Chemistry 2

Lecture 1

Unit 1

Chapter 1

Whatrsquos Biochemistry

Dr Mohamed Adel Moadelptcuedueg

Letrsquos remember

bull Elements simplest form of a substance - cannot be broken down into simpler forms

bull Atom the actual basic unit - composed of protons neutrons and electrons and itrsquos the building unit of matter

THE ATOM

bull Just like cells are the basic unit of life the ATOM is the basic unit of matter

bull They are very small If placed side by side one million would stretch a distance of 1cm

bull The atom is made up of 3 particles

Particle Charge

PROTON +

NEUTRON NEUTRAL

ELECTRON -

bull Electrons are not present within the atom instead Draw a

helium atom THEY REVOLVE AROUND THE

NUCELUS OF THE ATOM amp FORM THE

ELECTRON CLOUD

+ + -

-

PROTONS NEUTRONS

ELECTRONS

ATOMIC = 2

(PROTONS)

ATOMIC MASS = 4

(PROTONS amp

NEUTRONS)

ISOTOPES bull atoms of the same element that HAVE A

DIFFERENT NUMBER OF NEUTRONS

bull Which means that they have same atomic number

and different mass number

COMPOUNDS bull a substance formed by the chemical combination of 2 or

more elements in definite proportions

bull Ex water salt glucose carbon dioxide

Illustrating video

CHEMICAL BONDS

bull Chemical bonds hold the atoms in a

molecule together

bull There are 2 types of chemical bonds

IONIC and COVALENT

ionic bond

-Ionic bond Is a bond resulting from the electric attraction between a positive ion and a negative ion

Covalent bond

bull The covalent bond

bull -It is type of bonds occurs between two non metallic atoms

bull -In the covalent bond the atoms dont lose or even gain any electrons

bull -each atom shares the other atom with the same number of electrons from its outer shell to fill each outer level

covalent bond

MIXTURES

bull Water is not always pure It is often found as part of a

mixture

bull A mixture is a material composed of TWO OR MORE

ELEMENTS OR COMPOUNDS THAT ARE

PHYSICALLY MIXED

bull Ex salt amp pepper mixed sugar and sand ndash can be easily separated

SOLUTION

Two parts

bull SOLUTE ndash SUBSTANCE THAT IS BEING DISSOLVED

(SUGAR SALT)

bull SOLVENT - the substance in which the solute dissolves

bull Materials that do not dissolve are known as SUSPENSIONS

bull Blood is the most common example of a suspension

bull Cells amp other particles remain in suspension

ACIDS amp BASES

bull Acids always (almost) begin with H because of the

excess of H+ ions (hydrogen)

bull Ex lemon juice stomach acid acid rain normal rain

Facts about Acids

bull Acids turn litmus paper into Red and usually taste SOUR

bull You eat acids daily (coffee vinegar soda spicy foods

etchellip)

ACIDS amp BASES

bull Bases always (almost) end with -OH because of the excess

of hydroxide ions (Oxygen amp Hydrogen)

bull EX oven cleaner bleach ammonia sea water blood pure water

Facts about Bases

bull Bases turn litmus paper into BLUE

bull Bases usually feel SLIPPERY to touch and taste BITTER

CHEMICAL FORMULA

bull It represents the number and types of atoms in a molecule

bull Eg Al2O3

bull Structural Formula ndash Line drawings of the

compound that shows the elements in proportion

and how they are bonded

bull Molecular Formula ndash the ACTUAL formula for a

compound

C2H6O

Letrsquos talk about Biochemistry

bull Biochemistry is one of the crossover fields of chemistry

Biochemists have to understand both the living world and

the chemical world Even if you donrsquot want to become a

biochemist youll still have to understand atoms and

molecules as a biologist

Letrsquos remember

bull Elements simplest form of a substance - cannot be broken down into simpler forms

bull Atom the actual basic unit - composed of protons neutrons and electrons and itrsquos the building unit of matter

THE ATOM

bull Just like cells are the basic unit of life the ATOM is the basic unit of matter

bull They are very small If placed side by side one million would stretch a distance of 1cm

bull The atom is made up of 3 particles

Particle Charge

PROTON +

NEUTRON NEUTRAL

ELECTRON -

bull Electrons are not present within the atom instead Draw a

helium atom THEY REVOLVE AROUND THE

NUCELUS OF THE ATOM amp FORM THE

ELECTRON CLOUD

+ + -

-

PROTONS NEUTRONS

ELECTRONS

ATOMIC = 2

(PROTONS)

ATOMIC MASS = 4

(PROTONS amp

NEUTRONS)

ISOTOPES bull atoms of the same element that HAVE A

DIFFERENT NUMBER OF NEUTRONS

bull Which means that they have same atomic number

and different mass number

COMPOUNDS bull a substance formed by the chemical combination of 2 or

more elements in definite proportions

bull Ex water salt glucose carbon dioxide

Illustrating video

CHEMICAL BONDS

bull Chemical bonds hold the atoms in a

molecule together

bull There are 2 types of chemical bonds

IONIC and COVALENT

ionic bond

-Ionic bond Is a bond resulting from the electric attraction between a positive ion and a negative ion

