Lecture 14 : Environment and Nutrition

A decrease in the ecological preservation and abandonment is valued in the nutrition education.

Food safetyPoisoningLOAELNOAELUpper bound value

Depletion of the ozone layer 　 (Change in the South Pole in ozonosphere)

UL ， NOAEL,LOAEL

UL NOAEL LOAEL

ＵＬ＝ tolerable upper intake level

NOAEL=no observed adverse effect level

LOAEL=lowest observed adverse effect level

Distribution curve of habitual intake

Yasuo KAGAWA. “Easy nourishment study” KAGAWA Nutrition publishing, 2006, p.24

Group with existence of risk of health problems by

excessive intake in potential

Group where risk of health problems by excessive

intake exists

Group that takes amount from which health

problems by excessive intake are reported

LOAEL ( lowest observed adverse effect level) means the minimum value of the amount to which it is known that health problems appeared. It is said LOAEL== minimum toxicity amount = amount of the lowest health problems appearance. Such health problems collects and refers to the case of an excessive intake from supplement etc

LOAEL ＝ lowest observed adverse effect level

　　 Amount of upper bound of nutrient intake that almost all people upper bound value (tolerable upper intake level: UL) occasionally cause health problems by excessive intake. Value in which NOAEL is divided by uncertain factor (UF: uncertain factor). There is UF up to iron of folic acid of copper, phosphorus, and 1.2 of one calciums and twining 5 and 10 molybdenums and twining 30. Value in which LOAEL when reported on example of health problems appearance syndrome by excessive intake is divided by 10(=UF).

UL,NOAEL and LOAEL

NOAEL=Amount of health problems non-appearanceLOAEL ＝ Amount of the lowest health problems appearance

Allergy

Relation between amount of chemical and toxicity

attack attackattack

The attack decreases rather in high density

Amount of chemicalssmall large

It gets sick by the receptivity of the individual even if the density is low. It gets sick at sensitive time of the embryo and the infancy, etc.

Idea of past toxicityIt gets sick when a constant amount is exceeded

Sic

k le

vel a

nd

sev

erit

y o

f sy

mp

tom

s

Endocrine-disrupting chemical Sick building syndrome

Acute toxicityTeratogenicity

Immunity decreaseCarcinogenesis

Poisoned originating material according to age

Natural poison OthersIndustrial products

Home products

Medicine

Agriculturalchemicals

Less than 1 y.o.

1-5 y.o.

6-19 y.o.

20-64 y.o.65 y.o.

or more

Acute poisoning discovery situation (Source "Japan poisoning information center“)

Treatment for poisoning and emergency measures

Confirmation of the causative agent

Emergency measure

What you drank, and what you breathed in are judged from surrounding circumstances. The amount drunk from the amount of the remainder is judged

Water and milk are drunk. It is made to stimulate the interior of the throat and to vomit

Environmental problems are the top priority of the 21st century

Severe problems for everybody on the earth

It is not possible to steer around in environmental problems for the corporate activity

Change the economical activity manufacturing efficiency to environmental protection

Environment

Enterprise Dweller

How is the agreement

applied?

Maintenance of environmentDweller's needs for comfortable life

Pursuit of profit of enterprise

Where is the agreement point?

Reflection to activity of economic priority

Earth is crying!!

Depletion of ozone layer

Pollution by chemicals

Desertification

Global warming

Destruction of tropical forests

Air pollution, Acid rain

Garbage, Waste issuesRain of ph5 or less is called acid rain. It is generated by the carbon dioxide exhausted along with the incineration of the fossil fuel.Immediate damage becomes fishes' extinction by the acidification of the lake and the destruction of the forest and appears

The soil was lost and the reproduction power was lost with desertification. The reproduction power of the soil is lost by the passed pasturing etc. that exceed the productive capacity of the soil, and the production of crops becomes impossible

Rapid destruction is advanced because of deforestation, the road, and the dam development etc. of the fire agriculture and wood. It causes the living thing species extinction, and the cause of the generation of a large amount of CO2

Phenomenon of atmospheric temperature's balance of heat budget of the earth collapsing and risingIt is expected that there is a region where the country disappears by the rise in sea levels, too, when Global warming progresses

The water resource and the sea have been polluted by the garbage exhausted every day and the chemical unlawfully renounced. The pollution eats the fish as a drinking water and it gnaws at man's body directly and indirectly

The life of every day is an activity that invents garbage. How is it disposed of of a large amount of generated garbage?The disposal of the current state is only buried under the place that doesn't attract public attention. And, is it good?

