Lecture 1 Theories and Concepts in Rural Development
Transcript of Lecture 1 Theories and Concepts in Rural Development
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How do we understand rural development?
How to develop?
What should be developed and for whom?
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Concepts of Development At the end of WWII, United States became a formidable and
incessant productive machine and the center of the world. All the institutions created in those years, even the UN charter
echoed the US constitution.
Americans wanted to consolidate their hegemony and make it
permenant and realized their purposes by conceiving a politicalcampaign at a global scale and a appropriate emblem to identifythe campaign.
January 20, 1949 President Truman took office and opened a newera of development by launching a bold new program for theimprovement and growth of underdeveloped areastheconcept underdevelopment came to exist and changed themeaning of the term development.
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Concepts of Development
Orginally, development, in biology, describes a process through whichthe potentialites of an object or organism are released, until reached itsnatural, complete and full-f ledged form.
Between 1759 (Wolff ) and 1859 (Darwin), development evolved from aconception of transformation towards the appropriate form of being toa conception of transformation towards an ever more perfect form.
In the last quarter of the 18th century, the biological metaphor of
development was transfered into the social sphere. Justus Moser (the conservative founder of social history), from 1768,
used the word Entwicklungto allude to the gradual process of socialchange.
Towards 1800, entwicklungbegane to appear as reflexive word. And a
few the decades later, development became the central category ofMarxs work.
The late of 18th century, development appeared in English, and sometime used as interchanged with evolution or growth.
By the begining of the 20th century, the new use of the term becamewidespread and connoted urban development and colonial
development.
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Concepts of Development
Throughout the century, the meanings associated with urbandevelopment and colonial development concurred with manyothers to transform the word development step by step, intoone with contours that are about as precise as those of anamoeba and its meaning depends on the context in which it is
employed. Therefore, development cannot delink itself from the words with
which it was formed growth, evolution, and maturation andthose who use the word cannot free themselves from the web ofmeanings that impart a specific blindness to their language,thought and action.
Development always implies a favorable change, a step from thesimple to the complex, from the inferior to superior, from worseto better.
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Concepts of Development
In the 1970s (cont.): Development should not be to develop things but to develop
man
Development requires of fundamental economic, social and
political changes Human centered development
Integrated development
Endogenous development (recognizing different systems ofvalues and diverse cultures)
In the 1990s:The birth of new development ethos.
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Redefining Concept Development
The past development efforts have achieved only short-livedgains.
Redevelopment Sustainable development defined asdevelopment that meets the needs of the present generation
without compromising the ability of future generations to meettheir own needs (the 1987 report of the BrundtlandCommission).
Recently, the 2005 World Summit Outcome Document:sustainable development as economic development, social
development, and environmental protection.
The Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversification (UNESCO2001) includes cultural diversity as the fourth policy area ofsustainable development.
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Concepts of Economic Development
Economic development:the process of improving
the standards of living and well-being of
population of developing countries by raising percapita income. This is usually achieved by an
increase in industralisation relative to reliance on
the agriculture sector (MIT Dictionary of Modern
Economics, 4th edition).
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Concepts of the Rural
There has not been yet a accurate definition about the ruralarea that is widely recognized.
Normally, the rural is defined as those areas which are noturban in nature and distinguished from the urban by lowerlevels of infrastructre development, commercial goodsproduction, and peoples livelihoods.
Agricultural economists define: The rural is where in whichinhabitants are mostly (peasants) famers, low populationdensity, less developed infrastructure, low level ofeducation, less access to markets and public goods.
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Concepts of the Rural
Peculiarities of the rural:
Dominated by farmers and agricultural production.
Depending on the urban in many different aspects.
Low levels of income, living standards, technologicalinnovation, democracy, and social equity as compared to thatof the urban area.
Diversity in social, cultural, economic conditions,development levels, management.
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Peasants or Farmers in the Rural
Peasants as communities rather than single individuals orhouseholds consisdered as transition, markets and exchange,subordination and internal differences .
Peasant farm households as a family and enterprise:
- The economic unit of production and consumption
- The small scale farmer (kleinbauern)- Production relies primarily on family labour
- Partially integrated into incomplete markets
- Engaging in multi - activties
- Land is often a source of securing the family livelihoods
- Maintaining the option to withdraw from the market and still survive.
