Lecture 2 Components of a Computer System
Transcript of Lecture 2 Components of a Computer System
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Living in a Digital World
Discovering
Computers 2010
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Objectives Overview
Differentiate among variousstyles of system units on
desktop computers,
notebook computers, andmobile devices
Identify chips, adaptercards, and othercomponents of a
motherboard
Describe the control unitand arithmetic logic unit
components of a processor,
and explain the four steps ina machine cycle
Identify characteristics ofvarious personal computer
processors on the markettoday, and describe the
ways processors are cooled
Define a bit and describe
how a series of bitsrepresents data
Explain how program
instructions transfer in andout of memory
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
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for Detailed Objectives
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Objectives Overview
Differentiate among the varioustypes of memory
Describe the purpose and typesof expansion slots and adaptercards, and differentiate among
slots for various removable flashmemory devices
Differentiate between a port anda connector, and explain the
differences among a USB port,FireWire port, Bluetooth port,
SCSI port, eSATA port, IrDA port,serial port, and MIDI port
Describe the types of buses in acomputer
Explain the purpose of a power
supply and describe how it keepscool
Understand how to clean a
system unit on a computer ormobile device
Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World
Chapter 43See Page 209
for Detailed Objectives
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The System Unit
The system unitis a case that contains the electronic
components of the computer used to process data
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Figure 4-1
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The System Unit
The inside of the system unit on a desktop
personal computer includes:
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Figure 4-2
Drive bay(s)
Power supply
Sound card
Video card
Processor
Memory
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The System Unit
The motherboard is the main circuit board of the
system unit
A computer chip contains integrated circuits
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Figure 4-3
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Processor
The processor, also called the central processing
unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic
instructions that operate a computer
Contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit
(ALU)
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Multi-coreprocessor
Dual-coreprocessor
Quad-coreprocessor
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Processor
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Figure 4-4
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Processor
The control unitis the component of the
processor that directs and coordinates most of
the operations in the computer
The arithmetic logic unit(ALU) performs
arithmetic, comparison, and other operations
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Processor
For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of
four basic operations, which comprise a machine
cycle
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Figure 4-5
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Processor
The processor contains registers, thattemporarily hold data and instructions
The system clockcontrols the timing
of all computer operations The pace of the system clock is called the clock
speed, and is measured in gigahertz (GHz)
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Processor
The leading
manufacturers of
personal computer
processor chips are Inteland AMD
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Processor
Parallel processing uses multiple processors
simultaneously to execute a single program or task
Massively parallel processing involves hundreds or thousands of
processors
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Figure 4-11
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Data Representation
A computer circuit representsthe 0 or the 1 electronically by
the presence or absence of an
electrical charge
Eight bits grouped together as aunit are called a byte. A byte
represents a single character in
the computer
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Figures 4-12 4-13
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Data Representation
ASCII (American
Standard Code for
Information
Interchange) is the mostwidely used coding
scheme to represent
data
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Figure 4-14
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Memory
Memory consists of electronic components that
store instructions waiting to be executed by the
processor, data needed by those instructions, and
the results of processing the data
Stores three basic categories of items:
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The operatingsystem and othersystem software
Applicationprograms
Data beingprocessed and theresulting
information
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Memory
Each location in memory has an address
Memory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or K),
megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), orterabytes
(TB)
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Figure 4-17
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Memory
The system unit contains two types of memory:
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Volatile memory
Loses its contents whenpower is turned off
Example includes RAM
Nonvolatile memory
Does not lose contentswhen power is removed
Examples include ROM,flash memory, and
CMOS
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Memory
Three basic types of RAM chips exist:
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Figure 4-19
Dynamic RAM(DRAM)
Static RAM (SRAM)Magnetoresistive
RAM (MRAM)
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Memory
Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer
because it stores frequently used instructions and data
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Memory
Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory chipsstoring permanent data and instructions
Firmware
A PROM (programmable read-only memory) chip is ablank ROM chip that can be written to permanently
EEPROM can be erased
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Memory
Flash memorycan be erased electronically and
rewritten
CMOStechnology provides high speeds and consumes
little power
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Figure 4-23
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Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards
Removable flash memory includes:
Memory cards, USB flash drives, and PC
Cards/ExpressCard modules
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