Lecture 1 - Intro and Terms2

8/9/2019 Lecture 1 - Intro and Terms2

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BIO 15: Survey of Anatomy and

Physiology

Spring 2010

Instructor: Leslie Bach

Outline

Course introduction

Levels of organization

Body regions

Planes and sections

Body cavities

Abdominopelvic quadrants

Homeostasis

Introduction

Syllabus

Course outline

Lab sections


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Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy the structure (morphology) of the

body and its parts

Physiology the functions of these parts of

the body

Anatomy and physiology are closely

interrelated because the function of a part

depends on its structure

Anatomy Terms

Anatomy Terms


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Anatomy Terms

Bilateral paired structures, one on each

side of the body

Ipsilateral structures on the same side of

the body

Contralateral structures on opposite sides

of the body

Superficial near the surface

Deep more internal

Planes and Sections of the Body

Levels of Organization


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Levels of Organization Atoms are the simplest level

Two or more atoms comprise a molecule

Macromolecules are large, biologically importantmolecules inside cells

Organelles are aggregates of macromolecules usedto carry out a specific function in the cell

Cells are the basic unit of life

Tissues are groups of cells functioning together

Groups of tissues form organs

Groups of organs function together as organ systems

Organ systems functioning together make up anorganism

Organization of the Body

Major features of the human body include:

Body cavities

Membranes

Organ systems

Body Cavities

The body is divided into two portions Appendicular portion upper and lower limbs

Axial portion head, neck and truck

The axial portion includes a dorsal and

ventral cavity

Organs within the ventral cavity are called viscera


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Body Cavities

Dorsalcavity

Body Cavities

The dorsal cavity includes:

Cranial cavity

Vertebral canal

The ventral cavity includes:

Thoracic cavity

Divided into right and left halves by the mediastinum

Abdominopelvic cavity

Divided into the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes

The thoracic cavity is lined with pleura Parietal pleura lines the cavities

Visceral pleura covers the lungs

The heart is surrounded by pericardium Visceral pericardium covers the heart

Parietal pericardium makes up an outer sac

The abdominopelvic cavity is lined withperitoneum Parietal peritoneum lines the cavity wall

Visceral peritoneum covers the organs


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Abdominopelvic Quadrants

The

abdominopelviccavity can bedivided into four

quadrants

Abdominopelvic Regions

The abdominopelvic

cavity can also bedivided into nineregions

Eleven Systems of the Body


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Body Covering

Integumentary system skin, hair, nails, and

various glands

Covers the body, senses changes outside the

body, and helps regulate body temperature

Support and Movement

The skeletal system made of bones,

cartilage, and ligaments

Supports, protects, provides framework, stores

inorganic salts, and houses blood-forming tissues

The muscular system made of skeletal

muscles

Provide body movement, posture, and body heat

Integration and Coordination

The nervous system the brain, spinal cord,nerves, and sense organs

Integrates information incoming from receptors

and sends impulses to muscles and glands

Sends fairly short-term messages to cells

The endocrine system all of the glands that

secrete hormones

Integrates metabolic functions

Sends long-term messages to target cells


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Transport

Cardiovascular system the heart, blood

vessels, and blood

Distributes oxygen and nutrients throughout the

body and removes wastes from the cells

Lymphatic system lymphatic vessels, lymph

nodes, thymus, and spleen

Drains excess tissue fluid and includes immune

cells

Absorption and Excretion

Digestive system mouth, esophagus,stomach, intestines, and accessory organs Receives, breaks down, and absorbs nutrients

Respiratory system lungs andpassageways Exchanges gasses between the blood and air

Urinary system kidneys, ureters, bladder,urethra Removes wastes from the blood and helps to

maintain water and electrolyte balance

Reproduction

Reproductive system - produces neworganisms

Male reproductive system testes, accessory

organs, and vessels that conduct sperm throughthe penis

Female reproductive system ovaries, uterinetubes, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia

Also houses the developing offspring


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Homeostasis

Homeostasis maintaining the internal environment

Homeostasis

Changes at the cellular level occur due to

external and internal variables, but are kept

relatively small

Stability due to coordinated physiological

processes

Homeostasis

All of the chemicals, molecules, andmacromolecules needed are regulated by

homeostatic mechanisms

Keeps the balance between intake of the

substance and its loss by metabolism or excretion

Factors such as temperature, energy, bloodpressure, and pH are also regulated


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Homeostasis

Negative feedback systems

An increase or decrease in the variable being

regulated brings about responses that tend tomove the variable in the opposite direction of the

original change

A decrease in body temperature responses

that increasebody temperature

Most common homeostatic mechanisms

Homeostasis

Homeostasis

Negative feedback loops are self-correcting

Over time, responses will naturally come toequilibrium


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Homeostasis

Feedforward regulation Anticipates changes in a regulated variable

Improves the speed of homeostatic responses

Reduces changes in the regulated variable

Example: External temperature lowers Nerve sensors in the skin sense the change in

temperature

Homeostatic response is triggered to conserveand increase temperature before internaltemperature changes significantly

Homeostasis

Circadian rhythms

Not just about sleeping; rhythms exist for most

biological processes

Can provide some measure of predictive control

of homeostatic mechanisms

Sets up certain systems to be prepared when a

challenge is most likely

Homeostasis


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Homeostasis

Positive feedback systems

An initial disturbance to a variable leads to

responses that increase the disturbance

Does not favor system stability

Homeostasis

Positive feedback systems amplify the change fromthe normal

If thermoregulation used positive feedback, wewould get hotter in hot weather and colder in coldweather

Homeostasis

Examples of positive feedback systems: Blood clotting

Activated platelets release chemicals to activate moreplatelets

Breast milk production

Nursing releases hormone cascades that result in

increased milk production

Contractions in childbirth

Oxytocin is released during contractions, whichstimulates more contractions at increased strength andfrequency


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Homeostasis

Acclimatization

The process of adapting to environmental stress

by prolonged exposure to that stress

Sometimes reversible, sometimes irreversible

Developmental acclimatization during the developmentof certain structures or responses can lead toirreversible changes

Homework 1

1. Define homeostasis.

2. Explain the control of body temperature.

3. Explain the difference between the axial and

appendicular portions of the body.

4. Sketch the outline of a human body, and use linesto indicate each of the following sections:

Sagittal Transverse

Coronal

Next Lecture

Lecture topic: Chemistry Atomic structure

Chemical bonds

Chemical formulas

Chemical reactions

Textbook chapter: 2

Lecture 1 - Intro and Terms2

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