- Subsistence-oriented livelihoods
Farmers:the large scale agribusiness entrepreneur or moderncapitalist farmer (developed countries) or family farm enterprises(developing countries).
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Rural Poverty
Nearly 75% of 1.3 billion world poor who subsist on $ 1 orless per day live and work in rural areas.
75% of the world 800 million underfed also live in ruralareas.
Roughly 850 million people living in chronic hunger aresmall farmers
In spite of rapid urbanization, a majority of the world poor
and underfed will remain in rural areas and levels ofpoverty are typically much deeper in rural areas
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Rural Poverty
The rural poor face enormous challenges: limited economicopportunities, underdeveloped markets, less access to publicinfrastructure and services, less able to engage in advocacy withdecision-makers, resource pressure and environmentdegradation.
Rural poverty can also creates serious negative externalities on acountrys metropolitan population.
Rapid migratory f low to urban areas displace rural poverty to theurban slums.
Rural poverty contributes to exhaustion of underground waterreserves, desertification, deforestation, loss of biodiversity, andclimate change
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Goals of Rural Development
1. Raising small farm productivity:
Why productivity remains low?
Soil and water degradation, depletion and scarcity
Lack of know-how and resources to used improved cropvarieties
Inadequate agricultural extension services
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Goals of Rural Development
Conditions for improving farm productivity Improving roads, ennergy and communication
infrastructure
Improving soil management and rehabilitation
Improving small-scale water management Public and private investments for improving water
managment (strorage, harvesting, and use)
Improving post harvest storage
Improving crop varieties and livestock breeds
Environmentally sustainable farming practices
Effective subsidies
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Goals of Rural Development
2. Raising farmer incomes:
Better integration with markets (inputs and outputs)
Better infrastructure, institutions, and access Better mechanism for income distribution
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Goals of Rural Development
4. Improving access to resources: Good institutionsenvironment and well-defined property rights systems.
5. Improving and expanding rural services: Health,education, energy, and communication
6. Increasing in grass-root democracy: bottom up and realparticipation.
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Concepts of Rural Development
Rural development(agricultural economists):
Improving rural standards of living and well-being
Achieved largely through increases in agricultural production,output, and incomes
In developing countries, this generally with small farms
Sustainable rural development:
Combining the improvement of economic and social livingconditions, focusing on a specific group of poor people in the ruralarea with assuring a sustainable environment:
- Focusing on people (bottom up approach)
- Multisectoral (integrated approach)
- Development with balance in environmental management
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Four Dimensions of Rural Development
1. Political and Institutional
Building community ownership
Decentralizing and formalizing public participation
principle of subsidiary Granting fair access to limited resources and opportunities
Intelligent service system solutions
2. Socio-cultural
Rediscovering/Building of local/regional identities
Dealing with risks and distress (social security systems)
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Four Dimensions of Rural Development
3. Economic
Creating new (job) opportunities through diversification
Value added in the locality/region
Strengthening capacities to cope with markets
4. Ecological
Managing natural resources in sustainable manner
Cross sectoral agreement on different types of use
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Rural Development in Timeline
1950s: Modernization, dual economy model, backwardagric., community development, lazy peasants
1960s: Transformation approach, technology transfer,mechanization agric. Extension, growth role of agric.,
green revolution (start), rational peasants
1970s: Redistribution with growth, basic needs, integratedrural dev., state agric. policies, state-led credit, urban bias,induced innovation, green revolution (cont.), rural growth
linkages.
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Rural Development in Timeline
1980s: Structural adjustment, free markets, getting pricesrights, retreat of the state, rise of NGOs, PRA, farmingsystem research, food security & famine analysis, RD as
process not product, women in dev., poverty alleviation 1990s:Microcredit, participatory rural appraisal (PRA),
actor-oriented RD, stakeholder analysis, rural safe nets,gender & devt. (GAD), environment and sustainability,
poverty reduction 2000s: sustainable livelihoods, good governance,
decentralization, critique of participation, sector -wideapproaches, social protection,poverty eradication
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Dominant and sequential themes in rural development
1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s1950s 1960sDominant Paradigms and Switches
Modernization, dual economy
Rising yields on efficient small farms
Process, participation, empowerment
SL Approach
Some sequential popular RD emphases
Community devt.