Covalent bond

bull The covalent bond

bull -It is type of bonds occurs between two non metallic atoms

bull -In the covalent bond the atoms dont lose or even gain any electrons

bull -each atom shares the other atom with the same number of electrons from its outer shell to fill each outer level

covalent bond

MIXTURES

bull Water is not always pure It is often found as part of a

mixture

bull A mixture is a material composed of TWO OR MORE

ELEMENTS OR COMPOUNDS THAT ARE

PHYSICALLY MIXED

bull Ex salt amp pepper mixed sugar and sand ndash can be easily separated

SOLUTION

Two parts

bull SOLUTE ndash SUBSTANCE THAT IS BEING DISSOLVED

(SUGAR SALT)

bull SOLVENT - the substance in which the solute dissolves

bull Materials that do not dissolve are known as SUSPENSIONS

bull Blood is the most common example of a suspension

bull Cells amp other particles remain in suspension

ACIDS amp BASES

bull Acids always (almost) begin with H because of the

excess of H+ ions (hydrogen)

bull Ex lemon juice stomach acid acid rain normal rain

Facts about Acids

bull Acids turn litmus paper into Red and usually taste SOUR

bull You eat acids daily (coffee vinegar soda spicy foods

etchellip)

ACIDS amp BASES

bull Bases always (almost) end with -OH because of the excess

of hydroxide ions (Oxygen amp Hydrogen)

bull EX oven cleaner bleach ammonia sea water blood pure water

Facts about Bases

bull Bases turn litmus paper into BLUE

bull Bases usually feel SLIPPERY to touch and taste BITTER

CHEMICAL FORMULA

bull It represents the number and types of atoms in a molecule

bull Eg Al2O3

bull Structural Formula ndash Line drawings of the

compound that shows the elements in proportion

and how they are bonded

bull Molecular Formula ndash the ACTUAL formula for a

compound

C2H6O

Letrsquos talk about Biochemistry

bull Biochemistry is one of the crossover fields of chemistry

Biochemists have to understand both the living world and

the chemical world Even if you donrsquot want to become a

biochemist youll still have to understand atoms and

molecules as a biologist

THE ATOM

bull Just like cells are the basic unit of life the ATOM is the basic unit of matter

bull They are very small If placed side by side one million would stretch a distance of 1cm

bull The atom is made up of 3 particles

Particle Charge

PROTON +

NEUTRON NEUTRAL

ELECTRON -

bull Electrons are not present within the atom instead Draw a

helium atom THEY REVOLVE AROUND THE

NUCELUS OF THE ATOM amp FORM THE

ELECTRON CLOUD

+ + -

-

PROTONS NEUTRONS

ELECTRONS

ATOMIC = 2

(PROTONS)

ATOMIC MASS = 4

(PROTONS amp

NEUTRONS)

ISOTOPES bull atoms of the same element that HAVE A

DIFFERENT NUMBER OF NEUTRONS

bull Which means that they have same atomic number

and different mass number

COMPOUNDS bull a substance formed by the chemical combination of 2 or

more elements in definite proportions

bull Ex water salt glucose carbon dioxide

Illustrating video

CHEMICAL BONDS

bull Chemical bonds hold the atoms in a

molecule together

bull There are 2 types of chemical bonds

IONIC and COVALENT

ionic bond

-Ionic bond Is a bond resulting from the electric attraction between a positive ion and a negative ion

Covalent bond

bull The covalent bond

bull -It is type of bonds occurs between two non metallic atoms

bull -In the covalent bond the atoms dont lose or even gain any electrons

bull -each atom shares the other atom with the same number of electrons from its outer shell to fill each outer level

covalent bond

MIXTURES

bull Water is not always pure It is often found as part of a

mixture

bull A mixture is a material composed of TWO OR MORE

ELEMENTS OR COMPOUNDS THAT ARE

PHYSICALLY MIXED

bull Ex salt amp pepper mixed sugar and sand ndash can be easily separated

SOLUTION

Two parts

bull SOLUTE ndash SUBSTANCE THAT IS BEING DISSOLVED

(SUGAR SALT)

bull SOLVENT - the substance in which the solute dissolves

bull Materials that do not dissolve are known as SUSPENSIONS

bull Blood is the most common example of a suspension

bull Cells amp other particles remain in suspension

ACIDS amp BASES

bull Acids always (almost) begin with H because of the

excess of H+ ions (hydrogen)

bull Ex lemon juice stomach acid acid rain normal rain

Facts about Acids

bull Acids turn litmus paper into Red and usually taste SOUR

bull You eat acids daily (coffee vinegar soda spicy foods

etchellip)

ACIDS amp BASES

bull Bases always (almost) end with -OH because of the excess

of hydroxide ions (Oxygen amp Hydrogen)

bull EX oven cleaner bleach ammonia sea water blood pure water

Facts about Bases

bull Bases turn litmus paper into BLUE

bull Bases usually feel SLIPPERY to touch and taste BITTER

CHEMICAL FORMULA

bull It represents the number and types of atoms in a molecule

bull Eg Al2O3

bull Structural Formula ndash Line drawings of the

compound that shows the elements in proportion

and how they are bonded

bull Molecular Formula ndash the ACTUAL formula for a

compound

C2H6O

Letrsquos talk about Biochemistry

bull Biochemistry is one of the crossover fields of chemistry

Biochemists have to understand both the living world and

the chemical world Even if you donrsquot want to become a

biochemist youll still have to understand atoms and

molecules as a biologist

bull Electrons are not present within the atom instead Draw a

helium atom THEY REVOLVE AROUND THE

NUCELUS OF THE ATOM amp FORM THE

ELECTRON CLOUD

+ + -

-

PROTONS NEUTRONS

ELECTRONS

ATOMIC = 2

(PROTONS)

ATOMIC MASS = 4

(PROTONS amp

NEUTRONS)

