Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The...
-
Upload
sibyl-flynn -
Category
Documents
-
view
227 -
download
1
Transcript of Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The...
![Page 1: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets
• Indirect methods for planet detection• The Astrometric method• The Doppler shift method• The Transit method
![Page 2: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Planets Orbiting Other Stars
Number of planets discovered around other stars:
442 planets 44 multiple planet systems
![Page 3: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
UpsAnd System vs. Solar System
![Page 6: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
HD 209458b: a Hot Jupiter
![Page 7: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Transits: A Method for Planet
Discovery
![Page 8: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Venus in Front of the Sun
QuickTime™ and aYUV420 codec decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 9: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Transit Measurements
QuickTime™ and aYUV420 codec decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 10: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Evidence for Planet OGLE-TR-56b
Light Dimming
Doppler Shift
Konacki, Torres, Sasselov,
Jha, 2003, Nature
![Page 11: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
OGLE-TR-113b
Transit Light Curve
Doppler Shift
Konacki, Torres,Sasselov, Jha (2004)
![Page 12: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Transiting Planets - the search is on!
• Transits occur due to chance alignments, therefore one has to observe millions of stars in order to ‘catch’ a few transiting planets;
Here at Harvard we have 2 automated networks of small telescopes searching: HAT & TrES.
![Page 13: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The HAT Network: FLWO Mt.Hopkins AZ
(Bakos et al. 2004)
![Page 14: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
… and at Mauna Kea Obs., Hawaii
![Page 15: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
KEPLER: Search for Earth Twins
GOAL: discover ~30 Earths in habitable zones; also - thousands of giant planets like Jupiter and Super-Earths.
NASA Mission - launched 3/2009
Transit Search: ~120,000 stars in a North field (in Cygnus);
Can detect planets like our Earth
![Page 17: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
New Earths Facility
The “PROBLEM” with KEPLER:
not able to get data on masses forsmall planets - RV amplitudeswill be less than 30 cm /sec.
Solution: build a clone to HARPS (South) and put it on a large telescopeUse it to measure masses, and hence mean densities for KEPLER’s best candidate Earths.
![Page 18: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Main points to take home:
1) Four main methods of discovery: direct, Doppler wobble, transits, microlensing.
2) Doppler effect: deriving planet mass.3) Transits: (1) detection probability; (2)
deriving the radius. 4) NASA Kepler Mission
![Page 19: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Lecture 15: The Exploration of the World of Exoplanets
• Methods and parameters we can measure• Mean density measurements: internal structure• Measurements of surface temperature• Atmospheric composition and temperatures• Mapping of the surface
![Page 20: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Star-to-planet inequalities:
• In light: 1010 (optical) to 107 (infrared)
• In mass: 105 to 103
• In size: 102 to 10.
![Page 21: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
HD 209458b: a Hot Jupiter
![Page 22: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Mass:
Radial velocities seenin star HD 209458 -the variation is dueto a planet that is lessmassive than Jupiter.
(Mazeh et al. 1999;Marcy et al. 2000)
![Page 23: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Mass:
• For HD 209458b: Mp sin(i) = Ms vs P / 2 ap
= const. x (Ms
/1.1MSun) Mjup
+ 0.018 + 0.1• Transit light curve helps derive the orbit
inclination: i = 86o.7 + 0.2
• Both Mp and Rp determined to better than 5%!
![Page 24: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
What can we learn from transiting extrasolar
planetsHD 209458b: Dimming of light due to transit, observed with HST.
Brown, Charbonneau, Gilliland, Noyes, Burrows (2001)
Tells usDIRECTLY:Planet radius,
INDIRECTLY:Planet densityPlanet composition
![Page 25: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Mass-RadiusDiagram:
Hot Jupiters
Super-Earths
![Page 26: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Model: Seager & Sasselov 2000Detection: Charbonneau et al 2002
![Page 27: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Atmosphere:What is special about atomic Na and the
alkali metals?
Seager & Sasselov (2000)
![Page 28: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Atmosphere: Theoretical Transmission Spectra of HD 209458 b
Wavelength (nm)
Occulted Area (%)
Seager & Sasselov (2000)
![Page 29: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Atmosphere:The tricks of transmission spectroscopy:
Brown (2001)
![Page 30: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
A star and its planet in infrared
light
(Artist conception)
![Page 31: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Direct Detection of Thermal EmissionInfrared Eclipses of Hot Jupiters:
Spitzer Space Telescope
![Page 32: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
First detection oflight from planetsorbiting other stars
D. Charbonneau, & D. Deming et al. March 2005
![Page 33: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Infrared Eclipses
QuickTime™ and a
MPEG-4 Video decompressorare needed to see this picture.
![Page 34: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Infrared Eclipses in HD 189733: Measuring the
Emitted Heat
Time (in fraction of day)
Orbital phaseRelative Intensity or Brightness
Eclipse detection (Feb. 20, 2006) by Deminget al. using the SpitzerSpace Telescope - in infrared light (heat)
![Page 35: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
SpectraObserved IR data points
vs. models
Knutson,Charbonneau, et al. (2007)
![Page 36: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
A study of an extrasolar planet
Heather Knutson & Dave Charbonneau (2007)
![Page 37: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
A map of an extrasolar planet
Heather Knutson & Dave Charbonneau (2007)
QuickTime™ and aYUV420 codec decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 38: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Main points to take home:
1) Methods and parameters we can measure2) Mean density measurements: internal structure3) Measurements of surface temperature4) Atmospheric composition and temperatures5) Mapping of the surface
![Page 39: Lecture 14: The Discovery of the World of Exoplanets Indirect methods for planet detection The Astrometric method The Doppler shift method The Transit.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/56649f255503460f94c3bddf/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)