Small farm growth
Integrated rural devt.
Market liberalization
Participation
PRSPs
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Framework for Rural Development
EconomicSubsystem
Culture(Value system)
Institutions(Rules)
Resources
(Productionfactors)
Technology
(productionfunction)
Cultural InstitutionalSubsystem
A Theoretical Framework for Economic Development (Hayami, 1997)
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A Basis for Analyzing Economic Development
Economic growth requires changes in socialorganizations and value systems
Need to understanding how changes in the
economy interact with institutions and cultures insuch a way as to support significant, sustainablegrowth
A model of dialectic social development
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A Framework for Rural Development
Livelihood Approach: A way of thinking about the objectives, scope, and priorities
for development
Putting people at the center of development The sustainable livelihood framework
Origins: The white paper
Objectives: to increase the sustainability of poor peoples
livelihoods
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A Framework for Rural Development
Core concepts of the SLF Putting people at the center: starts with analysis peoples
livelihoods and how these have been changed over time,fully involved people and respect their views, focuses on
the impact of different policies and institutionalarrangements upon household and people, and work tosupport people achieve their own livelihood goals.
Holistic: attempts to identify the most pressing
constraints faced by and promising opportunities opento people regards of where, space, or level and buildsupon peoples own definition of their constraints andopportunities.
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A Framework for Rural Development
- Dynamic:peoples livelihoods and the institutionsthat shape them are highly dynamic.
- Building on strengths:starts with an analysis of
strength rather than needs
- Macro-micro links:emphasizing the importance ofmacro level policy and institutions to the
livelihood options of communities and individuals
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Framework for Rural Development
Policies &Institutions(TransformingStructures &Processes)
Structures Government Private Sector
Processes Policies Culture
Laws Institutions
LivelihoodCapital Assets
Human
Social
Physical Financial
Natural
VulnerabilityContext
Shocks
Trends
Seasonality
LivelihoodOutcomes
+ Sustainableuse of NR base
+ Income
+ Well-being
Reducedvulnerability
+ Food security
LivelihoodStrategies
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Capital Assets
A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets and activities requiredfor a means of living. A livelihood is sustainable when it can cope withand recover from stresses and shocks and maintain or enhance itcapabilities and assets both now and future while not undermining thenatural resource base
Natural capital:e.g. land, water wildlife, biodiversity, environmentalresources
Social capital:e.g. social network, membership of groups, access towider institutions of society
Human capital:e.g. the skills, knowledge, ability to labour, good health
Physical capital:e.g. transport, shelter, water, energy andcommunications
Financial capital:savings, supplies of credit or regular remittances orpension
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Vulnerability context
Vulnerability context: Frames the external environment in whichpeople exist. Peoples livelihoods and the wider availability ofassets are fundamental affected by critical trends, shocks andseasonality
Trends:Population trends, resource trends,national/international economic trends, trends in governance,technical trends,
Shocks:Human health shocks, natural shocks, conflict,crop/livestock health shocks
Seasonality:of prices, of production, of health, of employmentopportunities
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Transforming structures and process
Structures:Public sector, private sector, civil society. Structures exist at various levels that set and implement policy and
legislation, deliver services, purchase, trade and perform all mannerof other functions that affect livelihoods.
Structures make process functions Processes:Policy, legislation, institutions, culture, power relations.
They determine the way in which structures and individuals operate and interact.
Processes are important to every aspect of livelihoods, e.g.,providing incentives from markets through cultural constraints,defining how to manage resources etc.
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Livelihood strategies
Livelihood strategies:
Natural resources based, Non-natural resources based,migration
Intensification, diversification, migration Coping, adaptive
Livelihoods strategies:Dynamic, diversity at every levelwithin geographic areas, across sectors, within households
and over time.
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Livelihood Outcomes
More income
Increased well-being
Reduced vulnerability Improved food security
More sustainable use of the natural resource base
Livelihood outcomes as a basis for indicatordevelopment