ISOTOPES bull atoms of the same element that HAVE A

DIFFERENT NUMBER OF NEUTRONS

bull Which means that they have same atomic number

and different mass number

COMPOUNDS bull a substance formed by the chemical combination of 2 or

more elements in definite proportions

bull Ex water salt glucose carbon dioxide

Illustrating video

CHEMICAL BONDS

bull Chemical bonds hold the atoms in a

molecule together

bull There are 2 types of chemical bonds

IONIC and COVALENT

ionic bond

-Ionic bond Is a bond resulting from the electric attraction between a positive ion and a negative ion

Covalent bond

bull The covalent bond

bull -It is type of bonds occurs between two non metallic atoms

bull -In the covalent bond the atoms dont lose or even gain any electrons

bull -each atom shares the other atom with the same number of electrons from its outer shell to fill each outer level

covalent bond

MIXTURES

bull Water is not always pure It is often found as part of a

mixture

bull A mixture is a material composed of TWO OR MORE

ELEMENTS OR COMPOUNDS THAT ARE

PHYSICALLY MIXED

bull Ex salt amp pepper mixed sugar and sand ndash can be easily separated

SOLUTION

Two parts

bull SOLUTE ndash SUBSTANCE THAT IS BEING DISSOLVED

(SUGAR SALT)

bull SOLVENT - the substance in which the solute dissolves

bull Materials that do not dissolve are known as SUSPENSIONS

bull Blood is the most common example of a suspension

bull Cells amp other particles remain in suspension

ACIDS amp BASES

bull Acids always (almost) begin with H because of the

excess of H+ ions (hydrogen)

bull Ex lemon juice stomach acid acid rain normal rain

Facts about Acids

bull Acids turn litmus paper into Red and usually taste SOUR

bull You eat acids daily (coffee vinegar soda spicy foods

etchellip)

ACIDS amp BASES

bull Bases always (almost) end with -OH because of the excess

of hydroxide ions (Oxygen amp Hydrogen)

bull EX oven cleaner bleach ammonia sea water blood pure water

Facts about Bases

bull Bases turn litmus paper into BLUE

bull Bases usually feel SLIPPERY to touch and taste BITTER

CHEMICAL FORMULA

bull It represents the number and types of atoms in a molecule

bull Eg Al2O3

bull Structural Formula ndash Line drawings of the

compound that shows the elements in proportion

and how they are bonded

bull Molecular Formula ndash the ACTUAL formula for a

compound

C2H6O

Letrsquos talk about Biochemistry

bull Biochemistry is one of the crossover fields of chemistry

Biochemists have to understand both the living world and

the chemical world Even if you donrsquot want to become a

biochemist youll still have to understand atoms and

molecules as a biologist

ISOTOPES bull atoms of the same element that HAVE A

DIFFERENT NUMBER OF NEUTRONS

bull Which means that they have same atomic number

and different mass number

COMPOUNDS bull a substance formed by the chemical combination of 2 or

more elements in definite proportions

bull Ex water salt glucose carbon dioxide

Illustrating video

CHEMICAL BONDS

bull Chemical bonds hold the atoms in a

molecule together

bull There are 2 types of chemical bonds

IONIC and COVALENT

ionic bond

-Ionic bond Is a bond resulting from the electric attraction between a positive ion and a negative ion

Covalent bond

bull The covalent bond

bull -It is type of bonds occurs between two non metallic atoms

bull -In the covalent bond the atoms dont lose or even gain any electrons

bull -each atom shares the other atom with the same number of electrons from its outer shell to fill each outer level

covalent bond

MIXTURES

bull Water is not always pure It is often found as part of a

mixture

bull A mixture is a material composed of TWO OR MORE

ELEMENTS OR COMPOUNDS THAT ARE

PHYSICALLY MIXED

bull Ex salt amp pepper mixed sugar and sand ndash can be easily separated

SOLUTION

Two parts

bull SOLUTE ndash SUBSTANCE THAT IS BEING DISSOLVED

(SUGAR SALT)

bull SOLVENT - the substance in which the solute dissolves

bull Materials that do not dissolve are known as SUSPENSIONS

bull Blood is the most common example of a suspension

bull Cells amp other particles remain in suspension

ACIDS amp BASES

bull Acids always (almost) begin with H because of the

excess of H+ ions (hydrogen)

bull Ex lemon juice stomach acid acid rain normal rain

Facts about Acids

bull Acids turn litmus paper into Red and usually taste SOUR

bull You eat acids daily (coffee vinegar soda spicy foods

etchellip)

ACIDS amp BASES

bull Bases always (almost) end with -OH because of the excess

of hydroxide ions (Oxygen amp Hydrogen)

bull EX oven cleaner bleach ammonia sea water blood pure water

Facts about Bases

bull Bases turn litmus paper into BLUE

bull Bases usually feel SLIPPERY to touch and taste BITTER

CHEMICAL FORMULA

bull It represents the number and types of atoms in a molecule

bull Eg Al2O3

bull Structural Formula ndash Line drawings of the

compound that shows the elements in proportion

and how they are bonded

bull Molecular Formula ndash the ACTUAL formula for a

compound

C2H6O

Letrsquos talk about Biochemistry

bull Biochemistry is one of the crossover fields of chemistry

Biochemists have to understand both the living world and

the chemical world Even if you donrsquot want to become a

biochemist youll still have to understand atoms and

molecules as a biologist

COMPOUNDS bull a substance formed by the chemical combination of 2 or

more elements in definite proportions

bull Ex water salt glucose carbon dioxide

Illustrating video

CHEMICAL BONDS

bull Chemical bonds hold the atoms in a

molecule together

bull There are 2 types of chemical bonds

IONIC and COVALENT

ionic bond

-Ionic bond Is a bond resulting from the electric attraction between a positive ion and a negative ion