When the fluorocarbon widely used reaches the stratosphere, it is resolved because of ultraviolet rays, and chlorine is generated and the ozonosphere is destroyed. As a result, it is said that the amount of ultraviolet rays increases and the result of an increase of the cutaneous carcinoma etc. is increased

Idea of “Spaceship Earth”

Rich life of disorder.It was waste of the resource "Environment"

② 　 Spaceman economyThe thing in the spaceship disappears as long as all limited, special device is not done some time. Carbon dioxide and the excrement that man puts out pollute the inside of the spaceship. Being develop the system that reduces waste to the production process in the future, and not destroying the ecosystem become important. It is an age of the spaceman economy.

① 　 Cowboy economyEconomy in age of development in the American west in age without necessity for quite worry about depletion of resources

2 　 Economic types the Doctor explains

Economics person Kenneth E. Boulding in US presented the idea "Spaceship Earth" by lecturing on "Resources Association for the future" in 1966

Total Africa Europe Asia Oceania NorthCentralamerica

Southamerica

Decrease about 94 million ha in 1990’s(2.5 times as Japanese land)

Source : “State of the world's forests 2001” FAO

(million ha)

Forest decrease (Change of world forest area)

Depletion of ozone layer happens because of an increase of fluorocarbon and the methane, ultraviolet rays increases, and the frequency of the cutaneous carcinoma increases

　１９７４　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　２００３

Depletion of the ozone layer 　 (Change in the South Pole in ozonosphere)

Global warming ( Difference of average year of the average ground temperature of year in the world : Only land )

year

Moving average for five years and blue lines of each age show the long-term change tendency in a value of each age and a yellow line in the bar chart

Tem

per

atu

re a

vera

ge

year

dif

fere

nce

()

℃

Ecosystem : The first and second production

Solar radiation

1st production

2nd production

Collector

Predator

Glaser Shredder

Plant, Algae

Organic plant

Bluntly and grainy organisms

Dissolved organisms

Minute and grainy organisms

Predator : Only the aquatic insect here.

Pyramid of “The feeding chain”

The tops are “human beings” and

Carnivore

Resolver, Soil insect, Fallen leaf, etc.

Corpse, Excrement, Fallen leaf, etc

Resolver

Producer

First consumer

Second consumer

Third consumer

Higher consumer

Soil insect and fungi, etc. that resolve Corpse and fallen leaf, etc

Living thing that can produce organisms with water and carbon dioxide by using energy of the sun

Animal that eats grass and his nut that producer invents

Animal that eats “First consumer”

Animal that eats “Second consumer”

Animal that eats “Second and third consumer”

What’s activity concepts?

Proposal to enterprise

Mediation with the administration

Enlightenment to dweller

Environmentpreservation activity

Society

Environmental forumOrganization paper

issue

Antenna shopof Eco products

Enter-prise

Life

Aiming at the society gives priority “Safety and health than convenience and the comfort of the viewpoint”“Children's futures than interests of the viewpoint”

Holding of eco-eventExperience classroom

Study meeting

Environmental investigationMonitoring activities

Holding of environmental recovery activity

Project and holding of regional activitiesCoordinated cooperation with the administration

Watch of company activitiesAssistance to eco-activity

Verification of product related to environmentProposal of commercialization

Afforestation activity to mountain

Cleanup activity of river

Administ-ration

Resource recycleDevice not made

Garbage. Maintenance Of social system

Collecting wastesHow do you classify it?

Life that doesn't put out garbage

Resource saving type commodityEnvironment friendly

commodity. Simplification of packing and wrapping

LegislatingMaking to restriction

Natural environment is maintained.Life and the

harmony of nature

are measured.

