Lecture 16 - MANGALS. Mangal: a tropical shoreline community in which various species of MANGROVE...
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Transcript of Lecture 16 - MANGALS. Mangal: a tropical shoreline community in which various species of MANGROVE...
![Page 1: Lecture 16 - MANGALS. Mangal: a tropical shoreline community in which various species of MANGROVE are the dominant plant species.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062410/5697bf791a28abf838c8254f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Lecture 16 -MANGALS
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Mangal: a tropical shoreline community in which various species of MANGROVE are the dominant plant species
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Conditions for Mangal Formation
1. Protection from strong wave action
2. Availability and accumulation of sediment
3. Periodic flooding by salt water
Mangal = Tropical Salt Marsh
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Mangals - Tropical Salt Marshes
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World Distribution
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Mangrove Succession
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Mangrove Succession -Red Mangrove - Rhizophora mangle
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Tolerating Anaerobic Mud
Lenticels
Aerobic mud
Anaerobic mud
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lenticel
O2
O2
To proproot
O2
Concentration
time
apply grease to root
48 h
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Red Mangrove - basis of community
1. Provide substrate for growth of other species
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Red Mangrove - basis of community
2. Trap sediment and stabilize shore
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Black Mangrove (Avicenna) - second stage of succession
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Aerobic mud
Anaerobic mud
Pneumatophores(air root)
Radial rootAnchor root
Structure of the Black Mangrove
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Pneumatophores
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Pneumatophores
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Coping with salt
Salt secreting glands on leaf
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Final Successional Stage - White Mangrove - Laguncularia racemosa
-least tolerant of salt and aerobic muds
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Mangrove Succession and Zonation
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MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS
HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION
1. Plant succession due to land building
- plant zonation - a successional sequence
But do mangroves cause different patterns of sediment deposition orjust respond to deposition?
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MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS
HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION
2. Geomorphological influences
-mangroves response to changes in geomorphology but don’t cause them
Patterns depend on abiotic patterns of sediment deposition
1. Land building
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MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS
HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION
3. Physico- Chemical Gradients
Two hypotheses
1. Land building2. Geomorphology
Gradient
Different optima for each species leads to zonation
a. Distinct preference
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MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS
HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION
3. Physico- Chemical Gradients
Two hypotheses
1. Land building2. Geomorphology
b. No preference
Gradient
a. Distinct preference
Optimum range for all species
Zonation is determined by other factors (competition, predation)
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MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS
HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION
3. Physico- Chemical Gradients
1. Land building2. Geomorphology
e.g. Tidal inundation
<10 ppt
35 ppt
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MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS
HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION
3. Physico- Chemical Gradients
1. Land building2. Geomorphology
SeedlingSurvival (%)
100
50
0
Salinity
0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
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MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS
HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION
3. Physico- Chemical Gradients
1. Land building2. Geomorphology
Salinity
0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Ceriops tagal
Ceriops australis
Optimum salinity for germination - 15 ppt
(lab)
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MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS
HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION
1. Land building2. Geomorphology3. Physico-chemical
4. Propagule dispersion
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MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS
HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION
1. Land building2. Geomorphology3. Physico-chemical4. Propagule dispersion
5. Propagule predation
Grapsid crabs
Dominance 1/predation
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MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS
HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION
1. Land building2. Geomorphology3. Physico-chemical4. Propagule dispersion
5. Propagule predation
Avicennia marina
Normal distribution
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MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS
HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION
1. Land building2. Geomorphology3. Physico-chemical4. Propagule dispersion
5. Propagule predation
Normal distribution
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MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS
HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION
1. Land building2. Geomorphology3. Physico-chemical4. Propagule dispersion
5. Propagule predation
Normal distribution
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MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS
HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION
1. Land building2. Geomorphology3. Physico-chemical4. Propagule dispersion5. Propagule predation
6. Competition
?
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MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS
Structure of Mangroves
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MANGROVES AS NURSERIESLutjanus griseus(Gray snapper)
Spawn on ocean side of
reef
Postlarva moves to Thalassia beds
Juveniles live in mangroves & move to Thalassia at night
to feed
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Mangrove Reproduction - Red Mangrove
Wind Pollinated
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Mangrove Reproduction - Black Mangrove
Wind Pollinated
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Mangrove Reproduction - White Mangrove
Insect Pollinated
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Mangrove Food Chain
Direct grazing by crabs
Leaf particles colonized by bacteria and fungi
Bacterial and fungal recolonization
fish
prawn
Particulate organic matter
Small fish
Small crustacea
detritus
protozoa
bacteria
algae
Absorbed by sediment
Eaten by mud whelks
Dissolved organic substances
MANGROVE LEAF
algae
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Hurricanes and Mangroves
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Hurricanes and Mangroves
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Hurricanes and Mangroves
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Hurricanes and Mangroves
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Hurricanes and Mangroves
Costanza et al, 2008. AMBIO 37(4):241-248.