Covalent bond

bull The covalent bond

bull -It is type of bonds occurs between two non metallic atoms

bull -In the covalent bond the atoms dont lose or even gain any electrons

bull -each atom shares the other atom with the same number of electrons from its outer shell to fill each outer level

covalent bond

MIXTURES

bull Water is not always pure It is often found as part of a

mixture

bull A mixture is a material composed of TWO OR MORE

ELEMENTS OR COMPOUNDS THAT ARE

PHYSICALLY MIXED

bull Ex salt amp pepper mixed sugar and sand ndash can be easily separated

SOLUTION

Two parts

bull SOLUTE ndash SUBSTANCE THAT IS BEING DISSOLVED

(SUGAR SALT)

bull SOLVENT - the substance in which the solute dissolves

bull Materials that do not dissolve are known as SUSPENSIONS

bull Blood is the most common example of a suspension

bull Cells amp other particles remain in suspension

ACIDS amp BASES

bull Acids always (almost) begin with H because of the

excess of H+ ions (hydrogen)

bull Ex lemon juice stomach acid acid rain normal rain

Facts about Acids

bull Acids turn litmus paper into Red and usually taste SOUR

bull You eat acids daily (coffee vinegar soda spicy foods

etchellip)

ACIDS amp BASES

bull Bases always (almost) end with -OH because of the excess

of hydroxide ions (Oxygen amp Hydrogen)

bull EX oven cleaner bleach ammonia sea water blood pure water

Facts about Bases

bull Bases turn litmus paper into BLUE

bull Bases usually feel SLIPPERY to touch and taste BITTER

CHEMICAL FORMULA

bull It represents the number and types of atoms in a molecule

bull Eg Al2O3

bull Structural Formula ndash Line drawings of the

compound that shows the elements in proportion

and how they are bonded

bull Molecular Formula ndash the ACTUAL formula for a

compound

C2H6O

Letrsquos talk about Biochemistry

bull Biochemistry is one of the crossover fields of chemistry

Biochemists have to understand both the living world and

the chemical world Even if you donrsquot want to become a

biochemist youll still have to understand atoms and

molecules as a biologist

Illustrating video

CHEMICAL BONDS

bull Chemical bonds hold the atoms in a

molecule together

bull There are 2 types of chemical bonds

IONIC and COVALENT

ionic bond

-Ionic bond Is a bond resulting from the electric attraction between a positive ion and a negative ion

Covalent bond

bull The covalent bond

bull -It is type of bonds occurs between two non metallic atoms

bull -In the covalent bond the atoms dont lose or even gain any electrons

bull -each atom shares the other atom with the same number of electrons from its outer shell to fill each outer level

covalent bond

MIXTURES

bull Water is not always pure It is often found as part of a

mixture

bull A mixture is a material composed of TWO OR MORE

ELEMENTS OR COMPOUNDS THAT ARE

PHYSICALLY MIXED

bull Ex salt amp pepper mixed sugar and sand ndash can be easily separated

SOLUTION

Two parts

bull SOLUTE ndash SUBSTANCE THAT IS BEING DISSOLVED

(SUGAR SALT)

bull SOLVENT - the substance in which the solute dissolves

bull Materials that do not dissolve are known as SUSPENSIONS

bull Blood is the most common example of a suspension

bull Cells amp other particles remain in suspension

ACIDS amp BASES

bull Acids always (almost) begin with H because of the

excess of H+ ions (hydrogen)

bull Ex lemon juice stomach acid acid rain normal rain

Facts about Acids

bull Acids turn litmus paper into Red and usually taste SOUR

bull You eat acids daily (coffee vinegar soda spicy foods

etchellip)

ACIDS amp BASES

bull Bases always (almost) end with -OH because of the excess

of hydroxide ions (Oxygen amp Hydrogen)

bull EX oven cleaner bleach ammonia sea water blood pure water

Facts about Bases

bull Bases turn litmus paper into BLUE

bull Bases usually feel SLIPPERY to touch and taste BITTER

CHEMICAL FORMULA

bull It represents the number and types of atoms in a molecule

bull Eg Al2O3

bull Structural Formula ndash Line drawings of the

compound that shows the elements in proportion

and how they are bonded

bull Molecular Formula ndash the ACTUAL formula for a

compound

C2H6O

Letrsquos talk about Biochemistry

bull Biochemistry is one of the crossover fields of chemistry

Biochemists have to understand both the living world and

the chemical world Even if you donrsquot want to become a

biochemist youll still have to understand atoms and

molecules as a biologist

CHEMICAL BONDS

bull Chemical bonds hold the atoms in a

molecule together

bull There are 2 types of chemical bonds

IONIC and COVALENT

ionic bond

-Ionic bond Is a bond resulting from the electric attraction between a positive ion and a negative ion

Covalent bond

bull The covalent bond

bull -It is type of bonds occurs between two non metallic atoms

bull -In the covalent bond the atoms dont lose or even gain any electrons

bull -each atom shares the other atom with the same number of electrons from its outer shell to fill each outer level

covalent bond

MIXTURES

bull Water is not always pure It is often found as part of a

mixture

bull A mixture is a material composed of TWO OR MORE

ELEMENTS OR COMPOUNDS THAT ARE

PHYSICALLY MIXED

bull Ex salt amp pepper mixed sugar and sand ndash can be easily separated

SOLUTION

Two parts

bull SOLUTE ndash SUBSTANCE THAT IS BEING DISSOLVED

(SUGAR SALT)

bull SOLVENT - the substance in which the solute dissolves

bull Materials that do not dissolve are known as SUSPENSIONS

bull Blood is the most common example of a suspension

bull Cells amp other particles remain in suspension

ACIDS amp BASES

bull Acids always (almost) begin with H because of the

excess of H+ ions (hydrogen)

bull Ex lemon juice stomach acid acid rain normal rain

Facts about Acids

bull Acids turn litmus paper into Red and usually taste SOUR

bull You eat acids daily (coffee vinegar soda spicy foods

etchellip)

