Lecture 11 Evolution and Development Animal development Phylogenetics: terms and analysis.
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Transcript of Lecture 11 Evolution and Development Animal development Phylogenetics: terms and analysis.
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Lecture 11
• Evolution and Development
• Animal development
• Phylogenetics: terms and analysis
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Evolution: explanation for the diversity of life/form.
Development: generation of form.
Evo Devo is the synthesis of these.
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General animal life cycle
Soma
Germ-line
fertilization fertilization
Somatic germ-linedivision
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Animal development
Sperm
Egg
Zygote
Gametes
Development
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Origins of multicellularity
Willmer Invertebrate relationships
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Implicit phylogenys
Primordial ooze
worm
rat
chimp
human
Primordial ooze
human chimp rat worm
time
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Metazoan origins
Three techniques used
A) examine living organisms
B) examine the fossil record
C) examine DNA sequence
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Metazoan origins
Considerations when looking at the living
A Divergence vs convergence
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Metazoan origins
Considerations when looking at the living
A Divergence vs convergence
Human and Squid camera eyes
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Metazoan origins
Considerations when looking at the living
A Divergence vs convergence
B Polyphylogeny vs monophylogeny
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Metazoan origins
Polyphylogeny vs monophylogeny
Polyphylogeny independent evolution of a characteristic
Monophylogeny common ancestry
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Evolution of a chitin exoskeleton
Polyphylogeny Monophylogeny
Proto-platyhelminthes
No exoskeleton
Insects Crustacea Spiders Insects Crustacea Spiders
Common ancestor with an exoskeleton
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Metazoan origins
Considerations when looking at the living
A Divergence vs convergence
B Polyphylogeny vs monophylogeny
C time blurs all origins
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Metazoan origins
Considerations when looking at the living
A Divergence vs convergence
B Polyphylogeny vs monophylogeny
C time
D data set in the present
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First metazoans
Willmer Invertebrate relationships
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Pseudoceolomates
Willmer Invertebrate relationships
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Worms
Willmer Invertebrate relationships
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Mollusks
Willmer Invertebrate relationships
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Arthropods
Willmer Invertebrate relationships
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Deuterostomes
Willmer Invertebrate relationships
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Organization of the major animal groups
Raff The shape of life
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Organization of the major animal groups
Raff The shape of life
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Organization of the major animal groups
SpongeMulticellularMultiple cell typesNo organized tissues
Raff The shape of life
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Organization of the major animal groups
DiploblastOrganized tissuesDiploblastic ectoderm/endodermNeuron-no CNSSensory cells-no PNS
Raff The shape of life
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Organization of the major animal groups
AcoelomateTriploblastic: ecto meso endodermsSingle gut openingBilaterally symmetric, A/P axisOrganized CNS and PNSNo body cavity
Raff The shape of life
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Organization of the major animal groups
PseudocoelomatesOne side of the body cavity lined with mesoderm
Raff The shape of life
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Organization of the major animal groups
EucoelomatesBoth sides of the body cavity lined with mesodermHydrostatic skeletonCirculatory system
Raff The shape of life
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Proposal for animal phylogeny
Willmer Invertebrate relationships
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Fossils
When do we see the first fossil animals?
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Cambrian Ediacaran Cryogenian
Marinoan Sturtian
500Mya 600Mya 700Mya
Porifera
Snowball Snowball
First fossils found
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Fossil sponges 640-650 My old
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Cambrian Ediacaran Cryogenian
Marinoan Sturtian
500Mya 600Mya 700Mya
Porifera
Snowball Snowball
First fossils found
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Cambrian Ediacaran Cryogenian
Marinoan Sturtian
500Mya 600Mya 700Mya
Porifera
Snowball Snowball
First fossils found
Burrow trace fossils
Surface trace fossils
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Trace and body fossils
Carroll et al., From DNA to diversity
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Cambrian Ediacaran Cryogenian
Marinoan Sturtian
500Mya 600Mya 700Mya
Porifera
Snowball Snowball
First fossils found
Burgess
Chengjiang
Doushantuo
Lantian
Avalon
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Lantian and Avalon Biota
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Ediacarans: soft body preservation
Raff The shape of life
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Cambrian Ediacaran Cryogenian
Marinoan Sturtian
500Mya 600Mya 700Mya
Porifera
Snowball Snowball
First fossils found
Burgess
Chengjiang
Doushantuo
Lantian
Avalon
Fossilized embryosOver 550 million years old
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Doushantuo
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Doushantuo
Bacteria and not embryos?
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Cambrian Ediacaran Cryogenian
Marinoan Sturtian
500Mya 600Mya 700Mya
Porifera
Snowball Snowball
First fossils found
Burgess
ChengjiangDoushantuo
Lantian
Avalon
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Chengjiang
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Burgess shales
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Burgess shales
Soft body preservation
Regular preservation
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Cambrian Ediacaran Cryogenian
Marinoan Sturtian
500Mya 600Mya 700Mya
Porifera
Snowball Snowball
First fossils found
Porifera Biomarker
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Biomarkers
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Biomarkers
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DNA sequence analysis
Organism 1 ATGTCCGTGAGTCGTCGTAGCTGATOrganism 2 ATGTCCGTGAGTCGTCGTAGCTGATOrganism 3 ATGTCAGTGAGACGTCGTAGCTGATOrganism 4 ATGTCAGTGAGTCCTCATAGCTGATOrganism 5 AAGGCCGTGAGACCTCATAGCTGAT
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rRNA 18S analysis
Raff The shape of life
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Choanoflagellates
Cambell Biology
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Choanoflagellates
Cambell Biology
GENOME SEQUENCE RECENTLY COMPLETED
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Traditional phylogeny based on the coelum
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Traditional phylogeny based on the coelum
Simple to complex
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DNA analysis tells a different story
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Pseudocoelomy is polyphylogenic
Priapulids Nematodes Rotifers
coelomates
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H Philippe et al. Nature 470, 255-258 (2011) doi:10.1038/nature09676
Animal phylogeny based on mitochondrial proteins reconstructed using theCAT+GTR+ Г model under a Bayesian analysis
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DNA analysis tells a different story
Complex to simple
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Odontogriphus reburrus: early lophotrochozoan
Morris and Caron Science 315, 1255
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JN Liu et al. Nature 470, 526-530 (2011) doi:10.1038/nature09704
Reconstruction of Diania cactiformis in dorsolateral view.
Jointed armored velvet wormTransitional form. 520Mya
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Base groups
Complex to simple
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Problem with sponges: complex to simple?
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Protostome/Deuterostomesplit
Chordata ChordataMullusca Mullusca
Cambrian
Vendian
Molecular clock analysis
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300
600
900
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ChordataMullusca
Cambrian
Vendian
Molecular clock Biomarker analysis
Protostome/Deuterostomesplit
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A complex organism existed at the protostome deuterostome split
Carroll et al., From DNA to diversity
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Is the study of living organisms the study of the radiation of Urbilateria?
Carroll et al., From DNA to diversity