Refuse incineration

Dioxin

Into human body from foods

Circulation of dioxin

Vegetable, Grain

Eating

Accumulation In seawater

Accumulation in soil

From soil to sea and river

Plankton

Smallfish

Fish

Smallparticle

Largeparticle In

to r

iver

by

rain

ing

Structures of typical dioxin

Carbon

Chlorine

Oxygen

Hydrogen

Four chloridization GebenzoparageokishinExample

The main carcinogen and poisonous substance contained in cigarette

Tar (generically)NicotineAmmoniaCarbon monoxide

Hazardous substances

Source : “Non-smoking Date book” (1997)

Carcin

og

en (m

g/p

iece) H

aza

rdo

us

su

bs

tan

ce

(mg

/piece)

Benzo(a)pyreneDimethylnitrosamine

DiethylnitrosamineN'-nitro-xonor-nicotine

Quinoline

Main smoke plume

Sub smoke plume

Electron

Unpaired electron

nuclear nuclear

nuclear

A free radical is reactive with other materials

The active oxygen is a reactive oxygen compound

ROSReactive Oxygen Species

不対電子

不対電子

Single paragraph enzyme

Hydrogen peroxide

Hydroxy radical

Oxygen Oxygen

Oxygen

Oxygen Oxygen

Enzyme Enzyme

Hydrogen

Hydrogen

Hydrogen

Superoxydoanine

Unpaired electron

Unpaired electron

Shortened service life of drosophila under the oxygen 50% one atmospheric pressure

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 25 50 75 100Days

Liv

ing

ra

te

GroupOf contrast

50% oxygengroup

Oxygen is indispensable into the energy of the human body. An excessive intake makes the active oxygen and is harmful

If a personBaby retina syndrome

Lungs trouble

Various diseases are caused The defense response is caused

Aging, Carcinogenesis, Arteriosclerosis, Diabetic,

Nephritis, Cataract,Fat hepatitis etc

Adaptive response etc

ActiveOxygen

ActiveOxygenantioxidant

antioxidant

Injury is generated. Oxidation stress

Injury doesn't occur even if an active oxygen and a free radical have been

generated

The active oxygen is generated by the aerobic metabolism and the bacteriocidal Action and defends the trouble by the balance with the anti-oxidation power

The main action point of the nucleic acid by the active oxygen is Deokishiganosh in OHdG. Oxygen in the 8th place enters, and it eight .eight-hydorox

ydeoxyganoshin.-becomes OHdG.The transmission of information on the gene is obstructed

正常遺伝子中の 　 Cancer, lifestyle related disease, and aging

dG 　 8-OHdG

                                                                               

Because 8- OHdG in DNA is excluded and goes out in urine, it uses it excessive to move and to diagnose the oxidation stress

Radioactivity, smoking, pollution, asbestos, excessive movement, infection, and internal organs obesity

Active oxygen

In the normal gene

Destruction action of active oxygen and vitamin

and inorganic quality of anti-oxidation

＝ 8 ｰ hydroxydeoxyguanochine ＊

＊

Vitamin CVitamin E

Manganese

Active oxygen

Active energy

Mitochondria

Mitochondria

RestorationMutation

Chromosome

Telomere=Coupon ticket of division

ZincCopper

Reso-lution

Nucleus DNA

Promotion oftelomere

shortening

Division promotion by excessive nourishment and mutation caused

by active oxygen

Risk factor of Metaboric syndrome and oxidation stress

Oxidation stress

O2・‐

Ｈ2O2 ・

OH

Smoking

Hyperlipemia

Hypertension

Diabetes

ObesityOxidized LDL

Pressure High levels of sugar

Active oxygen

Inflammatory reaction

Exercise

Appropriate nutrient

Cardiac infarction

The monocyte goes into the tallow that grew fat, and it is angry on macrophage

Obesity

Monocyte

Free fatty acid

HypertrophicFatty acid

MacrophageMonocyte chemoattractant

protein

Tumor necrosis factor

Chemotaxis facilitation

humectant

Activation

Sign for radiation damage prevention

Isotope room Isotope room

Radiation-8 Radiation-14 Radiation16

Radiation-29 Radiation-30Radiation-31 Radiation-32

Radioactivity that person receives from nature

Radiation received from nature Radiation artificially generated

The amount received from nature in one year (Global average)