ACIDS amp BASES

bull Bases always (almost) end with -OH because of the excess

of hydroxide ions (Oxygen amp Hydrogen)

bull EX oven cleaner bleach ammonia sea water blood pure water

Facts about Bases

bull Bases turn litmus paper into BLUE

bull Bases usually feel SLIPPERY to touch and taste BITTER

CHEMICAL FORMULA

bull It represents the number and types of atoms in a molecule

bull Eg Al2O3

bull Structural Formula ndash Line drawings of the

compound that shows the elements in proportion

and how they are bonded

bull Molecular Formula ndash the ACTUAL formula for a

compound

C2H6O

Letrsquos talk about Biochemistry

bull Biochemistry is one of the crossover fields of chemistry

Biochemists have to understand both the living world and

the chemical world Even if you donrsquot want to become a

biochemist youll still have to understand atoms and

molecules as a biologist

ionic bond

-Ionic bond Is a bond resulting from the electric attraction between a positive ion and a negative ion

Covalent bond

bull The covalent bond

bull -It is type of bonds occurs between two non metallic atoms

bull -In the covalent bond the atoms dont lose or even gain any electrons

bull -each atom shares the other atom with the same number of electrons from its outer shell to fill each outer level

covalent bond

MIXTURES

bull Water is not always pure It is often found as part of a

mixture

bull A mixture is a material composed of TWO OR MORE

ELEMENTS OR COMPOUNDS THAT ARE

PHYSICALLY MIXED

bull Ex salt amp pepper mixed sugar and sand ndash can be easily separated

SOLUTION

Two parts

bull SOLUTE ndash SUBSTANCE THAT IS BEING DISSOLVED

(SUGAR SALT)

bull SOLVENT - the substance in which the solute dissolves

bull Materials that do not dissolve are known as SUSPENSIONS

bull Blood is the most common example of a suspension

bull Cells amp other particles remain in suspension

ACIDS amp BASES

bull Acids always (almost) begin with H because of the

excess of H+ ions (hydrogen)

bull Ex lemon juice stomach acid acid rain normal rain

Facts about Acids

bull Acids turn litmus paper into Red and usually taste SOUR

bull You eat acids daily (coffee vinegar soda spicy foods

etchellip)

ACIDS amp BASES

bull Bases always (almost) end with -OH because of the excess

of hydroxide ions (Oxygen amp Hydrogen)

bull EX oven cleaner bleach ammonia sea water blood pure water

Facts about Bases

bull Bases turn litmus paper into BLUE

bull Bases usually feel SLIPPERY to touch and taste BITTER

CHEMICAL FORMULA

bull It represents the number and types of atoms in a molecule

bull Eg Al2O3

bull Structural Formula ndash Line drawings of the

compound that shows the elements in proportion

and how they are bonded

bull Molecular Formula ndash the ACTUAL formula for a

compound

C2H6O

Letrsquos talk about Biochemistry

bull Biochemistry is one of the crossover fields of chemistry

Biochemists have to understand both the living world and

the chemical world Even if you donrsquot want to become a

biochemist youll still have to understand atoms and

molecules as a biologist

Covalent bond

bull The covalent bond

bull -It is type of bonds occurs between two non metallic atoms

bull -In the covalent bond the atoms dont lose or even gain any electrons

bull -each atom shares the other atom with the same number of electrons from its outer shell to fill each outer level

covalent bond

MIXTURES

bull Water is not always pure It is often found as part of a

mixture

bull A mixture is a material composed of TWO OR MORE

ELEMENTS OR COMPOUNDS THAT ARE

PHYSICALLY MIXED

bull Ex salt amp pepper mixed sugar and sand ndash can be easily separated

SOLUTION

Two parts

bull SOLUTE ndash SUBSTANCE THAT IS BEING DISSOLVED

(SUGAR SALT)

bull SOLVENT - the substance in which the solute dissolves

bull Materials that do not dissolve are known as SUSPENSIONS

bull Blood is the most common example of a suspension

bull Cells amp other particles remain in suspension

ACIDS amp BASES

bull Acids always (almost) begin with H because of the

excess of H+ ions (hydrogen)

bull Ex lemon juice stomach acid acid rain normal rain

Facts about Acids

bull Acids turn litmus paper into Red and usually taste SOUR

bull You eat acids daily (coffee vinegar soda spicy foods

etchellip)

