n /es(re )or se+R,(sts ho-/ more r,e'rone ,tt(tu/es to 8omen

th,n non'r,(sts 4 but not suorte/ by re*entrese,r*h:

THEORIES OF RAE


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Evo-ut(on,ry theory

A/,t(ve tr,nsm(ss(on o) one


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H,rr(s9 D:A: e/ne,u-t9 A: & Jn(ht9 R:A: 2012: An e+-or,t(ono) bur-,ry (n the *r(m(n,- h(stor(es o) se+ o.en/ers re)erre/)or *(v(- *omm(tment9 Psychology, Crime & Law9 : 1'1@:

Ho8(tt9 D: 200: Introduction to Forensic & CriminalPsychology, 3r/ e/(t(on9 H,r-o89 e,rson E/u*,t(on !t/:

Norton9 R: & "r,nt9 T: 200: R,e Gyth (n true & ),-se r,e,--e,t(ons: Psychology, Crime & Law9 vo-:1 9 2@5'25:

h(-( N:S: Rumney 200:F,-se ,--e,t(ons o) r,e: TheCambridge Law Journal9 59 12'15:/o(710:101@KS0001@3000@0:

SEF! REFERENCES


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Str(*?-,n/9 S:G 200: Fem,-e Se+ O.en/ers7 E+-or(nIssues o) erson,-(ty9 Tr,um, ,n/ Con(t(ve D(stort(ons9 JInterpers Violence, 23 : @':

S8,rt9 G:D:9 De Jesere/y9 :S:9 T,(t9 D: & A-v(9 S: 200: G,-eeer suort & , )em(n(st rout(ne ,*t(v(t(es theory7un/erst,n/(n se+u,- ,ss,u-t on the *o--ee *,mus9 JusticeQuarterly 9 vo-: 1 39 23':

SEF! REFERENCES CONT


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gap o! a chasm" ttrition in reported rape cases 4 Home O=*eRese,r*h Stu/y 239 Febru,ry 2005

htt7KK8eb,r*h(ve:n,t(on,-,r*h(ves:ov:u?K201102113532Kr/s:homeo=*e:ov:u?Kr/sK/)s05Khors23:/)

@0

The #tern $e%iew report by 'aroness Vi%ien #tern C'( o! anindependent re%iew into how rape complaints are handled by public authorities in (ngland and )ales 4Home O=*e9 2010htt7KK8eb,r*h(ve:n,t(on,-,r*h(ves:ov:u?K20110010@5Khtt7

K888:e>u,-(t(es:ov:u?KDFKSternRev(e8,**FINA!:/)Pro%iding anonymity to those accused o! rape an assessment o!

e%idence 4 G(n(stry o) ust(*e Rese,r*h Ser(es 20K109 November2010888:Lust(*e:ov:u?Kub-(*,t(onsKrese,r*h',n/'

,n,-ys(sKmoLK2010K,nonym(ty'r,e',ssessment'ev(/en*e@1

SEF! E!INJS

Lecture 2 Dr Ann Henry Forensic Applied Cognitive Psychology (Rape)

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Transcript of Lecture 2 Dr Ann Henry Forensic Applied Cognitive Psychology (Rape)