X rays taking a picture of stomach(Hit once)

X rays taking a picture of lung

(Hit once)

Amount received when shuttling in Tokyo and New York

in the United States by airplane(A lot of radiations from space are undertaken in a high point

Target value of amount received in one year in surroundings

of nuclear plant(It is actually fewer)

Fromfood

From theearth

From theRadon inThe air

From space

Amount of one year in a lot of Garabari city in Brazil that is all over the world

Limit that person may receive in one year (It excludes it when receiving it by the natural radiation and the medical treatment

Amount of radiation(Unit : mSv)

Level of exposed dose and radiation damage

Appearance on human body at onceAmount of radiation

(Unit : Milisievert)

Death

Skin

Skin

Skin

WholeBody

WholeBody Nausea

Languid

Ulcer

Autumntint

Depilation

Less than 150 No seen clinical symptom

Wholebody

Decrease oflymphocyte

Radiation detector : The kind and strength etc. of the radioactivity that man cannot judge are measured

GM

calculatio

n tu

be

Gam

mar

detecto

r

Measurement and unit of light of environment and radioactivity

light

Radioactive substance

Unit that shows brightness(lx)

Ability to putout radiation

(Radioactivity)

Ability to Put out light

Unit that shows lightnessCandela (cd)

Unit that shows strength of radioactivityBecquerel (Bq)

Unit that shows degree of radiation influence that person received

Sievert (Sv)

Rad

iati

on

Flashlight

Relation between the husband's smoking and wife's lung cancer mortality rate

Smoking number during a day of husband

Wif

e's

lun

g c

ance

r m

ort

alit

y ra

te(T

he

hu

sban

d's

no

n-s

mo

kin

g i

s as

sum

ed t

o b

e 1

)

No-smoke smoked 1-14 15-19 20 and more

(Hirayama research, 1983)

It executed it based on the data of about 3.36 million people extracted from the kindergarten in the whole country and the checkup result of elementary schools, junior high schools and high schools.

Asthma is 2.4 time ten years ago 2.4%(1.0%1996 year) in the kindergarten 3.8%(1.6%) in the elementary school 3.0%(1.5%) in the junior high school 1.7%(0.8%) in the kindergarten in the high school. Six years old decreases in the age and the following have decreased highest with 4.2%.

Atopic dermatitis becomes aggravated as one person in ten of one-years old halves is hanging by the investigation that the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare research group executed in 02. The one with doctor's opinion since this time is totaled.

It is 3.8%, and 3.6% in the elementary school in the kindergarten. 2.8% in junior high school and 2.2% in high school

The number of asthma children doubles in ten years 　（ Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology

School health statistics 2006 ）

Diesel engine particulate (DEP)

ChemicalMetal Acid

Nucleus(Carbon)

Less than 0.4 microns

The increase factor of allergic disease

Environmentalfactor

Genetic factor

Allergic diseaseAllergy to food

Atopic dermatitis

Hay fever

Bronchial asthma

Change of living environment

Change of air environment

Change of food environment

Change of social hygiene environment

Diesel exhaust gas corpuscle

Making of eating habits European-style Excess intake of the food additive

A decrease in tuberculosis, bacteremia, and helminth disease

An allergen increase by sealing upChemical in construction materials

Savanna (caliph) farming

Mediterranean sea （ Rabi ） farming

Present Japanese food

根栽（ウビ）農耕

New world farming

The “Jomon” Period

EdoYayoi

Meiji→Heisei

Hierarchy of present Japanese food

and World’s four major cultivating culture

As for a Japanese gene polymorphism, the rice farming, farming hunger tolerance of Yangtze River from 7,000 is basic

Root vegetable (Ubi) farming

Rice farming people's inherited traits:Rice farming people's inherited traits:hunger tolerance, salt receptivity, hunger tolerance, salt receptivity, alcoholic receptivity, no lactose alcoholic receptivity, no lactose tolerance, medicine receptivity, tolerance, medicine receptivity, depolarization and cooperationdepolarization and cooperation