ACIDS amp BASES

bull Bases always (almost) end with -OH because of the excess

of hydroxide ions (Oxygen amp Hydrogen)

bull EX oven cleaner bleach ammonia sea water blood pure water

Facts about Bases

bull Bases turn litmus paper into BLUE

bull Bases usually feel SLIPPERY to touch and taste BITTER

CHEMICAL FORMULA

bull It represents the number and types of atoms in a molecule

bull Eg Al2O3

bull Structural Formula ndash Line drawings of the

compound that shows the elements in proportion

and how they are bonded

bull Molecular Formula ndash the ACTUAL formula for a

compound

C2H6O

Letrsquos talk about Biochemistry

bull Biochemistry is one of the crossover fields of chemistry

Biochemists have to understand both the living world and

the chemical world Even if you donrsquot want to become a

biochemist youll still have to understand atoms and

molecules as a biologist

covalent bond

MIXTURES

bull Water is not always pure It is often found as part of a

mixture

bull A mixture is a material composed of TWO OR MORE

ELEMENTS OR COMPOUNDS THAT ARE

PHYSICALLY MIXED

bull Ex salt amp pepper mixed sugar and sand ndash can be easily separated

SOLUTION

Two parts

bull SOLUTE ndash SUBSTANCE THAT IS BEING DISSOLVED

(SUGAR SALT)

bull SOLVENT - the substance in which the solute dissolves

bull Materials that do not dissolve are known as SUSPENSIONS

bull Blood is the most common example of a suspension

bull Cells amp other particles remain in suspension

ACIDS amp BASES

bull Acids always (almost) begin with H because of the

excess of H+ ions (hydrogen)

bull Ex lemon juice stomach acid acid rain normal rain

Facts about Acids

bull Acids turn litmus paper into Red and usually taste SOUR

bull You eat acids daily (coffee vinegar soda spicy foods

etchellip)

ACIDS amp BASES

bull Bases always (almost) end with -OH because of the excess

of hydroxide ions (Oxygen amp Hydrogen)

bull EX oven cleaner bleach ammonia sea water blood pure water

Facts about Bases

bull Bases turn litmus paper into BLUE

bull Bases usually feel SLIPPERY to touch and taste BITTER

CHEMICAL FORMULA

bull It represents the number and types of atoms in a molecule

bull Eg Al2O3

bull Structural Formula ndash Line drawings of the

compound that shows the elements in proportion

and how they are bonded

bull Molecular Formula ndash the ACTUAL formula for a

compound

C2H6O

Letrsquos talk about Biochemistry

bull Biochemistry is one of the crossover fields of chemistry

Biochemists have to understand both the living world and

the chemical world Even if you donrsquot want to become a

biochemist youll still have to understand atoms and

molecules as a biologist

MIXTURES

bull Water is not always pure It is often found as part of a

mixture

bull A mixture is a material composed of TWO OR MORE

ELEMENTS OR COMPOUNDS THAT ARE

PHYSICALLY MIXED

bull Ex salt amp pepper mixed sugar and sand ndash can be easily separated

SOLUTION

Two parts

bull SOLUTE ndash SUBSTANCE THAT IS BEING DISSOLVED

(SUGAR SALT)

bull SOLVENT - the substance in which the solute dissolves

bull Materials that do not dissolve are known as SUSPENSIONS

bull Blood is the most common example of a suspension

bull Cells amp other particles remain in suspension

ACIDS amp BASES

bull Acids always (almost) begin with H because of the

excess of H+ ions (hydrogen)

bull Ex lemon juice stomach acid acid rain normal rain

Facts about Acids

bull Acids turn litmus paper into Red and usually taste SOUR

bull You eat acids daily (coffee vinegar soda spicy foods

etchellip)

ACIDS amp BASES

bull Bases always (almost) end with -OH because of the excess

of hydroxide ions (Oxygen amp Hydrogen)

bull EX oven cleaner bleach ammonia sea water blood pure water

Facts about Bases

bull Bases turn litmus paper into BLUE

bull Bases usually feel SLIPPERY to touch and taste BITTER

CHEMICAL FORMULA

bull It represents the number and types of atoms in a molecule

bull Eg Al2O3

bull Structural Formula ndash Line drawings of the

compound that shows the elements in proportion

and how they are bonded

bull Molecular Formula ndash the ACTUAL formula for a

compound

C2H6O

Letrsquos talk about Biochemistry

bull Biochemistry is one of the crossover fields of chemistry

Biochemists have to understand both the living world and

the chemical world Even if you donrsquot want to become a

biochemist youll still have to understand atoms and

molecules as a biologist

SOLUTION

Two parts

bull SOLUTE ndash SUBSTANCE THAT IS BEING DISSOLVED

(SUGAR SALT)

bull SOLVENT - the substance in which the solute dissolves

bull Materials that do not dissolve are known as SUSPENSIONS

bull Blood is the most common example of a suspension

bull Cells amp other particles remain in suspension

ACIDS amp BASES

bull Acids always (almost) begin with H because of the

excess of H+ ions (hydrogen)

bull Ex lemon juice stomach acid acid rain normal rain

Facts about Acids

bull Acids turn litmus paper into Red and usually taste SOUR

bull You eat acids daily (coffee vinegar soda spicy foods

etchellip)

ACIDS amp BASES

bull Bases always (almost) end with -OH because of the excess

of hydroxide ions (Oxygen amp Hydrogen)

bull EX oven cleaner bleach ammonia sea water blood pure water

Facts about Bases

bull Bases turn litmus paper into BLUE

bull Bases usually feel SLIPPERY to touch and taste BITTER

CHEMICAL FORMULA

bull It represents the number and types of atoms in a molecule

bull Eg Al2O3

bull Structural Formula ndash Line drawings of the

compound that shows the elements in proportion

and how they are bonded

bull Molecular Formula ndash the ACTUAL formula for a

compound

C2H6O

Letrsquos talk about Biochemistry

bull Biochemistry is one of the crossover fields of chemistry

Biochemists have to understand both the living world and

the chemical world Even if you donrsquot want to become a

biochemist youll still have to understand atoms and

molecules as a biologist

ACIDS amp BASES

bull Acids always (almost) begin with H because of the

excess of H+ ions (hydrogen)

bull Ex lemon juice stomach acid acid rain normal rain

Facts about Acids

bull Acids turn litmus paper into Red and usually taste SOUR

bull You eat acids daily (coffee vinegar soda spicy foods

etchellip)

ACIDS amp BASES

bull Bases always (almost) end with -OH because of the excess

of hydroxide ions (Oxygen amp Hydrogen)

bull EX oven cleaner bleach ammonia sea water blood pure water

Facts about Bases

bull Bases turn litmus paper into BLUE

bull Bases usually feel SLIPPERY to touch and taste BITTER

CHEMICAL FORMULA

bull It represents the number and types of atoms in a molecule

bull Eg Al2O3

bull Structural Formula ndash Line drawings of the

compound that shows the elements in proportion

and how they are bonded

bull Molecular Formula ndash the ACTUAL formula for a

compound

C2H6O

Letrsquos talk about Biochemistry

bull Biochemistry is one of the crossover fields of chemistry

Biochemists have to understand both the living world and

the chemical world Even if you donrsquot want to become a

biochemist youll still have to understand atoms and

molecules as a biologist

ACIDS amp BASES

bull Bases always (almost) end with -OH because of the excess

of hydroxide ions (Oxygen amp Hydrogen)

bull EX oven cleaner bleach ammonia sea water blood pure water

Facts about Bases

bull Bases turn litmus paper into BLUE

bull Bases usually feel SLIPPERY to touch and taste BITTER

CHEMICAL FORMULA

bull It represents the number and types of atoms in a molecule

bull Eg Al2O3

bull Structural Formula ndash Line drawings of the

compound that shows the elements in proportion

and how they are bonded

bull Molecular Formula ndash the ACTUAL formula for a

compound

C2H6O

Letrsquos talk about Biochemistry

bull Biochemistry is one of the crossover fields of chemistry

Biochemists have to understand both the living world and

the chemical world Even if you donrsquot want to become a

biochemist youll still have to understand atoms and

molecules as a biologist

CHEMICAL FORMULA

bull It represents the number and types of atoms in a molecule

bull Eg Al2O3

bull Structural Formula ndash Line drawings of the

compound that shows the elements in proportion

and how they are bonded

bull Molecular Formula ndash the ACTUAL formula for a

compound

C2H6O

Letrsquos talk about Biochemistry

bull Biochemistry is one of the crossover fields of chemistry

Biochemists have to understand both the living world and

the chemical world Even if you donrsquot want to become a

biochemist youll still have to understand atoms and

molecules as a biologist

Letrsquos talk about Biochemistry

bull Biochemistry is one of the crossover fields of chemistry

Biochemists have to understand both the living world and

the chemical world Even if you donrsquot want to become a

biochemist youll still have to understand atoms and

molecules as a biologist

bull Biochemistry is one of the crossover fields of chemistry

Biochemists have to understand both the living world and

the chemical world Even if you donrsquot want to become a

biochemist youll still have to understand atoms and

molecules as a biologist

Continue

bull Biochemistry is not about the cells or the organisms Its about

the smallest parts of those organisms the molecules Its also

about the cycles that create those biological compounds

bull The cell is a COMPLEX CHEMICAL

FACTORY containing some of the same

elements found in the nonliving

environment

bull carbon (C) hydrogen (H) oxygen (O) and

nitrogen (N) are present in the greatest

percentages

Biochemistry is related to helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

what happens when we eat and how our bodies

are constructed We can imagine how the

molecules are moving around the mitochondria or

chloroplast

Illustrating video

So We can say that

biochemistry is

Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry that takes place in

living organisms especially the structure and function of their chemical

components such as proteins carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids and

small molecules present in cells

Biochemistry could also (now) be defined as being the chemistry of enzyme-

mediated reactions whether in vivo or in the test tube with natural or artificially

modified enzymes and other chemicals

bull The cell is a COMPLEX CHEMICAL

FACTORY containing some of the same

elements found in the nonliving

environment

bull carbon (C) hydrogen (H) oxygen (O) and

nitrogen (N) are present in the greatest

percentages

Biochemistry is related to helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

what happens when we eat and how our bodies

are constructed We can imagine how the

molecules are moving around the mitochondria or

chloroplast

Illustrating video

So We can say that

biochemistry is

Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry that takes place in

living organisms especially the structure and function of their chemical

components such as proteins carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids and

small molecules present in cells

Biochemistry could also (now) be defined as being the chemistry of enzyme-

mediated reactions whether in vivo or in the test tube with natural or artificially

modified enzymes and other chemicals

Biochemistry is related to helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

what happens when we eat and how our bodies

are constructed We can imagine how the

molecules are moving around the mitochondria or

chloroplast

Illustrating video

So We can say that

biochemistry is

Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry that takes place in

living organisms especially the structure and function of their chemical

components such as proteins carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids and

small molecules present in cells

Biochemistry could also (now) be defined as being the chemistry of enzyme-

mediated reactions whether in vivo or in the test tube with natural or artificially

modified enzymes and other chemicals

Illustrating video

So We can say that

biochemistry is

Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry that takes place in

living organisms especially the structure and function of their chemical

components such as proteins carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids and

small molecules present in cells

Biochemistry could also (now) be defined as being the chemistry of enzyme-

mediated reactions whether in vivo or in the test tube with natural or artificially

modified enzymes and other chemicals

So We can say that

biochemistry is

Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry that takes place in

living organisms especially the structure and function of their chemical

components such as proteins carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids and

small molecules present in cells

Biochemistry could also (now) be defined as being the chemistry of enzyme-

mediated reactions whether in vivo or in the test tube with natural or artificially

modified enzymes and other chemicals

How does biochemistry impact you

bull Medicine

bull Agriculture

bull Industrial applications

bull Environmental applications

Principle Areas of Biochemistry

bull 1) Structure and function of biological macromolecules

bull 2) Metabolism ndash anabolic and catabolic processes

bull 3) Molecular Genetics ndash How life is replicated Regulation of protein synthesis

Finding1 Bio-chemicals can only be produced by living

organisms

Friedrich Wohler

Finding 2 Complex bioconversion of chemical

substances require living matter

Eduard Buchner

Glucose + Dead Yeast = Alcohol

Emil Fischer

Principle Areas of Biochemistry

bull 1) Structure and function of biological macromolecules

bull 2) Metabolism ndash anabolic and catabolic processes

bull 3) Molecular Genetics ndash How life is replicated Regulation of protein synthesis

Finding1 Bio-chemicals can only be produced by living

organisms

Friedrich Wohler

Finding 2 Complex bioconversion of chemical

substances require living matter

Eduard Buchner

Glucose + Dead Yeast = Alcohol

Emil Fischer

Finding1 Bio-chemicals can only be produced by living

organisms

Friedrich Wohler

Finding 2 Complex bioconversion of chemical

substances require living matter

Eduard Buchner

Glucose + Dead Yeast = Alcohol

Emil Fischer

Finding 2 Complex bioconversion of chemical

substances require living matter

Eduard Buchner

Glucose + Dead Yeast = Alcohol

Emil Fischer

Findings of other famous biochemist

bull Avery MacLeod and McCarty identified DNA as information molecules

bull Watson (still alive) and Crick proposed the structure of DNA

bull Crick proposed the central dogma of biology

Range of the sizes of

objects studied by

Biochemist and

Biologist

1 angstrom = 01 nm

Most abundant essential for all organisms C N O P S H

Less abundant essential for all organisms Na Mg K Ca Cl

Trace levels essential for all organism Mn Fe Co Cu Zn

Trace levels essential for some organisms V Cr Mo B Al Ga Sn Si As Se I

Elements of Life

Before studying biochemistry we should

know about the most common element

sharing in consisting most of its compounds

CARBON ( C )

bull Tetravalent 4 different bonds variety

isomerism

bull Has unique ability to combine in many ways

with itself and other elements carbon has a

central role in the chemistry of living

organisms

Illustrating video

So in biochemistry we will study

bull Biochemistry is principally concerned with

the chemistry of biological substances that can

be classified into a few major categories

bull Carbohydrates

bull Lipids

bull Proteins and Amino acids

bull Nucleic acids

Range of the sizes of

objects studied by

Biochemist and

Biologist

1 angstrom = 01 nm

Most abundant essential for all organisms C N O P S H

Less abundant essential for all organisms Na Mg K Ca Cl

Trace levels essential for all organism Mn Fe Co Cu Zn

Trace levels essential for some organisms V Cr Mo B Al Ga Sn Si As Se I

Elements of Life

Before studying biochemistry we should

know about the most common element

sharing in consisting most of its compounds

CARBON ( C )

bull Tetravalent 4 different bonds variety

isomerism

bull Has unique ability to combine in many ways

with itself and other elements carbon has a

central role in the chemistry of living

organisms

Illustrating video

So in biochemistry we will study

bull Biochemistry is principally concerned with

the chemistry of biological substances that can

be classified into a few major categories

bull Carbohydrates

bull Lipids

bull Proteins and Amino acids

bull Nucleic acids

Most abundant essential for all organisms C N O P S H

Less abundant essential for all organisms Na Mg K Ca Cl

Trace levels essential for all organism Mn Fe Co Cu Zn

Trace levels essential for some organisms V Cr Mo B Al Ga Sn Si As Se I

Elements of Life

Before studying biochemistry we should

know about the most common element

sharing in consisting most of its compounds

CARBON ( C )

bull Tetravalent 4 different bonds variety

isomerism

bull Has unique ability to combine in many ways

with itself and other elements carbon has a

central role in the chemistry of living

organisms

Illustrating video

So in biochemistry we will study

bull Biochemistry is principally concerned with

the chemistry of biological substances that can

be classified into a few major categories

bull Carbohydrates

bull Lipids

bull Proteins and Amino acids

bull Nucleic acids

Before studying biochemistry we should

know about the most common element

sharing in consisting most of its compounds

CARBON ( C )

bull Tetravalent 4 different bonds variety

isomerism

bull Has unique ability to combine in many ways

with itself and other elements carbon has a

central role in the chemistry of living

organisms

Illustrating video

So in biochemistry we will study

bull Biochemistry is principally concerned with

the chemistry of biological substances that can

be classified into a few major categories

bull Carbohydrates

bull Lipids

bull Proteins and Amino acids

bull Nucleic acids

CARBON ( C )

bull Tetravalent 4 different bonds variety

isomerism

bull Has unique ability to combine in many ways

with itself and other elements carbon has a

central role in the chemistry of living

organisms

Illustrating video

So in biochemistry we will study

bull Biochemistry is principally concerned with

the chemistry of biological substances that can

be classified into a few major categories

bull Carbohydrates

bull Lipids

bull Proteins and Amino acids

bull Nucleic acids

Illustrating video

So in biochemistry we will study

bull Biochemistry is principally concerned with

the chemistry of biological substances that can

be classified into a few major categories

bull Carbohydrates

bull Lipids

bull Proteins and Amino acids

bull Nucleic acids

So in biochemistry we will study

bull Biochemistry is principally concerned with

the chemistry of biological substances that can

be classified into a few major categories

bull Carbohydrates

bull Lipids

bull Proteins and Amino acids

bull Nucleic acids